Primary Sources

"All Pages: The Cleveland Leader., September 06, 1865, MORNING EDITION. About The Cleveland Leader. (Cleveland [Ohio]) 1865-1865." News about Chronicling America RSS. Ohio Historical Society, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83035144/1865-09-06/ed-1/>.

Henry Wirz was the commanding officer in charge of Andersonville Prison. November 9th 1865, he was executed as a war criminal. This primary newspaper article will help one understand what happened in the courtroom during his trial on September 1st, 1865.

"Daily National Republican, September 11, 1865, SECOND EDITION, Image 2 About Daily National Republican. (Washington, D.C.) 1862-1866." News about Chronicling America RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86053570/1865-09-11/ed-1/seq-2/>.

This primary newspaper article describes the Henry Wirz trial on the seventeenth day in the courtroom. This article can help one keep insight on what happened during the trial from a reporters point of view.

Elarton, John W.. Andersonville. N/A: Aurora, Neb., printed by Burr publishing co., 1913.

Andersonvilles Commander Henry Wrizs two month trail consisted of several testimonies and witnesses. Elartons book documented primary accounts of soldiers testimonies and details of the case, such as the commanders execution and evidence of guiltiness. It also includes many primary photographs of the cemetery at the camp and war monuments around the Union States.

Hernbaker, Henry, and John Lynch True History. Jefferson Davis Answered. The Horrors of Andersonville Prison Pen. The Personal Experience of Henry Hernbaker and John Lynch, Late of the United States Volunteer Army, and Formerly Prisoners of War. Philadelphia: Philadelphia, Merrihew & son, 1876.

Eleven years have passed since the capture of John Lynch and Henry Hernbaker as prisoners of war into Camp Sumter. Listed here is a short memoir of the experiences of two former prisoners at Andersonville Prison regarding their treatment and reactions. This primary personal account of the prisoners gives one further information on the atmosphere of Camp Sumter.

Long, Lessel. Twelve months in Andersonville. On the march--in the battle--in the Rebel prison pens, and at last in God's country.. N/A: Huntington, Ind., T. and M. Butler, 1886.

Camp Sumters poor, overpopulated living space held 26,000 inmates including Lessel Long and his friends for nearly a year. Twenty years after the war, veteran Lessel Long looks back at his memories of war to publish this autobiography with stories of his actions in war. The book records his adventures going into the prison as well as accounts within the POW camp.

McElroy, John. Andersonville: A Story of Rebel Military Prisons, Fifteen Months a Guest of the so-Called Southern Confederacy. A Private Soldier's Experience in Richmond, Andersonville, Savannah, Millen, Blackshear, and Florence . Washington: National Tribune, 1899. <http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/4663906.html>.

Civil War veteran John McElroy documents his war adventures in this primary autobiography stating his services in Cumberland Gap that boarders Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee and the capture of his company unit as prisoners of war into Camp Sumter. Even after recording his time as a prisoner, he concludes the book with the trial and execution of Henry Wirz.

McElroy, John. This Was Andersonville. Illinois: McDowell, Oblensky Inc. / Bonanza Books, 1957.

Prisoners were put in some of the worst conditions of their life. In this book, a soldier remembers his time in the prison and the terrible pain he had to suffer though. This primary source is useful because it is a firsthand account of what went on in the prisons.

Ramson, John. John Ramsons Andersonville Diary. New York City: Berkley Trade, 1994.

Union soldier of war, John Ramson, told his story of the events of Andersonville Prison many times. He tells some of the most horrible experiences that are just inhumane. This primary source is helpful because it is from someone who was there and experienced it.

Ripple, Ezra Hoyt, and Mark A. Snell. Dancing along the deadline: the Andersonville memoir of a prisoner of the Confederacy. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1996.

A young union soldier was captured in July 1864 after the unsuccessful Union attack on Fort Johnson. These memoirs recall Ezras incarceration in Andersonville. This is a very helpful primary source because it gives a great detailed account that paints a picture in the readers mind of what happened at Andersonville Prison and in other Civil War prisons.

"The Howard Union., September 21, 1865, Image 2About The Howard Union. (Glasgow, Mo.) 1865-1866." News about Chronicling America RSS. State Historical Society of Missouri, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn89066162/1865-09-21/ed-1/seq-2/>.

This primary newspaper article is an announcement that the government intends to publish the Andersonville Prison records as a public document. This document will hold the records of over fourteen thousand war prisoners. This article will help one understand just how devastating this time period was in American history.

White, Isaiah H.. "Testimony of Dr. Isaiah H. White, Late Surgeon Confederate States Army, As To The Treatment of Prisoners There.." Southern Historical Society Papers XVII (1890). <http://www.civilwarhome.com/SHSPandersonville.htm>

Dr. Isaiah H. White was a chief surgeon of military prisoners with his headquarters in Andersonville during the Civil War. Here, he discussed the conditions of the camp during war. This primary article shows the effects of the camp on the prisoners from an experts point of view with explanation of the spread of diseases within Camp Sumter.

Secondary Sources

Civil War Trust. "Andersonville Prison." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/warfare-and logistics/warfare/andersonville.html>

This secondary website provides a brief overall summary of what happened in Andersonville Prison. One can use this article to get an idea of the history of Andersonville before going into detail.

Davis, Robert. Andersonville Prison. New Georgia Encyclopedia. <http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archeology/andersonville prison> (accessed September 28, 2013).

Many aspects of prison life are described, and great detail is given about the prison. This secondary website is useful towards our research because it has a vast amount of sources and description.

Futch, Ovid L. History of Andersonville Prison. N.p.: University of Florida, 1968. Print.

Five hundred prisoners were delivered to Andersonville in February of 1864. They were the first of thousands yet to come. About 13,000 of those prisoners died at Andersonville prison. This book explains how this was allowed to happen, and who was to blame.

Gourley, Catherine. The Horrors of Andersonville: Life and Death Inside a Civil War Prison. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, 2010.

In 1863, the Confederacy moved the prisoners of war in Richmond to Andersonville, Georgia to Camp Sumter, also known as Andersonville Prison. Approximately 45,000 prison inmates were held captivated in the prison where nearly 13,000 died. This secondary biography book provides information of the conditions within prison walls and the war raging outside of it.

Huffman, Alan. Sultana: Surviving Civil War, Prison, and the Worst Maritime Disaster in American History. New York, NY: Smithsonian, 2009. Print.

Andersonville prison held thousands of union soldiers during the civil war. This secondary book about civil war times follows three men as they are thrown into the Andersonville prison, and describes what they went through in this dark time in American history. This book helps one understand the Andersonville prison inside and out, and what these union soldiers went through during the civil war in this prison.

Kantor, MacKinlay. Andersonville. Cleveland: World Pub., 1955. Print.

This secondary book puts together the points of view of real and fictional characters in Andersonville prison. It gives points of view from the commander of the prison, Henry Wirz, to the soldiers that were help inside the prison. The book could help one understand what happened inside the prison from different perspectives.

Levitt, Saul. The Andersonville Trial. [N.p.]: Theatre Arts, 1960. Print

This secondary play is based off of the trial of Henry Wirz, the commander of the prison. He was convicted of war crime in 1865. This play can help one actually see and get a summary of the trial.

Marvel, William. Andersonville: The Last Depot. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1994. Print.

This secondary book gives the history of Andersonville prison and goes into detail about what the union soldiers that lived here had to go through on a day to day basis. This book also goes into detail about Henry Wirz, his trial, and who is really to blame for the cruelties of Andersonville prison. This book will help one understand what really happened with Andersonville prison

National Park Service. "Camp Sumter / Andersonville Prison - Andersonville National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)." U.S. National Park Service

Experience Your America. http://www.nps.gov/ande/historyculture/camp_sumter.htm (accessed September 28, 2013).

By June 1864, over 26,000 prisoners were forced to live inside a stockade meant for 10,000. The structure of the prison was a rectangle 1620 by 779 feet, with a 19 feet stockade wall. This secondary government website of the official national park gives war statistics, prison history, and rules of the prison.

Rugg, George. "Andersonville / Wirz Collection, 1864-65." Andersonville / Wirz Collection, 1864-65. http://www.rarebooks.nd.edu/digital/civil_war/topical_collections/andersonville/0 00-11.shtml (accessed November 1, 2013).

Captain Henry Wirz, commander of stockades at Andersonville, of the Confederate Army was hung on November 10th of 1865 at the Old Capital Prison in Washington. Accounts of the horrors of the POW camp were published in Northern Press before the end of war, sparking accusations of mistreatments of Union soldiers in the South and bringing Wirz to trial. This secondary website contains details of Captain Wirzs execution and witness testimonies.

Smith, Hamp. Andersonville Prison-Civil War. Minnesota History Center. <http://libguides.mnhs.org/andersonville> (accessed September 28, 2013).

Union forces from the Civil War were captured as prisoners of war and forced into Andersonville. With the Confederates being too poor to supply prisoners with better food and living conditions, the camps were much too small to accommodate such a large number of prisoners. This secondary source had plenty of resources that are targeted to this topic.

"Swiss Roots: Henry Wirz." Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. http://web.archive.org/web/20071006073120/http://history.swissroots.org/263.0.h tml (accessed September 29, 2013).

Commander Henry Wirz of the Andersonville Prison was tried and executed for war crimes of starvation, torture, etc. of Union soldiers. He was arrested by Federal

troops in 1865 and held for a two-month trial. This secondary website contains Wirzs background, affiliation with the camp, and details of his trial and execution.

Zajac, Seth David. "From Murderers to Executioners in Andersonville: Orestean Justice in the Civil War's Deadliest Prison Camp." Selected Works of Seth David Zajac. http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=seth_zajac (accessed November 1, 2013).

Due to the crowded conditions of camp, Union prisoners began murdering and pillaging one another for food and provision for their own survival. Those convicting these crimes were preferred to as Raiders. During these harsh battles for survival, nearly a hundred soldiers died daily not only due to Raider extremists but also natural starvation and the disease ridden environment. Seth Zajac of Whittier Law School researches and puts together this secondary website on life in Andersonville during the Civil War.