EXCAVATION AND EARTH WORK Excavation is measured as the net volume excavated and is described as excavate and get

out. The subsequent disposal of the excavated material is measured as a separate item of removal. The cost of excavation is affected by such factors as, the quantities involved, the depth below ground level, whether or not a mechanical excavator can be used and the nature of the soil relative to the ease of digging it out. Bulking of Excavated ate!ial

Soil increases in bul from about !"# to $%# when excavated and deposited in spoil heaps or when loaded into &orries and account must be ta en of this bul ing factor in subsequent handling and disposal of the material off site. Hand Excavation "a#ou! out$ut in fi!% &oil Excavate and De$o&it o! load in to #a!!o'&( Surface excavation up to '%%mm deep Excavate to reduce level Excavate trenches * !.%m depth Excavate basement * !.%m depth Excavate pit * !.%m depth +or each additional !.% m depth ,-Extra for loading in to &orries ,-ulti$lie!& fo! diffe!ing &oil& Co&t %ulti$lie! !. (. '. $. ". &oose soil loam or dry sand +irm soil or ordinary clay Stiff or heavy clay Soft roc or solid chal 0ard roc , concrete or stone ate!ial %../ !.%% !."% '.%% ".%% Hou!&)%* () ( () ( ') ! !)

Di&$o&al of Excavated

0and excavated material can be removed to its final location in wheel barrows. This involved loading and wheeling and the maximum economic length of wheel is ta en to be about !%% m. Exceeding !%% m it is often cheaper to load the spoil in to &orries and transport it for its final location. "a#ou! out$ut 1heel excavated material ("m and deposit +or each additional ("m ,-2eturn fill and ram around foundation Spread and level in layers of !"%mm thic +u!face T!eat%ent &evel and compact bottom of excavation 3 4round !% m( 3 hour Hou!&)%* ) ) ! )

EARTH WORK +,--ORT Earth wor support is measured in m ( of actual face up held. The cost of earth wor support depend on the type of sub soil, the amount of water in the ground and the length the excavation is li ely to remain open. The labour gang for earth wor support is one timber man 5semi s illed6 and one uns illed labourer. ,verage rate is to be calculated. The timber use for earth wor support can be used for !( times. +or open boarding, use ) the timber and labour used for close boarding. Clo&e #oa!ding $e! %. Ti%#e! 0%*1 2ang /ou!& !3($ !3!8 !3!( 7 ) 9

De$t/ *!.%m *(.%m *'.%m

CONCRETE WORK

:oncrete wor s ;n<situ concrete +orm wor 2einforcement =re cast concrete In3&itu conc!ete :oncrete mixes can be specified in two ways, by volume or by weight. 1hen specified by volume, the concrete is described as a !>(>$ mix or !>'>. mix. The first unit is the proportion by volume of cement in the mix. The second being the volume of sand and the third being the volume of the aggregate. 1eight per m' :ement !m' Sand !m' @etal !m' -ry mix !%% volumes @ix with water !"% volumes !."m' The reduction in volume is nown as the shrin age. Shrin age ? 5!." A !.%6 x!%% !.% :oncrete @ixers @ixer "3 ') /3" !%3/ !$3!% But put 5mC3hour6 ! ( ' $ 4anger < ! ! ! ? ( )# Bperators < ! ! ! loaders < ! ( ( 1heelers < ( ( ' ? "%# !%% volumes !.%m' ? !$$% g ? !.%% g ? !$%% g 1et mix .. (3' volumes

Spillage ? 1aste in transporting 1ater

The cost of water used in mixing concrete is included in the preliminaries bill, where the total cost of supplying water for the whole contact is calculated. 1ater A :ement ratio 1ater :ement ratio ? 1eight of water 1eight of cement

Dnloading :ement ,ggregate < ! uns illed labourer hour per tonne 5t6 < no manual unloading required.

T!an&$o!ting t/e Conc!ete ,fter mixing, the concrete is transported to the required placing position. 1e assume that, the concrete is transported in wheel barrows. -lacing Conc!ete Dn<reinforced concrete @ass concrete in foundation 4round slabs thic ness * !"%mm 2einforced concrete +oundation and column bases 4round slabs thic ness * !"%mm 4round slabs thic ness !"%<'%%mm Suspended slabs thic ness * !"%mm Suspended slabs thic ness !"%<'%%mm :olumns and suspended beams sectional area * %.!m( :olumns and suspended beams sectional area E %.!m( 1alls thic ness * !"%mm 1alls thic ness !"%<'%%mm $) Stair cases and landings Vi#!ating ;n pricing reinforced concrete, allowance must be made for the cost of a po er vibrator to obtain full consolidation of the concrete around the reinforcing rods. There is no additional labour cost since the places operate the vibrators as part of their duties. +or a !%3/ mixer one vibrator is used but, two for !$3!% mixers. Read4 %ixed conc!ete( ;f the site is a congested one with restricted wor ing space, consideration should be given to be economics of purchasing ready mixed concrete in lieu of site mixing. The cost per m' deliver to site is dependent on the quality of the mix and the delivery distance. The cost of transporting in wheel barrows should be added if the ready mixed delivery &orries cannot discharge directly to the required placing position. The normal placing costs as for site mixed concrete are then added. The wastage for ready mixed concrete is abbot (#. !) ') () " $ !( 8 / 8 &abourer hours3m' ! '

REIN5ORCE ENT Reinfo!ce%ent 2einforcing rods are quoted at a price per tonne deliver to site. Dnloading (uns illed labour hours pre tonne. 1astage !%#. &abour gang one bar bender and an uns illed labour. ,verage cost to be calculated. The fixing outputs apply to mild steel, tor steel and ribbed steel. They apply two rods fixed in any positionF i.e. in floors. :olumns, beams etc. ,dd '' !3' # extra labour for fixing stirrups and rods in short lengths. 2od reinforcement per tonne -iameter .mm Gar bender hours forF :ut, bend and fix Ginding wire 5 g6 H% (% !%mm 8% !" !(mm /% !" !.<(%mm .% !% over ("mm "% !%

5OR WORK The pricing of formwor is little difficult than any other trade. Iet the fundamentals are quite straight forward and the build ups should hold no terrors once the basic approach is understood. T/e &e6uence in a!!iving at a $!ice fo! fo!% 'o!k i& a& follo'&( !. , certain volume of timber sufficient to produce !m( of formwor is priced. The volume of timber required to produce !m( of formwor depends on the design of the formwor . The timber is rated at a price per m' to which the cost of unloading, waste on conversion and cost of nails are added. ,llow two uns illed labourer hours per m ' for unloading on site, "# waste in conversion and ' g of nails per m'. (. :arpenters time is allowed for fabricating the formwor panels from the timber. +or fabricating the bul timber in to the required shape of formwor panel allow '. carpenter hours3 m'. '. The resultant total cost is divided by the assessed number of uses. The number of uses is obtained by studying the drawings and the programme of the proJect. $. , percentage for waste and maintenance is added. ,llow !%# for waste and maintenance following each use. ". The formwor is fixed and struc . The formwor gang comprises one carpenter and two uns illed labours and the average hourly rate is calculated. .. ,llowance is made for sundry items such as bolts, mould oilF wedges etc. ,llow (# of material cost for sundry items.

W!oug/t fo!%'o!k +ormwor is described in the GBK as being either sawn formwor or wrought formwor . 1here wrought formwor is specified a smooth or fair faced finish is required to the concrete and the extra cost of planing of timber should be added.

-l4'ood $anel& ;f plywood panel formwor is specified, ta e !m( plywood and ) the normal timber allowance and every thing else remaining the same. Timber in formwor &ocation 1alls and foundations Soffits of floors and roofs :olumns and suspended beams per m( Lolume m !3!. !3!( !3!(
'

&abour hours !) !) ()

BRICK WORK

Stranded siMe of a bric 1ith !%mm mortar bed ) bric 5!%(."mm6 thic wall ! bric 5(!"mm6 thic wall

<(!"x!%(."x."mm <(("x!!(."x/"mm < Stretcher bond <English bond <+lemish bond <0eader bond <-ouble +lemish bond

!) bric 5'(/."mm6 thic wall

) bric thic wall ! bric thic wall !) bric thic wall ( bric thic wall

!.%x!.% %.(("x.%/" "H.("x( "H.("x' "H.("x$

No. of bric s3m( ?"H.(" ?!!8." ?!//./" ?('/.%%

Lolume of mortar per m( ? volume of wall< volume of bric s ) bric thic wall ! bric thic wall ! ) bric thic wall ? !.% x!.% x %.!%(" A "H.(" x %.!(" x %.!%(" x %.%." ? !.% x !.% x %.(!" A ( x "H.(" x %.(!" x %.!%(" x %.%." ? %.%!/ m' ? %.%$" m'

? !.% x !.% x %.'(/" A ' x "H.(" x %.(!" x %.!%(" x %.%." ? %.%/(H m' < < < ( uns illed labourer hours !<' uns illed labour hours (#

Dnloading !%%% bric s -istribution and handling 1astage o!ta! Shrin age < 0and mixing < 1astage < "a#ou! gang ( @asons ! uns illed labour ) bric thic wall ! bric thic wall ! ) bric thic wall ( bric thic wall 5acing B!ick&

'' !3'# $ uns illed labourer hours per m' !%#

4ang out put A No of bric s 3hour !%% !(% !$% !.%

1aste on facing bric s 4ang out put =ointing wor -ointing Wo!k

< < <

"# 8% bric s per hour ) hour mason3m(3side

Flush pointing Weathered pointing Recessed pointing Projected pointing