To demonstrate reservoir

properties in a plan view

projection with objectives to
promote optimal field
development.
The maps will be used for
well placement, reserves
calculation, reservoir
performance monitoring.
Mapping is part of reservoir
characterization, therefore
the results of which very
depend on the experts
working knowledge in
applied geologic models
WELL PLACEMENT
TOP/SURFACE MAPS :
Structure Map
Fault Map
Unconformity Map
THICKNESS MAPS :
Isopachous Map Gross & Net
OTHERS & COMBINED MAPS :
Isoporosity Map - Isopermeability Map
Pressure Map - Saturation Map
Productivity Map - Shale Map
Net to Gross Sand Map - Etc.
Carried out by DG
MAPPING
MAPPING
CONCEPTUAL WORKFLOW
CONCEPTUAL WORKFLOW
1. GEOLOGIC MODEL
1. FACIES
2. STRATIFICATION
3. CONTINUITY
4. TRENDS
5. TECTONIC
2. GEOLOGICAL MAP
1. STRUCTURE
2. ISOPACH
3. FAULTS/BARIER
4. UNCONFORMITY
3. RESERVOIR MAP
1. NET PAY
2. POROSITY
3. PERMEABILITY
4. PRESSURE
5. PRODUCTIVITY
SEISMIC
WELL LOGS
CORE & CUTTING
ANALYSIS
WELL TESTS &
PRESSURE
FLUID ANALYSIS
PRODUCTION
DATA
INTERPRETATION,
ZONATION,
INTEGRATION,
CORRELATION,
ANALYSIS
&
DEFINE VALUES
D A T A
PROCESING
PROCESSING
PRODUCTS
REGIONAL
GEOLOGY
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
FOR RESERVOIR CORRELATION & MAPPING
FOR RESERVOIR CORRELATION & MAPPING
LOG ANALYSIS (electro-facies, reservoir parameters,
stratigraphy, structure, etc.)
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION (structure, reservoir
continuity, hydrocarbon indications)
SEDIMENTARY FACIES, DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS & SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
MODELS OF BASINS & RESERVOIRS, AND ALSO
REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF THE MAPPED FIELD
trends of sedimentation & major tectonic and its
ramifications
BASIC RESERVOIR ENGINEERING pressure regime,
models, fluid propertie and production performance.
BASIC COORDINATE SYSTEMS/GEOMETRY &
STEREOMETRY base map, well trajectory, lease
boundary etc.
LOG ANALYSIS
FOR RESERVOIR CORRELATION & MAPPING
LITHOLOGY / FACIES IDENTIFICATIONS &
MARKERS DETERMINATION continuity, consistency,
missing sections & repetition sections (faults or overturn)
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT
VERTICAL ZONATIONS
TOP & BOTTOM
FLOW UNIT
FLUID CONTACTS OWC, GOC & GWC
RESERVOIR PARAMETERS Por, Perm, Sw etc
NET PAY THICKNESS DETERMINATIONS
BASIC CURVE SHAPE OF SP & GR
for facies & sedimentary environment determinations
DIP METER
dip patterns and its
geologic association
DIPMETER USES :
Structural dip & fault determinations.
Facies, type of sands & its trends
interpretations (micro resistivity
Fracture identification
Sedimentary structure can be
identified with processed Dipmeter or
FMI (formation imaging)
FMI fulbore formation micro imager
RAB resistivity at the bit
SEISMIC FOR RESERVOIR GEOLOGY
Aid in :
Reservoir facies mapping reservoir distribution : lithology,
isopach etc 3D
Reservoir properties mapping porosity
Locating / define fluid contacts
Monitoring fluid fronts 4D
Sructure & stratigraphic interpretations
Seismic methods :
2D Seismic
3D seismic
VSP
Well to well seismic
Time-lapse seismic monitoring etc.
EXPLOSIVE
LAPISAN BATUAN
EXAMPLE
VSP
SLB, OFR, 2007 Autumn
V S P
(Vertical Seismic Profiling)
Example :
Comparison of VSP & Seismic Results
SLB, OFR, 2007 Autumn
SURFACE SEISMIC IMAGE
SURFACE SEISMIC IMAGE
TIES WITH VSP
3D Seismic
Basic of 4D Seismic
Example : 4D Seismic uses
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
AND SEDIMENTARY FACIES
AND SEDIMENTARY FACIES
Distinctive and Common Sedimentary
Distinctive and Common Sedimentary
Facies Associations
Facies Associations
Vertical successions
principally identified
by lithology,
associations and
vertical arrangement
of sedimentary
structures
indicative of
particular
sedimentary
depositional
environments
CARBONATE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS
(DIAGRAM BY R.G. LOUCKS AND C.R. HANDFORD, UNPUBLISHED)
SEQUENCE STRATI GRAPHY CONCEPTS
SEQUENCE STRATI GRAPHY CONCEPTS
Sequence stratigraphy highlights the role of allogenic controls on
patterns of deposition, as opposed to autogenic controls that
operate within depositional environments
Eustasy (sea level)
Subsidence (basin tectonics)
Sediment supply (climate and hinterland tectonics)
COMPONENTS OF SEQUENCES
SLB, OFR, JAN93
GROSS NET NET PAY
A MAPABLE PORTION OF THE TOTAL RESERVOIR
WITHIN WHICH GEOLOGICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL
PROPERTIES THAT AFFECT THE FLOW OF FLUIDS
ARE CONSISTENT AND PREDICTABLY DIFFERENT
FROM THE PROPERTIES OF OTHER RESERVOIR
ROCK VOLUME ( mod. EBANK, 1987)
A specific volume of reservoir, may be composed of
one or more lithologies and any nonreservoir rock
types
Correlative and mappable at the interwell scale
Zonation is recognizable on wireline logs
May be in communication with other flow unit
LEVELS OF
RESERVOIR
HETEROGENETY
(fluviatil rock)
Flow
Units
Gamma Ray
Log
Petrophysical
Data
Pore
Types
Lithofacies Core
1
2
3
4
5
Core
Plugs
Capillary
Pressure

vs k
GEOLOGICAL AND PETROPHYSICAL DATA
USED TO DEFINE FLOW UNITS
Schematic Reservoir Layering Profile
in a Carbonate Reservoir
Baffles/barriers
3150
SA -97A
SA -251
SA -356
SA -71
SA -344
SA -371
SA -348
SA -346
SA -37
3200
3250
3300
3350
3100
3150
3250
3300
3250
3150
3200
3100
3150
3200
3250
3200
3250
3250
3350
3300
3150
3200
3250
3300
3100
3200
3250
3300
3350
3150
3200
3250
Flow unit
From Bastian and others
E
BASED ON :
PRODUCTION TESTINGS the most
reliable methods
LOGS (electrical logs combined with FDC &
CNL)
PRESSURE SURVEY pressure gradient
from RFT
SEISMIC hydrocarbon indications
Fluid Contact Determination
with fluid gradient from RFT
oil
water
RFT depth
W
a
t
e
r

G
r
a
d
i
e
n
t

0
.
4
3
3

p
s
i
/
f
t
pressure
d
e
p
t
h
O
i
l

G
r
a
d
i
e
n
t

0
.
3
6
7

p
s
i
/
f
t
OWC
CORRELATIONS
CORRELATIONS
Reservoir Correlation is part of pre-mapping works
of reservoir to locate and trace the lateral
distribution, continuity, geometry of reservoirs and
its flow unit.
Correlation should be carried out based all the
available data, a sedimentological and stratigraphic
model of the reservoirs.
Some pre-correlation works notes:
Wireline log will be the basic data and will be calibrated and
integrated with other data analysis results such as core
analysis especially.
Vertical profile analysis of well data should be carried out
previously to establish the facies, sequences and
sedimentary environment.
Zonation of lithology and flow unit, and also marker
inentifications should be geologically sound.
Define the zone top & bottom, zone thickness (gross & net)
etc.
Tips for Correlation
Stratigraphic Cross Section is the best demonstration of a
correlation results.
The section should show reservoir lateral and vertical facies
changes, markers continuity, missing & repetition sections,
completion & prod. testing notes, etc.
Good markers can be organic shale, coal/lignite, limestone beds,
glauconite, siderite etc. which has good continuity and
correspond to the geologic events such as maximum flooding,
emmergence etc.
Start the correlation with the whole log section of individual well,
make zonation based on electro facies then define all markers
and zones of interest. Indicates any missing and repetition
section. Then carry out a detail correlation of objective reservoirs.
For reservoir connectivity indication use also fluid contents and
contacts, pressure data and production performance data
Prepare a good tabulation (database) of geologic data such as
depth of top & bottom of reservoir, net & gross thickness, faults
depth etc.
CORRELATION
PROBABILISTIC to DETERMINISTIC
After EA Arief S, IPA, 2001
A
B
C
D
LATIHAN
LATIHAN
OIL
OIL
OWC
A
C
B
D
WELL #123
WELL #456
LATIHAN
OIL
OIL
OWC
A
C
B
D
WELL #123
WELL #456
LATIHAN
OIL
OIL
OWC
A
C
B
D
WELL #123
WELL #456
Tip for Reservoir Mapping
Prepare a good base-map based on coordinates of
wells and seismic shot points (line & BM).
Plot the data accurately then start contouring from
the highest positions for structure and refer to
seismic maps.
Stucture contour should be stop whenever
cross/meet the fault plane. Consider the fault
throws and missing/repetition sections for the next
blocks contouring.
For isopach maps initiate with facies map
construction then followed with isopach contouring.
Understand the contouring principles such as no
crossing contour etc.
-
1
0
0
0

-
1
1
0
0

-
1
2
0
0

-
1
3
0
0

-
1
2
0
0

-
1
1
0
0

-
1
0
0
0

-
1
0
0
0

-
1
1
0
0

-
1
2
0
0

-
1
1
0
0

-
1
0
0
0

-
1
2
0
0

-
1
2
0
0

-
1
0
0
0

-
1
1
0
0

-
1
2
0
0

-
1
1
0
0

-
1
0
0
0

1
0

2
0

2
0

1
0

1
0

2
0

1
0

2
0

3
0

3
0

2
0

-1
000

-1
100

-1
20
0
-13
00

-1
400

-1
500
-1600
-1700
-1700
-1600
-1
50
0
-1
4
0
0

-
1
3
0
0

-
1
7
0
0

-
1
6
0
0

-
1
5
0
0

-
1
4
0
0

-
1
3
0
0

-
1
2
0
0

-
1
1
0
0

-
1
0
0
0

PLAN VIEW
SECTION VIEW
1000
1
0
1
0
1020
1
0
3
0
1040
1050
NET PAY MAP CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURE MAP
Contour unit in meter sub-sea
Contour interval 10 m
OWC @ 1050
mss
0

m
5

m
1
0
m
1
5
m
1
0
m
5

m
0

m
NET PAY MAP CONSTRUCTION
ISOPACHOUS MAP
Contour unit in meter
Contour interval 5 m
15 m
0
m
5
m
1
0
m
1
5
m
1
0
m
5
m
0
m
NET PAY MAP CONSTRUCTION
NET PAY MAP
1
5
1
0
5
0
Contour unit in meter
Contour interval 5 m
1
0
1
0
1020
1
0
3
0
1040
1050
SURFACES OF FAULTS X AND Y
d
o
w
n
FAULT MAP
WEST-EAST CROSS SECTION
A

S
a
n
d
A

S
a
n
d
B

S
a
n
d
B

S
a
n
d
B
U
N
C
O
N
F
O
R
M
IT
Y
STRUCTURE MAP OF A SAND
ISOPACHOUS MAP OF A SAND
NET PAY MAP OF A SAND
STRUCTURE MAP OF B SAND
ISOPACHOUS MAP of B SAND
NET PAY MAP OF B SAND
NET GAS
NET OIL
FAULT ANALYSIS
SEALING OR NON SEALING
Can be based on :
Log analysis
Well test data
Pressure build-up analysis
Interference test
Production data
Using radioactive tracer
Core & Rock Cutting
Correlation & Sratigraphic analysis
Disagregated
& cemented
Phillosillicate-
smear
framework
clay-smear
fault rocks
ALLAN DIAGRAM
A
B
A
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
Allan Diagram for non-sealing fault
DOWN BLOCK
UP BLOCK
DOWN BLOCK
UP BLOCK
Common Oil Water Contacts
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
WATER
WATER
0
m
5
m
1
0
m
1
5
m
1
0
m
5
m
0
m
NET PAY MAP CONSTRUCTION
NET PAY MAP
1
5
1
0
5
0
Contour unit in meter
Contour interval 5 m
1
0
1
0
1020
1
0
3
0
1040
1050