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Fractal Distribution of the Prime Numbers jrgeometry.com 7/17/11

2 The known rime numbers !o not a ear in a single attern across the number line. There are jum s between the rimes on the number line. "nly sometimes is the !istance between rimes the same. The !istance between rimes ne#er remains the same. The !ifferent !istances a ear more than once$ an! some !istances a ear more often than others. This re eating may in!icate a fractal characteristic of the !istribution of rime numbers. % fractal object only e&ists in the &y' lane$ so the obser#e! set of numbers must be mo#e! into the &y' lane. The set of rimes can be ma e! across the &y' lane by corres on!ing a rime number with a oint on the &y' lane. (s there an un!erlying attern for the ma e! rimes) Perha s they

lie along a ath or boun!ary in the &y' lane. The ath woul! be at least a general relation. *ow !oes the relation beha#e) The ur ose of this e& loration is show that there is a fractal characteristic of the !istribution of rime numbers. The #ariables an! sets for the e& loration are !efine! as followe!+ 1. P , - rime numbers.. 2. N , -natural numbers.. /. 0 , -real numbers.. 1. n N. 2. n , ma&imum & an! ma&imum y in 3ua!rant (. 4. j , -5$ 1$ 2$ /$ 6$ n2.. 7. i P. 7. T , to ological s ace. 8. m , slo e. 15. 9&$ y: 02. 11. P;9&$ y:<+ ij 9&$ y:j for each n2$ the ma ing of rimes to oints in the &y' lane$ &

/ an! y are counting numbers. 12. %& = >y , ? is the form of the e@uations of the straight segments of the continuous relation that ass through P;9&$ y:<. 1/. y , 9'%/>:& = ? , m& = b$ from rewriting %& = >y , ?. 11. b A n$ the longest ossible length of a #ertical segment. 12. 'n/1 B m B 'n/5. 14. 'n/1 B '%/> B 'n/5. 17. '% , 'n. 17. > , 1 or 5. 18. 'n& = 1y , n or Cn& = 5y , n. 25. PFn , - 9&$ y: D 9&$ y: P;9&$ y:<$ 5 B & B n$ 5 B y B n$ b B n$ 'n& = 1y , n or Cn& = 5y , n.$ the continuous relation com ose! of straight segments that ass through P;9&$ y:<. 21. PF , E PFn. 22. T , 9 PF$ E PFn :. "bser#ations were ma!e. P;9&$ y:<+ ij 9&$ y:j !etermines PFn$ which means that the set of rime numbers !etermines the resulting irregular saw'tooth relation generate! by connecting the ma e! rime numbers. Fach #ertical segment changes length because G9P;9&$

y:<:$ which is the amount of ma e! rime numbers$ changes at robability P , 9n2:/n2. The changes of the lengths of the #ertical segments causes PF to ha#e fractal beha#ior. Fach air of #ertical an! m'slo e! segments for PFn usually ha#e !ifferent scale factors while still forming a saw'tooth. These airs can ha#e corres on!ing congruent segments. The horiHontal !istance between #ertical segments remains 1 unit for all PFn. Fach PFn is com ose! e&clusi#ely of

1 #ertical an! negati#e slo e! continuous segments. The #ertical segments from PFn'1 remain at the same osition for PFn. There are n ' 1 #ertical segments an! n ' 2 negati#e slo e! segments for PFn. (ncreasing n is close to the same as Hooming'out$ an! !ecreasing n is close to the same as Hooming'in$ because an irregular saw'tooth always shows. For each Hoom'in$ PFn maintains its irregular saw'tooth sha e. % few calculate! lengths are PF/, 4.2/4$ PF2 , 14./7$ an! PF7 , 27.724. I? re resents the calculate! length of PFn. PFn !oes not fit a cur#e nor a roaches a cur#e$ so PF !oes not fit nor a roach a cur#e. Fach #ertical segment has two elements of P;9&$ y:< as en! oints. From these obser#ations facts can be establishe!. P;9&$ y:<+ ij 9&$ y:j !etermines PFn. P;9&$ y:< PFn$ because P;9&$ y:< is a set of oints an! PFn is a set of continuous connecte! straight segments that form a ty e of saw'tooth sha e! relation. The osition of 9&$ y: P;9&$ y:< !efines the ath PFn follows across 3ua!rant (. The ma&imum & an! y #alue n can increase infinitely$ so P;9&$ y:< is o en because P is o en. n can be assigne! a #alue. PF is o en$ because P;9&$ y:< is o en. PF , E PFn , -PF1$ PF2$ PF/$6. is a recursi#e set$ because each PFn has the same !efine! set structure$ n causes a new set$ an! these two facts !o not allow any other elements to belong to PF 9F $ 1882:. Fractals are recursi#e 9Jtewart$ 2555:. P;9&$ y:< ma s the rimes in consecuti#e or!er$ as they occur on the real number line. % #ertical segment has length at most n. % negati#e slo e! segment has length at most by the Pythagorean

Theorem. The total amount of segments for each PFn is 9n C 1: = 9n ' 2: , 2n C /. The com onent of the total length of PFn com ose! of #ertical segments is n9n ' 1:. The com onent of the total length of PFn com ose! of non'#ertical segments is

. The total ma&imum ossible length$ IT$ of PFn is . >ecause each PFn !oes not fit a cur#e nor a roach a cur#e an! PF !oes not fit nor a roach a cur#e$ the *aus!orff'>esico#itch !imension cannot be a lie! to PF to show any fractal characteristic 9Fractal Dimension ?alculator$ 2515:. >ecause each PFn !oes not fit a circle$ PF !oes not fit a circle$ an! the Kinkowski'>ouligan! !imension cannot be a lie! to PF to show any fractal characteristic 9Fractal$ 2515:. >ecause each PFn is self'similar at changing scales$ the *aus!orff !imension is use! to show PF is a fractal 9Fractals$ 2511:. (f the *aus!orff !imension of PFn is not an integer$ an! PF is self' similar$ then PF is a fractal 9Fractals$ 2515:. To ological !imension of PFn , T'!im9PFn: , 5 = 1 , 1$ because the lowest !imensione! sha e that can se arate any neighborhoo! of PFn is a oint. % oint has geometric !imension , 5$ an! a T'!im is always 1 more than the !imension of the lowest !imensional object that can se arate any neighborhoo! of a to ological s ace into two arts 9To ological Dimension$ 2515:. % self'similar object has a scaling law$ ;siHe of whole

sha e< , ;siHe of small art<!$ ! ,

, *aus!orff !imension 9Fractal$

2515:. The notation inf re resents the greatest lower boun! of a set. PFn a roaches a saw'tooth

relation ha#ing segment lengths n an!

. % *aus!orff measure of PF$ re resente! by

*!9PF:$ is re@uire! for ! to be !etermine! for PF 9Fractal$ 2515:. *!9PF: , inf9IT: 9Fractal$ 2515:$ each PFn is co#ere! by 2n C / segments of ma&imum length DT

$ each segment re resents a set$ each length re resents a !iameter. >ecause IT is the

ma&imum ossible length of PFn$ *!9PF: , inf9IT: , 5 at 95$ 5: on the &y' lane. D? re resents the

a#erage calculate! !iameter$

$ for each PFn. For *!9PF:$ the sum of the !th owers of D? is

less than IT is re@uire! 9Fractal$ 2515:.

. IT9/: re resents the ma&imum

ossible total length of PF/$ which re resents the saw'tooth relation o#er the region of the &y' lane where 5 A & A /$ 5 A y A /. The following lengths are likewise re resente!. IT9/: , 8.142$ IT91: , 25.214$ IT92: , /2.287$ IT94: 21.//1$ IT97: , 77.//2$ IT97: , 151./7/2. ?ontinuing from abo#e for calculate! lengths of PFn$ I?91: , 15.2742$ I?94: , 22.8$ an! I?97: , /7.71. Esing the same re resentation for the lengths calculate! abo#e$ I?9/: , 4.2/4$ I?92: , 14./7$ an! I?97: , 27.724. This shows that I? B IT. %ll PFn are mutually !isjoint 9Ii shultH$ 1841: an! measurable 9J iegel$ 1848:$ so PF is measurable. For n , 1$ 4$ 7$ 11$ 12$ there is a #ertical segment of length Hero. 1 B ! B 2 for PF to be fractal 9Taylor$ 2552:. This occurrence is because PF is on the two'!imensional &y' lane not the one'!imensional number line$ an! ne#er com letely co#er any region on the &y' lane. *!9PF: , inf9IT: , 5 for ! to be a *aus!orff !imension 9Fractal$ 2515:. 92n C /:9D?:! B IT. From the establishe! facts analysis can be con!ucte!. m9PFn: re resents the measure of

PFn$ so IT , m9PFn: ,

$ an!

, m9PF:. The #ariable t re resents

the total amount of segments of PFn$ so t , 2n ' /. The total ma&imum ossible a#erage length of

any segment of PFn is Da#g ,

$ because 92n C /:9D?:! B IT$ so 9D?:! B

Da#g. Esing logarithms to sol#e for !$ ! B

. D?9n: re resents the a#erage calculate!

7 !iameter for PFn. D?9/: , 2.5777. Esing the same re resentation for the other !iameters$ D?91: , 2.112/$ D?92: , 2.//74$ D?94: , 2.21$ D?97: , /.2/$ D?97: , 1.11. Da#g9n: re resents the total ma&imum ossible a#erage length of any segment of PFn. Da#g9/: , /.521$ Da#g91: , 1.5182$

Da#g92: , 2.5121$ Da#g94: , 4.5/47$ Da#g97: , 7.5/2$ Da#g97: , 7.5277. !n B

for each

PFn. For !/ B ln9/.521:/ln92.5777:$ !/ B 1.22227. For !1 B ln91.5182:/ln92.112/:$ !1 B 1.7447. For !2 B ln92.5121:/ln92.//74:$ !2 B 1.8. For !4 B ln94.5/47:/ln92.21:$ !4 B 1.8277. For !7 B ln97.5/2:/ln9/.2/:$ !7 B 1.2141. For !7 B ln97.5277:/ln91.11:$ !7 B 1./871. The #alues for !n are all greater than 1. From the scaling law shown abo#e an! the !efinition of a *aus!orff

!imension$ ! ,

$ an!

L 1$ so ! ,

PF is self'similar$ because when Hooming'in$ each PFn has the same general irregular saw'tooth form. The #iew oint Hooms start an! en! in the u er'left corner of the subset of 3ua!rant ( for

the s@uare n by n region. %s n increases$ PFn increases in siHe. From the analysis a conclusion can be !etermine!. >ecause P;9&$ y:<+ ij 9&$ y:j !etermines PFn$ T'!im9PFn: B ! B 2$ an! all elements of PF are generally self'similar$ not e&actly self'similar$ the !istribution of rimes has a fractal !istribution.

0eferences F $ J. 91882:. Discrete Kathematics with % lications$ 92n! e!:. PMJ Publishing ?om any. Fractals. 0etrie#e! from the (nternet at chaos. hy.ohiou.e!u/Nthomas/fractal/frac1.html Fractal. 0etrie#e! from the internet at mathworl!.wolfram.com/Fractal.html Fractal Dimension ?alculator. 0etrie#e! from the internet at local.was .uwa.e!u.au/N bourke/fractals/frac!im Ii shultH$ J. 91841:. Jet Theory. KcOraw'*ill >ook ?om any. J eigel$ K. 91848:. 0eal Pariables. KcOraw'*ill >ook ?om any. To ological Dimension. 0etrie#e! from the (nternet at hy erte&tbook.com/chaos///.shtml Jtewart$ (. 92555:. % fractal gui!e to tic'tac'toe. Scientific American 28392:$ 77. Taylor$ 0. P. 92555:. "r!er in PollockQs chaos. Scientific American 28794:$ 117.