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Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle and Blood Flow Regulation During Exercise
A large mass of skeletal muscle in the body requires a large amount of blood flow
and an increase in cardiac output during exercise.
Explanation: During muscle activity, the muscle uses oxygen rapidly, thereby
decreasing the oxygen concentration in the tissue fluids. This in turn causes local
arteriolar vasodilation both because the arteriolar walls cannot maintain contraction
in the absence of oxygen and because oxygen deficiency causes release of
vasodilator substances. The most important vasodilator substance is adenosine that
can sustain vasodilation in skeletal muscle for about 2 hours. Other vasodilator
factors continue to maintain increased capillary blood flow as long as the exercise
continues are potassium ions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactic acid, and
carbon dioxide.
Coronary Circulation
Physiologic Anatomy of the Coronary Blood Supply:
The main coronary arteries lie on the surface of the heart and smaller arteries then
penetrate from the surface into the cardiac muscle mass. It is almost entirely
through these arteries that the heart receives its nutritive blood supply. Only the
inner 1/10 millimeter of the endocardial surface can obtain significant nutrition
directly from the blood inside the cardiac chambers, so that this source of muscle
nutrition is minuscule.
Left coronary artery - supplies
mainly the anterior and left lateral
portions of the left ventricle.
Right coronary ventricle - artery
supplies most of the right
ventricle as well as the posterior
part of the left ventricle in 80 to
90 per cent of people.
Most of the coronary venous blood
flow from the left ventricular
muscle returns to the right atrium
of the heart by way of the
coronary sinus—which is about 75
per cent of the total coronary
blood flow. And most of the
coronary venous blood from the
right ventricular muscle returns through small anterior cardiac veins that flow
directly into the right atrium, not by way of the coronary sinus. A very small amount
of coronary venous blood also flows back into the heart through very minute
thebesian veins, which empty directly into all chambers of the heart.
Phasic Changes in Coronary Blood Flow During Systole and Diastole—Effect of Cardiac
Muscle Compression
Systole - the coronary capillary blood flow in the left ventricle muscle falls to a low
value because there is a strong compression of the left ventricular muscle around
the intramuscular vessels during systolic contraction.
Diastole - the cardiac muscle relaxes and no longer obstructs blood flow through
the left ventricular muscle capillaries, so that blood flows rapidly during all of
diastole.
Myocardial Infarction:
Process: Immediately after an acute coronary occlusion, blood low ceases in the
coronary vessels beyond the occlusion except for small amounts of collateral flow
from surrounding vessels.The area of muscle that has either zero flow or so little
flow that it cannot sustain cardiac muscle function is said to be infarcted.