CHAPTER 50 Endocrine Systems

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Endocrine system All the endocrine glands and other organs with hormonesecreting cells
Figure 50.1
Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary gland Posterior pituitary gland

Heart

Adrenal glands (medulla and cortex) Medulla (not visible) Cortex

Pineal Parathyroids Thyroid

Different organs and glands secrete

Liver and kidneys Pancreas

different types of hormones

Stomach and small intestine Ovaries (in females)

Adipose tissue

Testes (in males)

Endocrine system
Hormones - chemical signals produced by endocrine cells -travel through the blood stream and act on their target cells

hormone Target cells Endocrine cells

Endocrine system
Hormones - chemical signals produced by endocrine cells -travel through the blood stream and act on their target cells 3 types of hormones
Amines Proteins/peptides : water soluble (except thyroid hormone) => unable to cross plasma membrane => signal through cell surface receptor

Amines or proteins/peptide

Endocrine system
Hormones - chemical signals produced by endocrine cells -travel through the blood stream and act on their target cells 3 types of hormones
Amines Proteins/peptides : water soluble (except thyroid hormone) => unable to cross plasma membrane => signal through cell surface receptor Steroids : lipid soluble => cross plasma membrane => bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptor

Endocrine system
Hormones - chemical signals produced by endocrine cells -travel through the blood stream and act on their target cells 3 types of hormones
Amines Proteins/peptides : water soluble (except thyroid hormone) => unable to cross plasma membrane => signal through cell surface receptor Steroids : lipid soluble => cross plasma membrane => bind to either cytosolic or nuclear receptor

Endocrine system
Hormones - chemical signals produced by endocrine cells -travel through the blood stream and act on their target cells

Function in Metabolism Mineral Balance Growth and Differentiation Reproduction Response to stress

Endocrine system

Only cells having the proper receptors can respond to a hormone

Hormones activate only specific cells

Hormone interacts noncovalently and reversibly with the receptor " Prevents cell from being permanently stimulated

Endocrine system

Link between Endocrine system and Nerve system

Hypothalamus ()

Pituitary

()

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic nuclei 1) make neurohormones

Infundibular stalk Arterial blood supply Anterior pituitary gland

2) Neurohormones are released from axon of hypothalamic neurons into capillaries

Capillaries Portal veins Posterior pituitary gland

3) Travel through portal vein to anterior pituitary gland

To venous circulation

Link between Endocrine system and Nerve system

Hypothalamus ()

Pituitary

()

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic nuclei 1) make neurohormones 2) Neurones secrete neurohormones into capillaries

Infundibular stalk Arterial blood supply Anterior pituitary gland Capillaries Portal veins Posterior pituitary gland

neurohormones

3) Travel through portal vein to anterior pituitary gland

To venous circulation

4) Anterior pituitary gland synthesize several hormones 5) Secrete into the circulation

hormones

Link between Endocrine system and Nerve system

Hypothalamus ()

Pituitary

()

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic nuclei 1) make neurohormones 2) Neurones secrete neurohormones into capillaries

Infundibular stalk Arterial blood supply Anterior pituitary gland Capillaries Portal veins Posterior pituitary gland

neurohormones

3) Travel through portal vein to anterior pituitary gland

To venous circulation

4) Anterior pituitary gland synthesize several hormones 5) Secrete into the circulation

hormones

Hormonal Control of Metabolism and Energy Balance

e.g., Thyroid hormone ( )

!Increase Glucose metabolism ! Increase in heat production

Hormonal Control of Metabolism and Energy Balance

e.g., Thyroid hormone ( ) Fig 50.6

Hypothalamus T4 and T3 inhibit TRH secretion as well as expression of TRH precursor

TRH Anterior pituitary gland TSH

1) TRH (thyrotropin -releasing hormone) Is released from hypothalamus

2) TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) Is released from anterior pituitary gland

Thyroid negative feedback Normal levels of T4 and T3

3) T4 and T3 (thyroid hormones) is released from thyroid

Keeping balance
14

Diseases caused by too little or too much Thyroid Hormone

Hypothyroidism

15

Diseases caused by too little or too much Thyroid Hormone

Hypothyroidism :Low T3, T4
Hypothalamus T4 and T3 inhibit TRH secretion as well as expression of TRH precursor

Fig 50.6

TRH Anterior pituitary gland TSH

1) Decrease in TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Thyroid negative feedback Normal levels of T4 and T3

2) Decrease in T4 and T3 (thyroid hormones) -most common cause of hypothyroidism => Weight gain, sensation of coldness

Keeping balance
16

Diseases caused by too little or too much Thyroid Hormone

Hypothyroidism e.g., Hashimotos thyroiditis :autoimmune disease

Hypothalamus T4 and T3 inhibit TRH secretion as well as expression of TRH precursor

TRH Anterior pituitary gland TSH

Increase in TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) Promote the abnormal growth of thyroid : Goiter Thyroid cells are destroyed by immune cells => Decrease in T4 and T3 (thyroid hormones)

Thyroid negative feedback Normal levels of T4 and T3

Fig 50.6

17

Diseases caused by too little or too much Thyroid Hormone

Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland) Graves disease: - autoimmune disease -caused by hyperthyroidism

Causes: Production of antibodies against TSH receptor present on Thyroid follicular cells => constitutively active receptor (TSH receptor is always active) => Excessive production of T3 T4 => weight loss, heat intolerance

Protruding eyeballs

Diseases caused by too little or too much Thyroid Hormone

Diet can affect production of thyroid hormone : Iodine is required for T4, T3 production
Hypothalamus

4)Excess TRH
Anterior pituitary gland

6)Enlarged thyroid

5)Excess TSH & overstimulation of thyroid

Thyroid

2) Low T4 and T3 due to lack of iodine

3) Reduced negative feedback

1) Reduced iodine intake

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Glucose Homeostasis
Two hormones involved in Glc Homeostasis glucagon Insulin =>Produced in pancreas Small intestine Pancreas

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans :spherical clusters of endocrine cells

Alpha cells produce glucagon

Beta cells produce insulin

Glucose Homeostasis
Two hormones involved in Glc Homeostasis glucagon Insulin =>Produced in pancreas Small intestine Pancreas

Pancreatic islets of Langerhans :spherical clusters of endocrine cells

Alpha cells produce glucagon

Beta cells produce insulin

Glucose Homeostasis
Homeostasis : bodys tendency to maintain relatively constant internal condition

Glucose Homeostasis
2) Stimulate secretion of insulin from Pancreas

1) Glucose level Increases above normal (eating) Normal blood glucose level 3) insulin stimulate glucose uptake into cells (mainly in adipose or skeletal muscle Cells)

Glucose Homeostasis
2) Stimulate secretion of insulin from Pancreas

3) insulin stimulate glucose uptake into cells (mainly in adipose or skeletal muscle Cells- express glucose transporter GLUT)

1) Glucose level Increases above normal (eating)

Without insulin Glucose molecule GLUT (glucose transporter) Insulin receptor

Most of GLUTs are located membrane bound vesicles inside the cells And only a few are present in plasms membrane.

Glucose Homeostasis
2) Stimulate secretion of insulin from Pancreas

1) Glucose level Increases above normal (eating)

3) insulin stimulate glucose uptake into cells (mainly in adipose or skeletal muscle Cells)

With insulin Insulin

Insulin stimulate movement Of these GLUT to the plasma Membrane => Increased glc uptake

Insulin receptor

Glucose Homeostasis
2) Stimulate secretion of insulin from Pancreas

1) Glucose level Increases above normal (eating) Normal blood glucose level 3) insulin stimulate glucose uptake into cells (mainly in adipose or skeletal muscle Cells) 4)Blood glucose level decreases.

Glucose Homeostasis
4)Blood glucose level increases.

Normal blood glucose level 1) Glucose level decreases above normal (fasting) 3) High Glucagon

Liver

3)Glucagon stimulates Glycogen Noncarbo hydrates

glycogenolysis Glucose

2) glucose-monitoring regions in the hypothalamus stimulate production of glucagon from Pancreas

Gluconeogenesis (generation of Glc) Glucose

Glucose Homeostasis

Insulin from pancreas

Blood glucose level increases.

When blood glucose level increases. Normal blood glucose level

When blood glucose level decreases. Blood glucose level decreases. Glucagon from pancreas

Glucose Homeostasis

Insulin from pancreas

Blood glucose level increases.

When blood glucose level increases.

What

Normal blood happens if this system glucose level

doesnt work?

When blood glucose level decreases. Blood glucose level decreases. Glucagon from pancreas

Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM)

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

Diabetes
!

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) " Autoimmune disease where immune system destroyes beta cells => can not produce insulin when blood glc increases => no insulin production => accumulation of Glc in blood Also called juvenile diabetes

"

(usually diagnosed in children and Young adults)

"

Treated by administration of insulin

Diabetes
!

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM)

Diabetes
!

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

Most common form of diabetes 1) Pancreas do not produce enough insulin (but not by the attack of immune cells) 2) cells of the body lose much of their ability to respond to insulin Insulin resistance

Constant high blood Glc level

1) Insulin cant signal to Glucose transporter

2) Diminished Glc uptake

Diabetes
!

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Many life style factors are important in development of Type 2 diabetes
: High level of Physical activity Healthy diet Keeping normal weight no smoking => 89% lower chance to get type II diabetes

Obesity is cause for over than 1/2 of type II diabetes

Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

Control of growth and differentiation

anterior pituitary Gonadal hormone Produces Growth hormone (GH) : seal growth plate ()

Liver Produces IGF1 (insulin like growth factor-1)

Elongation of bones during puberty

Control of growth and differentiation

When a person develop a tumor causing the production of excessive GH during childhood -> becomes very tall -> Pituitary giant

If a person develop a tumor causing the production of excessive GH after puberty, -> develops a condition called Acromegaly (enlargement and thickening of feet and hands)

Control of growth and differentiation

low amount of GH produced => Short stature Can be treated by injection of GH e.g, Lionel (Leo) Messi

Stress Hormone
Stress
Hypothalamus Secete Releasing factor

Anterior pitutiary

ACTH released into blood

Acute stress (Table 50.3)

Adrenal cortex

1. Increase heart rate to maximize blood pumping 2. Maximize oxygen intake 3. Increase production of glucose to provide energy to muscle cells 4. Increase alertness

Cortisol (a member of glucocorticoids)

Stress Hormone
Stress
Hypothalamus Secete Releasing factor

Anterior pitutiary

ACTH released into dlood

Exposure to Chronic stress 1. Lower immune systems 2. Slow down thinking 3. Create blood sugar imbalances 4. Raise your blood pressure 5. Weaken muscle tissue 6. Decrease bone density 7. Craving for sweets and carbohydrates 8. Increase fat to stomach areas
5

Adrenal cortex

Cortisol (a member of glucocorticoids)