Review Questions - Chapter 9 “Mitosis” (KEY)

1. Define the word reproduction. The

production of a new generation
of cells or a multi-cellular organism similar to itself.
2. Mitosis and meiosis refer to the division of the cell's __nucleus
(DNA)________.
3. Distinguish between somatic cells and germ cells as to their location and
function. Somatic cells are body site of mitosis (2n);
Immature reproductive cells (site of meiosis)
4. The eukaryotic chromosome is composed of __DNA________ and
__Proteins________.
5. The two attached threads of a duplicated chromosome are known as sister
______chromatids____.
6. Characterize the organization of chromosomes using the terms histones and
nucleosome. At reg. intervals double stranded DNA wrapped around proteins
called histones; DNA- histone spools look like beads on a string. Each bead is a
nucleosome.
7. The ____centromere______ is a small region with docking sites for the
microtubules with roles in nuclear division.
8. Each species has a characteristic __chromosome________ number, the sum
total in cells of a given type.
9. Any cell having two of each type of chromosome characteristic of a species is a
___diploid_______ cell; eggs and sperms of such organisms have only one of
each type of chromosome and are said to be _haploid_________
10. Be able to list and describe, in order, the various activities occurring in the
eukaryotic cell life cycle. Mitosis: Division of the nucleus in to
two exact copies.
Interphase
G1: Cell grows cytoplasmic organelles; DNA is edited
S: DNA is duplicated
G2: Nucleus prepare for mitosis and cytoplasm performs
necessary final steps for cell division
11. Interphase of the cell cycle consists of G1, ____S______, and G2.
12. S is the time in the cell cycle when __chromosomes (DNA)________
replication occurs.
13. Describe the structure and function of the spindle apparatus.

The spindle apparatus moves the chromosomes.

The spindle apparatus is composed of two sets of
microtubules.

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 Microtubules (components of the cytoskeleton) extend
from the two “poles” of the cell and overlap at
the cell equator.
Microtubules are composed of numerous subunits called
tubulins.
Some microtubules extend from the centromeres to one of
the two poles; others extend from the poles, overlap in the
middle of the cell, but do not contact the chromosomes.
Microtubules attached to the centromeres shorten and pull
the chromosomes toward the poles.
Other microtubules at the spindle poles ratchet past each
other to push the two spindle poles apart.

14. Explain the value of the plant Colchicum to cellular scientists.

It produces a microtubule toxin which can be used to
stop the formation of spindle fibers and render the
chromosomes easy to visualize.
15. Describe the number and movements of centrioles in the cell division of some
cells. The
centrioles, which have duplicated by the time
prophase is underway, are moved by the
microtubules to the opposite poles of the cell.
16. The "__prophase________" is a time of transition when the nuclear envelope
breaks up into tiny, flattened vesicles prior to metaphase.
17. Be able to give a detailed description of the cellular events occurring in the
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase of mitosis.

A. Prophase: Mitosis Begins

1. Chromosomes become visible as rodlike units,
each consisting of two sister chromatids.
2. In the cytoplasm, the microtubules of the
cytoskeleton break apart and begin reassembling
near the nucleus.
a. Microtubules are composed of numerous
subunits called tubulins.
b. Some microtubules extend from the
centromeres to one of the two poles; others
extend from the poles, overlap in the middle of
the cell, but do not contact the chromosomes.
3. The nuclear envelope begins to disintegrate.
4. The centrioles, which have duplicated by the time
prophase is underway, are now moved by the
microtubules to the opposite poles of the cell
B. Transition to Metaphase
1. The nuclear membrane now breaks up completely

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 in the transition between pro- and metaphase.
2. Sister chromatids, each attached to microtubules,
become oriented toward opposite poles.
3. When all the chromosomes are aligned at the
cell’s equator, halfway between the poles, we call
the stage metaphase.
C. From Anaphase Through Telophase
1. Sister chromatids separate and move toward
opposite poles.
a. Microtubules attached to the centromeres
shorten and pull the chromosomes toward the
poles.
b. Other microtubules at the spindle poles
ratchet past each other to push the two spindle
poles apart.
c. Once separated, each chromatid is now an
independent chromosome.
2. Telophase begins when the two daughter
chromosomes of each original chromatid pair
arrive at opposite poles.
a. Chromosomes return to the threadlike form
typical of interphase.
b. The nuclear envelope reforms from the fusion
of small vesicles
c. Each daughter cell has the same number of
chromosomes as the parent cell; mitosis is
complete.

18. Compare and contrast cytokinesis as it occurs in plant and animal cell division;
use the following concepts: cleavage furrow, microfilaments at the cell's
midsection, and cell plate formation.

Divisi
A. Cell Plate Formation in Plants
1. Because of the rather rigid cell wall, the
cytoplasm of plant cells cannot just be
pinched in two.
2. Instead vesicles containing remnants of the
microtubular spindle form a disklike
structure during cell plate formation.
B. Cytoplasmic Division of Animal Cells
1. The flexible plasma membrane of animal
cells can be squeezed in the middle to
separate the two daughter cells–a process
called cleavage.
Parallel arrays of contractile microfilaments
slide past one another at the cleavage furrow, pulling
the plasma membrane inward.
19. Explain how cells from Henrietta Lacks continue to benefit humans everywhere
more than forty years after her death.

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 Her cells live on in the cell biology laboratories of the
world where they help cellular biologists understand cell
division, both normal and abnormal.

Review Ques ti ons - Cha pte r 10 “Meiosi s”

1. Distinguish between germ cells and gametes.

Ge r m ce lls ar e 2n w hi le gamet es ar e n
(ha ploi d) . Ger m cel ls pr oduce gamet es.
Ga metes fuse to for m a zygo te.

2. "One parent alone produces offspring, and each offspring

inherits the same number and kinds of genes as its parent"
describes __asexual ________ reproduction.
3. __Sexual________ reproduction involves meiosis, gamete
formation, and fertilization.
4. __Meiosis________ divides chromosomes into separate
parcels not once but twice prior to cell division.
5. Describe the relationship between the following terms:
homologous c hr omosomes , diploid number , and
ha ploid number .

Ho mol ogous chr omos omes l ine - up (e ven

unequa ll y m atc he d se x c hr omosomes !)
dur ing me iosi s.

T hese homologo us chr omoso mes ar e in

pa ir s so tha t eac h nuc leus is dip loid prio r
to ana phase I of me iosi s.

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Aft er ana phase I, the r esul ting daugh ter
nuc lei ar e ha plo id (ha ving onl y one of
eac h type of c hr omosome ).

6. If the diploid chromosome number for a particular plant

species is 18, the haploid gamete number is ___9_______.
7. During interphase a germ cell duplicates its DNA; a
duplicated chromosome consists of two DNA molecules
that remain attached to a constriction called the
__centromere________.
8. As long as the two DNA molecules remain attached, they
are referred to as __sister chromatins________ __________ of
the chromosome.
9. During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair; each
homologue consists of ___two_______ chromatids.
10. During meiosis II, the two sister __chromatids________ of
each ___chr omosome _______ are separated from each
other.
11. Interphase of the cell cycle consists of G1, ____S______, and
G2.
12. The __random________ attachment and subsequent
positioning of each pair of maternal and paternal
chromosomes at metaphase I lead to different
___combinations_______ of maternal and paternal traits in
each generation of offspring.
13. Meiosis in the animal life cycle results in haploid
__gametes________; meiosis in the plant life cycle results in
haploid __gametophytes________.
14.Using the special terms for the cells at the various stages,
describe spermatogenesis in male animals and oogenesis in
female animals.

Ga mete F or mati on in A nim als

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 1. T he lif e cycle of mul tice ll ed
an imal s pr oceeds fr om meios is to
game te for ma tion >>> fer ti li za tion
>>> g r owth by m itos is.
2. In males , me iosis and gam ete
for mation ar e call ed
sper ma to genesi s .
a. Ge r m cel l (2 n ) >>> pr ima r y
sper ma to cyte (2 n ) >>> ME IOS IS I
>>> tw o secondar y
sper ma to cytes ( n ) >>> MEI OSIS II
>>> fou r sper matids ( n ).
b. Sper ma tids change in for m; eac h
de velo ps a tai l to become ma tur e
sper m.
3. In fema les , mei osis and game te
for mation ar e call ed oogenesi s .
a. Ge r m cel l (2 n ) >>> pr ima r y
ooc yte (2 n ) >>> ME IOS IS I >>>
seconda r y ooc yte ( n , and lar ge in
si ze) plus polar body ( n , and
sma ll in si ze) >>> ME IOS IS II >>>
one la r ge ovum ( n ) plus thr ee
po lar bodi es ( n, sma ll ).
b. T he sing le ovum is the onl y cell
ca pa ble of being fer til iz ed by a
sper m; the polar bod ies wither
and die .

15. Crossing over, the distribution of random mixes of

homologous chromosomes into gametes, and fertilization
contribute to __variation________ in the traits of offspring.
16. Mitotic cell division produces only _identical
cells_________; meiotic cell division, in conjunction with
subsequent fertilization, promotes __variation________ in
traits among offspring.
17.Be able to list three ways that meiosis promotes variation
in offspring.

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T he var ia tion pr esent at fer til iz ation is
fr om thr ee sour ces :
a. Cr ossing over occur s during
pr ophase I .
b. Random align ments at meta phase
I lead to mi ll ions of combi na tions
of mater nal and pa ter na l
chr omosomes i n eac h gamet e.
c. Of all the genetica ll y div er se
game tes pr oduced, chance wi ll
dete r mine w hi ch tw o w il l mee t.