Integratedswmtrainingguide 130129085800 Phpapp02

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NTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TRAINING GUIDE
October 2004
This project is implemented by Development Alternatives, Inc. with the support of its subcontractors: Orient Integrated Development Consultants, Inc. n Resources, Environment and Economics Center for Studies, Inc. n Winrock International n Abt Associates, Inc. n Management Systems International n Michigan State University n
Produced by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources-United States Agency for International Developments (DENR-USAID) Philippine Environmental Governance (EcoGov) Project through the assistance of the USAID under USAID PCE-1-00-99-00002-00. The views expressed and opinions contained in this publication are those of the authors and are not intended as statements of policy of USAID or the authors parent organization.
Table of Contents
About The ISWM Training Guide .................................................................................. 1 Project Background...................................................................................................... 2 The ISWM Modules in Summary ................................................................................... 3 Module 1. Governance in Integrated Solid Waste Management .................................... 5 Module 2. ESWM Board Formation and Orientation ................................................... 11 Module 3. Solid Waste Management Assessment ......................................................15 Module 4. Study Tour .................................................................................................. 30 Module 5. Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Plan Formulation .................. 32
The ISWM Training Guide
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About The ISWM Training Guide
he Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Training Guide is a synthesis of the training modules and materials used by the Philippine Environmental Governance (EcoGov) Project in assisting local government units (LGUs) in solid waste management planning and implementation. The Guide provides a description of the training and mentoring approaches of EcoGov as the Project aided the LGUs in systematically formulating various plans of action, including a 10year ISWM plan mandated by the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (RA 9003). It puts together lessons learned from the two-and-a-half years of Project experience in providing ISWM technical assistance to a number of LGUs in EcoGov regions. In a way, this Guide may be considered a documentation of EcoGovs best practices in putting into place a governance-enhanced ISWM process.1 This Guide is intended for local service providers (LSPs)2 tasked to assist municipal and city LGUs in preparing and implementing governance-enhanced ISWM plans. It serves as a reference to enhance their understanding of the EcoGov technical assistance approach, to help them develop SWM training programs for LGUs and to allow them to use EcoGov-developed analytical and decision-making tools that promote the practice of transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making (TAP). This Training Guide has five major modules: Module 1: Governance in Solid Waste Management Module 2: ESWM Board Formation and Orientation Module 3: Solid Waste Management Assessment Module 4: Study Tour Module 5: SWM Plan Formulation and Legitimization
Modules 3 and 5 are divided into several sub-modules. Each module and sub-module is described in terms of coverage, objectives, expected final outputs and duration, as well as approach, tasks and participants. It should be noted that the modules do not refer only to the formal or classroom-type training activity. It also covers field activities where participants get to apply or test newly-acquired knowledge or skills. It describes as well the pre- and post-training activities that are necessary to facilitate completion of expected outputs within the indicated period of training. Highlighted (in boxes) are the governance principles applied in each module to promote transparency and informed decision-making, increase stakeholder participation and clearly establish accountabilities. Also pointed out are specific experiences of the EcoGov Team and the LGUs, which demonstrate significant improvements in SWM practices. To ensure that training participants will get an appreciation of the concepts, policies, processes and tools relevant to the modules, the Guide devotes a significant portion to the content of the technical inputs provided during the training. Recommended topics or inputs are provided in the Lecture Notes and discussion and facilitation guides that are found at the end of each module or sub-module. In addition, the Guide provides a set of annexes (each module has a corresponding annex, e.g., Annex 1 for Module 1), which contains the guidelines, sourcebooks, templates and examples that have been developed by the EcoGov ISWM Team for that particular module. The Guide does not include the detailed training programs and presentation materials used in previous training. This is to give users some flexibility in the design of their training activities.
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The Training Guide includes recommendations for future training activities, thus, the numbering and scope of the modules, and the approaches described may differ from those used in previous training and technical assistance activities. The service providers referred to here include DENR field offices, provincial governments, non-government organizations (NGOs), consulting firms, academic institutions and individual professionals.
Project Background
he countrys rapidly increasing population, resulting in higher demand for the use of our natural resources and generation of more solid wastes, has brought about adverse effects on the environment. The government, with its limited capacity and resources, is thus, challenged to provide innovative mechanisms directed at shifting the peoples attitude and practices towards sustainable use of natural resources and reducing waste generation.
It is believed that technical solutions alone may not be enough to overcome these challenges; ensuring that good governance is part of environmental management options may prove to be the key in effectively addressing these issues. It is in this light that the Philippine Environmental Governance Project (EcoGov) is strengthening LGU capacity in incorporating good governance principles and practices in Coastal Resource Management (CRM), Forests and Forestlands Management (FFM) and Solid Waste Management (SWM). Specifically, the Project is assisting LGUs address the threats of over fishing and use of destructive fishing practices within their municipal waters; illegal cutting and forest lands conversion; and unmanaged solid wastes. This assistance is in the form of training, coaching and mentoring LGUs in the conduct of resource and resource use assessments, evaluation of management options, planning, and initial implementation activities using processes and tools that emphasize elements of good governance, such as transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making (TAP). At the national and regional level, the EcoGov Project provides policy and advocacy/IEC support to improving coastal/forest resources and solid waste management, through the review and enhancement of existing policies, conduct of policy studies, and production of sourcebooks, primers and information materials. National policy and institutional support specific to the ISWM sector includes:

Review of RA 9003 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) to identify specific provisions that require more detailed implementing rules and regulations; Development of guidelines and procedures for assessing and measuring waste diversion by LGUs, joint LGU-DENR assessment of sites of SWM facilities, and clustering of LGUs for the use and co-management of disposal facilities; and Production of a full-cost accounting guidebook and source books on incentive systems, available financing facilities, and technical assistance sources.
All these interventions are intended to contribute to the long-term economic development of the country. The Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI) is implementing the EcoGov Project in collaboration with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). EcoGov national specialists and the Projects regional teams, along with DENR and provincial government partners and a number of individual LSPs, provide technical assistance to LGUs.
The ISWM Modules in Summary
WM is one of the functions devolved to LGUs, making it their responsibility to provide SWM services to its constituents, given the rising SWM problems, particularly in urban and urbanizing areas. Under RA 9003 and its IRR, all LGUs are mandated to formulate a 10-year ISWM plan that will define its SWM strategy. To do this, LGUs must be equipped with the necessary skills and decisionmaking tools to be able to come up with well thought out plans that could be implemented successfully. The EcoGov Project saw this need as an appropriate entry point for improving good governance in the SWM sector. Figure 1 shows the logical sequence of the five ISWM training modules developed by the EcoGov Project. Figure 2 presents summaries of the five modules. An LGU will have to go through all the modules, in the suggested sequence, to complete the ISWM plan. The LGU takes the lead in the legitimization process, with some mentoring from the EcoGov team. During this process, the plan is reviewed by the ESWM Board, then presented in a public hearing, before it is submitted to the Municipal/City Development Council (M/CDC) and the municipal/city council for adoption (either through a resolution or an ordinance). It should be noted, however, that once the SWM assessment is completed and the LGU has a better appreciation of where it is in relation to waste generation and disposal, the
Orientation on Governance in SWM/TWG Formation
ESWM Board Formation, Reconstitution and Orientation
Solid Waste Assessment (Situational Analysis) Geographic and Physical Characteristics of LGU Socio-Economic Features & Trends SWM Organizations & Resources SWM Awareness & Practices Waste Generation Disposal
Study Tour
Vision and Strategy Formulation
Formulation of ISWM Components Engineering IEC Policy Support Economic Enterprises
Formulation of Management & Financing Arrangements
Drafting of Plan
Board Review of Draft Plan/Endorsement to MDC/SB

Module 1
Refinement & Legitimization of Plan Public Hearing MDC Review and Endorsement SB Review and Approval
Module 2 Module 3 Module 4
Implementation of ISWM Actions

Figure 1 Module Sequence
Module 5
LGU is encouraged to start identifying and implementing some immediately doable activities, even if the plan is still being prepared. Examples of activities that could be done immediately are IEC, improvement of current collection routes, some housekeeping practices in current dumpsite, formal creation of SWM office and designation of staff who will be responsible for the SWM program, linkages with other sectors (e.g., schools), and composting of market waste.
Module 1: Governance in Solid Waste Management
This introduces the concept of environmental governance and how it applies to SWM. It likewise includes an orientation on the EcoGov Project. This module is useful in the conduct of orientation/briefings 3 on environmental governance and in interactive assemblies (IAs) with LGUs interested to participate in the Projects ISWM program. This focuses on the creation of the ESWM Board, which is mandated by RA 9003. The module ensures that key sectors are represented in the Board, and that the members understand the technical and legal framework of SWM, and their role in SWM planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. The Board is given the opportunity to work out their working protocols. This covers the whole process of SWM assessment, aimed at providing the bases for formulating strategies, determining targets and defining activities. In this module, bio-physical, socio-economic and other information that are relevant to SWM are analyzed. Also assessed are the practices of various solid waste generators, collectors and processors. This gives LGUs the opportunity to witness and learn from the experiences of other LGUs on SWM. The study tour allows the participants to directly interact with LGUs, which have initiated SWM programs or have established SWM facilities. This exposure broadens their understanding of the management options available. This makes use of the analysis of the SWM information (Module 3) and the lessons learned in the study tour (Module 4) in fleshing out the SWM plan. The preparation of the SWM plan is done through five sequential sub-modules.
Module 2: ESWM Board Formation and Orientation
Module 3: Solid Waste Management Assessment
Module 4: Study Tour
Module 5: SWM Plan Formulation and Legitimization

Figure 2. Module Summaries
At the start of EcoGov Phase 1, a series of regional/provincial IAs were held in the EcoGov regions to orient potential LGU partners on the Project.
Module 1
Governance in Integrated Solid Waste Management
Module Coverage
This module introduces the concept of environmental governance to the participants, emphasizing the increasing recognition that weak or failure of governance, and not only the lack of technical solutions, is a key cause of environmental degradation. Environmental governance is discussed in relation to the principles of decentralization, devolution and subsidiarity, and other related concepts, such as inter-generation and inter-spatial equity. Highlighted are three elements of good governance: transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making or TAP (See definitions and examples, Lecture Notes, Environmental Governance Elements, Page 8). The rationale for good governance in ISWM is explained in the context of the LGU mandates as provided for in RA 9003 and its IRR, and in relation to the major threats poor waste management pose to public health and environment. LGUs are cautioned not to make unilateral decisions and actions (or with no sound analysis or firm basis) with respect to SWM as there are many stakeholders in SWM management that will be affected. Also, ISWM is one LGU initiative that demands transparency as it requires substantial investment of public funds and the process of procuring goods and services is often suspect. For many, SWM is viewed as a public good or service, thus, its efficient delivery is a manifestation of good governance. Part of this module is an overview of the EcoGov Project and its SWM component. Discussion focuses on the objectives, approaches and performance indicators of the EcoGov Project and the general process in the selection of LGUs. Also discussed is the ISWM planning process to clarify the scope, nature and mode of delivery of the technical assistance provided by the Project. As the planning process is outlined, the innovative approaches introduced (e.g., SWM assessment, incentive systems) and governance practices applied (e.g., joint analysis and decision-making) to specific planning and implementation activities are pointed out. Also emphasized are the advantages of joint planning by adjoining LGUs to consider sharing the use of waste disposal facilities. Based on EcoGov experience, this module may be completed in 1-2 days, depending on activities that will be incorporated in the design.
Module Approach
This introductory module may be used in interactive assemblies (IAs)4 conducted by the Project with LGUs interested in availing of EcoGov technical assistance. This module may also be used in Project orientation and briefings for the Technical Working Group (TWG) and the ESWM Board of the LGU, and provincial governments, DENR and LSPs to level off on the environmental governance concept and principles and the EcoGov technical assistance approach. The module may either be conducted before or after signing a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the LGU, DENR and the EcoGov Project (See sample MOA, Annex 1). The module consists of at least three input sessions (See suggested outline, Lecture Notes, pages 7-10). It is important that the resource persons in this module have a good grasp of the concepts and can relate good governance with SWM. The design of the module may be modified to incorporate group or plenary activities in between the technical inputs, such as discussions of local SWM issues and challenges, sharing and assessment of past SWM efforts and achievement, and a preliminary analysis of the status of current environmental governance practices in the LGU. An action planning activity may also be added at the end of the module for the identification of and consensus on the next steps, schedules and responsibility centers leading to the signing of the MOA (i.e., if module is held before MOA signing) or the conduct of the succeeding modules. It is possible also to integrate Module 1 with Module 2, when the target audience is the same and there are no planned intervening activities between the two modules.
MEMBERS OF THE TWG CHAIR Vice Mayor/City or Municipal Planning Development Coordinator/SB Chair on Environment MEMBERS Department Heads of: City/Municipal Engineering Office City/Municipal Planning Office City/Municipal Agriculture Office City/Municipal Health Office Private Sector Academe Environmental NGOs Peoples Organizations Religious Groups Junkshop Operators Market/Vendors Associations Other civil society groups National Agencies such as: Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Department of Education (DepEd) Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Department of Agriculture (DA)
Participants
For IAs, participants may include local chief executives (LCEs), Municipal/City Planning and Development Coordinators, Municipal/City Emvironment and Natural Resources Officers, and Sangguniang Bayan/Panglunsod Chair of the Environment Committee. If used to orient TWGs and ESWM Board, participants shall include all members.
At the start of EcoGov Phase 1, a series of regional/provincial Interactive Assemblies or IAs were held in the EcoGov regions to orient potential LGU partners on the EcoGov Project. The IAs, which covered either only one or the three sectors, provided the venue for the sharing of experiences and discussion of local SWM issues and possible assistance from the project.
Lecture Notes Environmental Governance I. What is Environmental Governance? Role of government in managing the inter-relationships between the various subsystems in nature, such as those within and among different species and ecosystems, including the economic, social and cultural subsystems (Victor Ramos, 2001) It is about:

Making decisions and carrying out supporting actions. First and foremost, the LGU has to define a clear SWM vision and mission, with a sound basis so it can have the support of stakeholders. Supporting actions will include: a. Issuance of sound policies b. Mobilization, realignment and approval of funds c. Law enforcement, penalties d. Monitoring performance after decisions and actions were carried out Upholding and supporting the rule of law, e.g., RA 9003, its IRR and other related laws Leveling the playing field for stakeholder participation, demand for accountability, access, incentives and penalties, investments, competition and enforcement Resolving disputes and conflicts among those affected by SWM Convergence of good governance and technical solutions
The convergence of governance and technical solutions could spell the difference between a healthy environment and the spread of diseases and disaster II. Environmental Governance Vision

Effectiveness of governance - decisions and actions are all in support of a defined VISION AND MISSION Efficiency of governance - decisions and actions are achieving the objectives of TASKS; they maximize limited resources in achieving objectives Consequence of governance - decisions and actions impact on RELATIONSHIPS between the suppliers and demanders of effective and efficient resource management
Technical Solutions to Resource Management (TSRM) + Good Governance (GG) + Performance Indicators based on Standards (PIS) = Improved and Enhanced Environmental Conditions
III.
Environmental Governance Actors

Decision-makers and implementers/actors at different levels. Their legitimacy and credibility are important. Those affected by decisions and actions Those providing information, analysis and recommendations to decision-makers and actors Those acting on behalf of vested interests to influence decisions and actions Those representing the conscience industry media, civil society organizations, church, schools
IV.
Prerequisites of Effective Environmental Governance

Presence of accountable institutions with clear vision and strategy to achieving the vision. System for eliciting participation in decision-making, from planning to implementation; also in monitoring and evaluation System to ensure transparency of decisions and the basis of those decisions Existence of rule of law Presence of persons representing the conscience industry media, civil society organizations, church, schools
V.
Environmental Governance: Key Concepts and Principles

Decentralization, de-concentration and devolution. The central government formally cedes powers to actors and institutions at lower levels (devolution or democratic decentralization and administrative decentralization).

Subsidiarity and local organizational capacity. Decisions should be made at the lowest possible level where competence exists. In RA 9003, some responsibilities are vested in the barangay LGUs. Inclusion and participation Accountability Transparency and access to information Social justice, Forms of justice: community, retributive, procedural and distributive justice. Property rights: Access right to a stream of benefits from a given set of resources, such as coastal resource assets. Collaboration and partnership Stable and secure property rights Intergenerational and inter-spatial equity Trade-offs, externality, and opportunity costs
VI.
Environmental Governance Elements

Transparency = Extent to which the general public has current, complete and reliable information about decisions and actions taken by a government unit or public agency. Key Result Areas a. Manner of generating, analyzing and disseminating information on LGU actions and decisions to the public b. Access to this information c. Period of information dissemination: before the decision/action; after the decision/action; only when demanded d. Quality of information provided: updated, complete and accurate Examples of Transparency Practices and Mechanisms a. Posting of plans/maps, ordinances and proceedings in public bulletin boards b. Periodic publication of performance audit reports, financial statements, reports on license/permit issuances, results of transactions/bidding c. IEC on local legislations enacted Accountability = Degree to which the officials and staff of a government unit or of an agency are held responsible for their decisions, actions and performance. State officials, public employees and private sector are answerable to their constituents for policies, actions and use of fund. Key Result Areas a Identification of persons/groups responsible for particular actions and decisions in plan documents, ordinances and orders b. Performance monitoring and evaluation procedures c. Recognition of good performance/observance of procedures d. Clear sanctions for violations of standards and procedures Examples of Accountability Practices and Mechanisms a. Clear definition of roles and responsibilities b. Periodic public expenditures review c. Clear sanctions and incentives d. Periodic conduct of performance audit e. Periodic assessment of policies Participatory Decision-Making = Degree that the general public, especially key stakeholders and marginalized groups have access and opportunities to influence the decision or action of government or public agency Key Result Areas a. Manner of identifying stakeholders of a particular activity b. Degree of representation of stakeholders in decision-making at various stages of project planning and implementation c. Incentive provisions for participation of stakeholders Examples of Participatory Decision-Making Practices and Mechanisms a. Consensus-building; establishment of conflict resolution mechanisms b. Public consultations and hearings prior to decision-making/legitimization of plans/issuances of ordinances c. Multi-sector representation in committees, working groups, management councils, enforcement groups d. Participatory M and E; community feedback system
Good Governance In Solid Waste Management I. ESWM vs. ISWM ESWM = systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transport, storage, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment RA 9003. ISWM = selection of a combination of techniques, technologies and management objectives; wellcoordinated and organized set of actions: source reduction, recycling, waste transformation and land filling. II. Is SWM a Public or Private Service?

As public service: must meet environmental acceptability of disposal system and level of customer satisfaction As private service: must minimize cost or maximize profit while meeting environmental standards Constraints in public driven SWM services Combination of public and private services in ISWM
III.
Objectives of ISWM:

Protection of health and environment Reduce recurrent costs and capital cost of constructing and maintaining disposal facilities
IV.
Why Environmental Governance in ISWM

Solid waste impacts public health and environmental safety The impacts of unmanaged solid waste have intergenerational (i.e., future generations will benefit or suffer from current decisions) and inter-spatial effects (e.g., carcinogens, fisheries, water, dioxins) There are many stakeholders (on and off site) thus decisions and actions cannot be unilateral Procurement related to providing SWM services are susceptible to rent seeking behavior and monopoly ISWM is perceived as a public good or service to constituents; its efficient delivery is a manifestation of good governance Sound governance of ISWM leads to buy-ins of stakeholders who have vested interest to sustain and protect services (i.e., with profit motive or volunteerism) ISWM has immediate impacts on the environment (i.e., smell, aesthetics, diseases)
V.
Who are involved in governance of ISWM?

Decision makers and implementers (primarily LGU, DENR) Those impacted by decisions and actions (communities where waste disposal facilities are located; waste generators, etc) Those providing information, analysis and recommendations to decision-makers and implementers (LGU and DENR technical staff, technical assistance, service providers, consultants, etc) Those with vested interests to influence decisions and actions (e.g., suppliers of equipment, contractors, etc) The conscience industry media, civil society organizations, church, schools
VI.
Key ISWM Decisions and Actions Requiring Good Governance

Waste Collection: Accountability of collectors, transparency in procuring or sourcing required logistics, participation of stakeholders Transport: transparency in procurement, accountability of those deciding on procurement, participation of technical staff Processing and disposal: transparency in design and procurement, transparency in the issuance of Notices to Proceed (NTPs) and Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC), accountability of those who prepared design and issued ECC, participation of specialists and stakeholders Financing: accountability of LGU officials, transparency in sourcing and using funds, participation of SB, MDC and barangays Implementation: participation of key sectors, accountability of each decision-maker, transparency in procurement and financial expenditures, transparency in work and financial planning Performance monitoring: participation in developing criteria and conduct and analysis, political will to deal with accountable officials, transparency in discussing results and lessons learned
VII. Summary

The processes and outputs in ISWM planning and implementation are all about POWER and CONTROL over decisions and actions POWER to initiate and sustain action; capacity to translate intentions into reality and sustain it There is need to balance, direct, appropriate and equally distribute these powers among different stakeholders Question: What are and where are those powers vested with respect to ISWM planning and implementation?
The Philippine Environmental Governance Project I. II. The EcoGovernance Project: Background, Strategic Objectives and Sectoral and Geographic Scope EcoGov Strategies

Strengthening of national and regional policies and institutional arrangements Technical assistance to LGUs and communities on coastal resource, forest and forestlands and solid waste management to enhance their capacity and support mechanisms to take on new environmental governance responsibilities Capability-building of DENR and partner government agencies, local institutions and service providers to strengthen local technical support systems (to develop capabilities to support LGU environmental governance initiatives) Establish creative partnerships with organizations/groups and develop supporting coalitions to help promote good governance.
III.
EcoGov Results Framework and Key Performance Indicators

Goal Outcomes 1: Expanded application of sound environmental governance policies and practices Outcome 2: Reduced over-fishing and use destructive fishing practices Outcome 3: Reduced illegal cutting and forest lands conversion Outcome 4: Solid waste management Key Performance Indicators for CRM
IV.
EcoGovernance Actors: DENR Central Office, DENR Regional Offices, Technical Assistance Team, LGUs, Local Service Providers, Contractors, Other Partners, USAID Process of LGU Selection

V.
Interactive Assemblies Letters of Intent MOAs nd LGU commitments
VI. Overview of EcoGov Technical Assistance in ISWM

ISWM Modules Module 1. Governance in Solid Waste Management Module 2. ESWM Board Formation and Orientation Module 3. SWM Assessment 1. Orientation and Sampling 2. SWM Practices Survey and Seven-Day Waste Characterization 3. Data Analysis Module 4. Study Tour/ Exposure Trip Module 5. SWM Plan Formulation and Legitimization 1. Vision and Strategy Formulation 2. Formulation of Engineering Component 3. Formulation of Policy Support Component 4. Formulation of IEC Component 5. Formulation of Management and Financing Arrangements
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Module 2
ESWM Board Formation and Orientation
Module Coverage
This module calls for the formation and the proper orientation of the ESWM Board as a first step in complying with the provisions of RA 9003. During the Board formation, particular attention is given to the need for the representation of various groups, especially the private/civil society sector. The orientation is conducted to ensure that the Board members understand the fundamentals of SWM and environmental governance, its legal framework (this includes discussion on the Local Government Code, RA 9003 and its IRR, etc.), and their roles in ISWM planning and implementation. By clarifying all these, it is expected that the members active participation in the ISWM process will be encouraged, thus, enhancing the Boards TAP principles emphasized effectiveness. This module emphasizes TAP principles: The module also allows the Board to define their working protocols (such as agreeing on meeting schedules and notices, sub-committees, quorum and voting rules, and secretariat support). Also clarified during the discussions is the source of the Boards operating budget. The preparation of an action plan forms part of the module. A review is made of the ISWM planning process and modules and an overall work plan is prepared with the participants. a) Roles, functions and accountabilities are clarified to ensure a more responsive public service. b) Unilateral decisions are strongly discouraged as there are many stakeholders (on and off site) involved in SWM decisions and actions. c) Representation of critical sectors in the Board is strongly encouraged as it is a requirement of the law.
Expected Module Outputs

The expected outputs are: 1) a draft Executive Order creating or reconstituting (whatever is necessary) the ESWM Board; 2) agreed working protocols with ESWM Board Resolution adopting them, and 3) action plan for subsequent activities. A sample of the working protocol is found in Annex 2. Two days are allotted for this module.
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Module Approach
Two technical input sessions are suggested for this module. The first orients the Board members on the fundamentals and guiding principles of SWM and review with them important concepts in environmental governance. The second focuses on the important provisions of RA 9003 and its IRR, and other related laws, focusing on the mandatory requirements that apply to LGUs. The suggested outline for both of these lectures are in the Lecture Notes on pages 13-14. Note that it will be helpful if some topics in Module 1 are repeated in this module, especially if not all participants were able to attend Module 1. There will be guided discussion which will include, among others, reviewing the current composition and functions of the Board (if existing) to assess if they are in accordance with RA 9003. The members themselves will have to determine whether there is a need to reconstitute the Board (again based on RA 9003 requirements) and proceed with the identification of the additional sectors that have to be represented in the Board. If no Board formally exists yet, the participants will have to identify those who should be made members of the Board, based on RA 9003 requirements and recommendations of those present in the orientation. The participants will have to include private sector/civil society representatives in the Board, and agree on how the representatives shall be selected. This is very important, especially in cases where there are several organizations that can sufficiently represent the sectors (e.g., Who should represent the recyclers if the there are several independent junkshop operators in the LGU?) or if none exists (e.g., Who should represent the business sector if there is no Chamber of Commerce?). It is part of good governance that the proposed criteria and process for selection of representatives are clearly documented so that the method will be consistently followed. The discussions should also clarify the roles and functions of the Board and clearly establish its accountabilities as spelled out in RA 9003 and its IRR. It will be necessary for the LCE, who is also the Board chair (as per RA 9003), to issue an Executive Order creating (or reconstituting) the Board and defining its functions and accountabilities. Another guided discussion focuses on how the Board will operate. The members will have to agree on their internal rules with respect to regularity of meetings, attendance and quorum, method of voting, internal structure, secretariat and funding for its operations. Agreements reached will be consolidated to produce a draft of the Boards working protocols. A Board resolution will formalize the adoption of the working protocols. The final discussion will be on the preparation of an action plan for the conduct of the succeeding modules. The activity calendar will consider scheduling regular Board meetings so that decisions and actions on issues could be addressed in a timely manner.
Participants
The module is designed primarily for members of the ESWM Board, but should include members of the LGU technical working group (TWG)5. If there is no ESWM Board yet, the module participants will include those identified in RA 9003 as mandatory members of the Board as well as representatives of other sectors, which the LCE thinks should be included. The resource persons for this module should be knowledgeable of the basics of SWM, environmental governance, and RA 9003 and its IRR. An experienced facilitator is necessary.
In many cases, the TWG becomes the interim action arm or secretariat of the Board , for the duration of the ISWM planning activity.
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Lecture Notes Fundamentals of SWM I. Factors that Contribute to the SWM Problem

Spiralling population growth rate and rapid urbanization Changing lifestyles and consumption patterns Public indifference Inadequate government policies and lack of enforcement
II.
General Situation of Solid Waste in the Philippines

Daily Waste Generation Per Capita in the Philippines Rural barangays = 0.2 kg to 0.4 kg Urbanizing barangays = about 0.5 kg Urban barangays = 0.6 kg to 0.7 kg Distribution: domestic/households - 70%; industrial - 20%; commercial - 10% Attitude or indifference? People lack of appreciation of SWM; people believe that it is governments responsibility; inefficient collection of garbage; non-operation of a good disposal facility
III.
Health Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Handling and Disposal

Respiratory ailments resulting from odor and emissions Skin diseases Injuries or cuts from broken glass, cans, hard plastics and other sharp objects Proliferation of insects and rodents that may act as passive vectors in transmitting diseases Asphyxiation due to exposure to gases Contamination of drinking water from leachate percolation Food poisoning due to insect colonization and vermin proliferation
IV.
Environmental Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Handling and Disposal

Depletion of ozone layer leading (due to methane gas generation and burning) to global warning Air pollution which produces acid rain Land pollution, which reduce its value Water pollution and flooding due to dumping in rivers and lakes Groundwater contamination due to leachate
V.
Definitions of Key Terms

Waste, solid waste Solid waste management Source Reduction, recycling, treatment and disposal
VI.
Guiding Principles for SWM

Waste is a resource Waste prevention is better than waste regulation and control. There is no single management and technological approach to solid waste. All elements of society are fundamentally responsible for 11% of methane gas generated in SWM. Philippines comes from waste dumps Those who generate waste must bear the cost of its management and disposal. SWM should be approached in the context of resource conservation, environmental protection and health, and sustainable development. SWM programs should take into consideration the physical and socio-economic conditions of the concerned communities and be designed according to their specific needs. Waste Generation reduce and resuse, sort and segregate Storage covered and sanitary receptacles; safe storage area Collection regular schedule, systematic routing, appropriate type of collection, separate collection of segregated waste
VII. Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management and Corresponding Technologies

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Transfer and Transport use of compactor trucks, transfer stations Processing and Recovery Disposal sanitary landfill, incineration of infectious, toxic and hazardous waste
VIII. Hierarchy of Methods

Source reduction Reuse and recycling of non-biodegradable Composting (biodegradable) Treatment (special waste) Disposal (residuals)
IX.
SWM Planning

General Process TAP Practices Components: 7 Es education, engineering, enforcement, equity, environmental organization, economic enterprises, and environmental governance
Legal and Policy Framework I. Overview of RA 9003 and DENR Administrative Order No. 2001-34 (IRR)

Declaration of Policies Role of LGUs in SWM
II.
Institutional Mechanisms
National Level: Roles of National Solid Waste Management Commission National Ecology Center Department of Environment and Natural Resources Local Government Level: Composition and functions of Provincial Solid Waste Management Board City and Municipal Solid Waste Management Board Barangay Solid Waste Management Committee Multi-Purpose Environment Cooperatives or Associations
III.
National Solid Waste Management Framework and Local Government Solid Waste Management Plans. RA 9003 and IRR provide guidelines for preparation of plan and its key components, particularly:

Establishing mandatory solid waste diversion Establishing LGU materials recovery facility Prohibition against use of open dumps
IV. V.
Incentives: Rewards and Incentive Schemes (fiscal and non-fiscal) Financing

SW management fees National SWM Fund Local SWM Fund
VI.
Penal Provisions

Prohibited acts, and fines and penalties Administrative and enforcement procedures
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Module 3
Solid Waste Management Assessment
his module guides the LGU in conducting an assessment of SWM practices and waste generated to provide a sound basis for the formulation of an SWM plan. The outputs of this module will be used in identifying and evaluating alternative management schemes and technologies that are appropriate to improve the LGUs delivery of ISWM services to its constituents.
Participants will be trained on how to generate important databases necessary to develop a doable ISWM plan that integrates TAP principles in all the steps of the assessment process. Information on the sources, characteristics and composition of the waste streams will be gathered to analyze possible opportunities for source reduction and recycling, techniques emphasized in RA 9003 and its IRR to divert waste from the disposal sites. These and other information are necessary to arrive at sound ISWM decisions (such as the size of the disposal facility required, the type and capacities of storage receptacles, types and capacities of collection trucks, the number and frequency of collection, area requirements for materials recovery facilities or MRFs and the landfill, etc.).
Good info, sound analysis SWM decisions and actions have to be based on good information and sound analysis. The SWM assessment findings will help the LGU set its targets (i.e., By how much % can the LGU reduce its waste stream?), develop SWM strategies and interventions (i.e., What area in the municipality will be covered by LGU collection? What IEC strategy will be effective? What ordinances will be issued?), and design SWM facilities (i.e., How many collection trucks will be needed? What will be the capacity of its composting facility? Of its disposal facility? )
The knowledge on the current SWM practices will be very useful in deciding the type of IEC to be conducted, organizational set-up, budgetary support, and enforcement instruments needed to implement a sustainable ISWM program. The module will have three sub-modules:
Sub-module 3A - Orientation on Assessment and Sampling Methods. This will prepare the TWG for the data collection task. This is very critical as the success of the succeeding activities will depend on the kind of preparations done, including a good understanding of the process. Sub-module 3B - Survey of Practices and Seven-Day Waste Characterization6. This pertains to the actual collection of the data, requiring seven days of intensive work and making accurate measurements and correct recording. Teamwork is of utmost importance. Sub-module 3C - Data Analysis. This allows for the organization, processing and interpretation of data for decision-making.
These sub-modules are sequentially arranged; the outputs of one become the inputs to the succeeding sub-module.
This covers a payday and market day in order to capture variability in waste generation.
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Expected Module Output

The final output of this module is an SWM situational analysis. Major elements of the situational analysis are a) baseline data on waste generation from identified sources; b) baseline data on waste disposal at the dumpsite; and c) descriptions of current SWM practices and awareness level. The first two sets of data are to be contained in a database; they may be further analyzed to generate additional information and serve as basis for future evaluation.
Participants
The participation of as many sectors as possible is encouraged in this module, particularly in SubModule 3B. It will be helpful if the activity involve members of the ESWM Board, all TWG members, LGU offices, representatives from the concerned national government agencies such as Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), and NGO as well as peoples organizations (PO) representatives (such as vendors associations, homeowners associations, business groups, youth, media and other civic organizations). Sub-Module 3C will, however, be limited to those who are directly involved in processing the gathered data. This module takes about two months to complete. .
SUB-MODULE 3A. ORIENTATION ON ASSESSMENT AND SAMPLING METHODS

Sub-module Coverage Sub-Module 3A provides an overview of the need for, and the scope of, the solid waste assessment. The participants are expected to have a clear idea of the types of primary and secondary information that will be needed for the situational analysis, and the range of methods that can be used to generate the needed information. The sub-module focuses on two major assessment activities: the SWM awareness and practices survey and the seven-day characterization of waste (from major waste sources and at end-of-pipe).7 The sub-module emphasizes the importance of establishing baseline information and using such data in the design and formulation of SWM interventions. Participants are given hands-on training on how these two activities will be done in Module 3B, on the data collection and recording instruments that will be used, and on the determination and selection of the sample for the SWM practices and awareness survey and the seven-day waste characterization exercise. The one-day practice waste characterization is done using a pre-sample. The sample size from households is derived using the standard deviation estimated from the pre-sample, maximum tolerable error and confidence level. This sub-module is designed to develop teamwork among members of the TWG and the Board for the smooth conduct of the next sub-module. Their experience in the waste characterization exercise is expected to instill into the participants the importance of working as a team and enhances their sense of ownership of the
7
Encouraging teamwork Their experience in the waste characterization exercise is expected to instill into the participants the importance of working as a team and enhances their sense of ownership of the information they generate. It must be emphasized to them that as owners and users of the information, they must ensure the integrity and usefulness of the information.
End-of-pipe waste refers to the waste the LGU collects and brings to the dumpsite. The analysis of end-of-pipe waste indicates the volume/weight and composition of garbage brought to the dumpsite daily and provides an estimate of the potential biodegradable and recyclable waste that can be diverted from the waste stream.
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information they generate. It must be emphasized to them that as owners and users of the information, they must ensure the integrity and usefulness of the information. This means they have to be diligent in following and documenting the sampling, data collection, recording and processing procedures. Expected Sub-module Outputs Outputs of the sub-module include: a) Sampling plan that shows the list/distribution and classification of establishments and households from which the sample is taken, the assumptions made, the procedures undertaken to stratify the population and to determine sample sizes, and the households/establishments in the sample, preferably shown in a map; Action plan to complete all preparatory activities for Sub-module 3B and for the actual collection of various data (including secondary data); and Final survey and recording instruments.
b) c)
This sub-module may be completed in 3-4 days. A total of 10-12 days will be needed if pre-workshop and post-workshop activities are included. Sub-module Approach The initial technical input explains the objectives and scope of the SWM assessment, leading to a discussion on the basic data requirements (See Checklist, pages 20-21). The maps and statistics that are deemed important and their official sources will be identified. It is recommended that samples of maps and actual data taken from previous assessments done in EcoGov LGUs be used during the lecture session to illustrate the value of the information for ISWM planning. The EcoGov Project adopted NSWMC Form8 (See Annex 3A) to document the LGUs SWM profile. The second technical input will be on the SWM awareness and practices assessment. This has two parts: a survey and a look-see of actual practices with some key informant interviews and focus group discussions to be conducted. Participants will be given a walk-through of a guide listing the important sectors, events and places that will be covered by the assessment, the key questions that may be asked and specific practices that will be observed and documented. The assessment must cover the major waste generators (such as households, commercial establishments, market vendors, etc), those who are involved in recovery or recycling (such as junkshop owners, itinerant scrap buyers and scavengers) and waste generators who produce significant amount of special wastes (e.g., hospitals, clinics, gasoline stations). It must look at how people behave and dispose of their waste in major events in the LGU (e.g., pintakasi, sports events, fiestas) or in public places (e.g., parks, rivers, beaches, market). The discussion of the guide is followed by a workshop where the participants will identify the sectors/ events/places in the LGU that will be relevant to study. The participants can also be assisted in developing the interview questions for each sector. The next major part of the sub-module is the orientation on waste characterization. The purpose of the activity, the different types of wastes that will be measured and the step-by-step process of doing the assessment will be presented. The waste characterization will cover both waste generated at source and waste collected and brought to the disposal site. The former will be measured from a sample of households or establishments/institutions, while the latter will be taken from a sample of garbage trucks.
In the future, this form will be revised to better capture existing resources and programs of the LGU.
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The rationale for holding the exercise for seven days and the inclusion of a payday and market day in the study period will be explained. See Lecture Notes, Waste Characterization, pages 22-23 for the outline of the waste characterization procedures. The final technical inputs will be on sampling, covering the definition of terms or concepts used and the different methods to be employed for households (stratified, random) and establishments/institutions (purposive, judgment). These will be outlined and illustrated with the use of an actual case study. The reason for limiting the sample to the collection barangays and taking a pre-sample of households will also be explained. The current solid waste collection system will be discussed so that the appropriate sample for the end-of-pipe waste can be determined (See Lecture Notes on Sampling and Sampling Procedures, pages 24-25 and Annex 3B for sampling guidelines). Group decision-making Participants practice good governance as they have to agree on various mattersas a groupbefore proceeding to the next activities. Examples of agreements that should be reached at the end of the workshop include number of sample establishments, distribution of sample households, etc. Each participants accountability to the group is also clarified by defining the task each group member shall perform. The participants will then be guided in preparing for the one-day practice waste characterization and survey. In this activity, the participants will establish the total population of each of the key sector category/sub-category and their distribution per barangay or per type of barangay (See Annex 3C for the suggested categories and sub-categories) and select a number that will serve as practice sample.
At the end of the workshop, the participants should agree on the number of sample establishments/institutions per category/subcategory and the distribution of sample households for different income classes (low, middle, high, urban poor) and barangay types (upland, built-up, coastal). A decision should have also been reached on the distribution of tasks among the participants. All the arrangements should have been done with the prospective cooperator households and establishments/institutions, and with the caretakers of the areas where the characterization will be done. Examples of these preparatory activities include sending out copies of the letter from the LCE regarding the exercise to all those who will be involved, orientation of cooperators on the objectives and mechanics of the exercise, preparing properly labeled plastic bags for distribution to cooperators, procurement of needed tools and equipment, arrangements for pick-up of waste sample from sources and for designation of waste characterization area within dumpsite and/or other wide, open spaces like a basketball court or a barangay center. To facilitate the process, it is suggested that even before the start of this sub-module, the participants prepare: a) b) c) d) A list of business establishments and institutions in the LGU with their respective location, Current estimates of households by barangay, Map showing settlements/built-up area within the solid waste collection area, and Documentation of current waste collection schedule and route. A copy of the LGUs Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) should also be made available during the workshop.
The practice SWM awareness and practices survey and waste characterization will be held in one day. The identified cooperators are first interviewed about their SWM awareness and practices, while the collection truck collects the waste samples. The participants then converge in the waste characterization area and start the task of measuring, segregating, drying and again measuring the collected waste. Measurements made and other observations are recorded in a standard form (See Annex 3D). The forms are then consolidated and the results entered in a computer program.
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The final day of the workshop is devoted to the analysis of the data generated. This provides an example of how the actual data will be analyzed. The waste generation data of the households will be examined and the standard deviation will be computed to determine the extent of variability across income levels and locations. After agreeing on the assumption that will be taken regarding the standard of error and confidence level, the sample size for the actual seven-day survey and characterization is computed using the formula: Small sample formula: n=
( (
t a/ 2 * s E
)
2
Large sample formula: n= z a/2 * s E
Before the close of the workshop, a few hours is allocated to assess their initial experience with the SW awareness and practices survey and waste characterization. The participants are made to prepare an action plan for the finalization of: a) b) c) d) e) f) The sampling plan including the list of cooperators, Survey and recording instruments, Schedule of activities, Team composition organization and assignment of individual members, Logistic requirements, and All pre-activity arrangements for the next activity.
The action plan is to include the schedule for the collection of secondary data. A checklist on the preactivity arrangements for Module 3B is included in the lecture notes on the waste characterization process. An example of a sampling plan is in Annex 3E.
Participants
The participants in this sub-module are members of the TWG and the Board. The TWG may decide to involve representatives of other offices at the LGU and civil society groups.
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Checklist of Basic Data Requirements I. Geographic and Physical Features

Objectives of the SWM In which part of the province is the LGU located? What LGUs are Assessment around it? How far is the LGU from provincial capital and major cities in the region/adjoining regions? Get location map of LGU. To identify and analyze What are the dominant topographic features of LGU (elevation and key factors that are slope)? Are there areas with very steep slopes/high elevation? What important to SWM planare topographic features of proposed controlled dump/sanitary ningthose which can be landfill (SLF) site and other SWM facilities? Get topographic map. used as inputs and basis for How many are upland/lowland/coastal barangays? Which of current planning collection barangays are upland/lowland/coastal? Get map showing To establish baseline data barangay boundaries. for future evaluation of What are major river systems in the LGU? In what sub-watershed is program impacts the proposed controlled dump/SLF site located? Where is the impact area of this river system? To provide a situational What are types of soils in area of controlled dump/SLF site? Is the analysis that will promote soil type suitable for a disposal facility? informed decision-making What are geologic hazards in the LGU (fault lines, landslide prone/ flood-prone areas)? Are any of these near the proposed controlled dumpsite/SLF? Get hazards map. What is the LGUs climate type? When are the driest and wettest months? What is the annual average rainfall and temperature? Where are the major built-up areas of the LGU? What are the land use zones within the current collection area? What are the land use zones in areas surrounding the proposed controlled dumpsite/ SLF? Get current and proposed land use map.
II.
Accessibility

Is LGU adequately linked with neighboring LGUs? With other LGUs in the proposed inter-LGU cluster? With known markets of recyclable materials? Get road infra map. Are all barangays accessible year-round from poblacion? Which barangays have accessibility problems? Do all barangays have access to proposed controlled dump/SLF site? What infrastructure projects are programmed in the investment plans of LGU/ province or the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) in the next five years?
III.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics

What is the population and number of households in last two census? What is the distribution by barangay? What is the estimated current population and households? What is the population density per barangay? What is the LGUs average family size? Get National Statistics Office data. Where are the highly populated barangays? Where are the existing subdivisions, housing projects? Are there slum areas in LGU? Had there been significant population movements within the LGU (e.g., population moving from urban center to suburbs, rural to urban)? Does the LGU have a large transient population? What is the distribution of population according to gender? According to ethno-linguistic grouping? According to religion? Are there available population projections for the next ten years? What are assumed growth rates? What is current literacy rate? How many schools (by level) exist? What is their barangay distribution? Has there been any reported case of diseases/health problem related to water pollution and poor sanitation in the last five years?
IV.
Economic Features and Trends

What are major economic sectors? What sectors have shown significant growth in the last five years? What sectors are expected to develop significantly in the next five years (based on comprehensive land use/development plans)? Are there available projections on the LGUs economic development? How many business establishments and industries exist in the LGU? What are the major industries (in terms of size and numbers)? What are the biggest commercial establishments? What is the barangay distribution of these establishments and industries? What is the current poverty situation in the LGU? What is average income?
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V.
Local SWM Institutions and Resources (Refer to

What types of SWM services (e.g., garbage collection, clean-up, etc) is the LGU providing? What are ongoing SWM programs (IEC, clean and green, etc)? What barangays are covered by LGUs garbage collection system? What is the collection schedule and route? Provide map showing barangays covered and route. What LGU offices are involved in SWM? Which is lead office for SWM? How many staff are involved? What are their training needs? Is there an ESWM Board? Is there a plan to create a SWM office in the future? Provide staffing list. What is annual budget allocation for SWM (including staff) in the last five years? What is source of budget? Has the LGU obtained external funding assistance? Is the LGU generating any revenues from garbage fees, penalties? What are available SWM facilities (dumpsite, SLF, MRF, composting) in LGU and when were they established? Where are these located? Do they have permits to operate? What are current uses and capacities? Who are managing these facilities? What are the current plans of the LGU to establish SWM facilities? (if not existing) What are the available SWM equipment? Provide an inventory showing type, age, current use) What are the existing SWM ordinances? Provide an inventory of such ordinances. Are these ordinances being enforced? If not, why not? Who are involved in their enforcement? Are there other agencies (national government agencies and non-government agencies) and multisector bodies that are implementing SWM activities? Which groups, organizations (e.g., civic and church organizations, schools, private sector) can be tapped by the LGU to support its SWM program? Are there local newspapers/radio stations/cable TV providers that can be tapped to promote SWM? What SWM IEC materials are available in the LGU?
VI.
SWM Awareness Levels and Practices (refer to SWM awareness and practices assessment guide for more complete checklist)

Do households, establishments and institutions aware of proper SWM? Do they understand important SWM concepts (e.g., recycling, reuse, composting, segregation)? Are they aware of ongoing programs/ services of the LGU? Are they aware of SW laws and local ordinances? How do various sectors assess the LGUs SWM services? What are suggested improvements? Are they willing to pay/increase amounts they pay for such services? What are common SWM practices in each sector? How do they dispose their special waste? Do users of public facilities (e.g. parks, port) or participants LGU events (e.g., fiesta celebration, sports events) practice SWM? What are waste recovery/recycling practices of junkshop operators, botet dyaryo, scavengers? Where are buyers of recyclables? What are buy and sell prices of recovered waste materials?
VII. Waste Generation and Disposal (refer to waste characterization guide for more details)

Who are major waste generators within the collection area? How much waste does each household generate per day? What is daily average per capita waste generation? What is composition (biodegradable, recyclable, special, residual) of waste produced by households? How much waste is being generated daily by each sector? What is composition of waste produced by each? What is estimated weight/volume of waste disposed in dumpsite daily? What is composition of waste disposed? How much waste can potentially be diverted from waste stream?
SWM assessment methods will be a combination of the following: Secondary data collection Observations (e.g., observe SW disposal in canals) Key informant interviews Focus group discussions Sample survey Direct measurement (for waste characterization)
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Lecture Notes Waste Characterization Process I. What is waste characterization?

The process of generating information on the quantity (tons per day, kg per day) and composition (i.e., biodegradable, recyclable, special, residual) of solid waste generated through the actual measurement and classification of waste samples from various waste generators and from waste brought to the dumpsite for disposal. It provides baseline information that will allow the LGU to evaluate in the future its SWM performance, in terms of reducing waste generation and diverting recyclable/compostable waste from the disposal facility.
II.
Main features of the process

Covers both ends of the waste stream from waste sources (households, establishments, institutions, public market) to the end of the pipe or disposal site Measures potential waste diversion from the waste stream the % of recyclable and biodegradable component of the end-of-pipe waste Has to be periodically conducted to be able to determine improvement in waste diversion. Spans seven consecutive days, to include a payday and a market day, in order to capture variability in waste generation Uses sample of households and establishments/institutions. Data generated are organized into a database
III.
Stages in Waste Characterization

A.
RA 9003 requires LGUs to divert
25% of their waste from disposal Preparatory Stage sites within five years from the Identify waste sources (refer to Annex 3E for list of sectors/ effectivity of the law. sub-sectors). Determine number of establishments and institutions, scale of operations (small, medium, large) and barangay location; determine number of households in collection or urban barangays, classify households as coastal, uplands, lowlands. Secure information on existing collection scheme: number of garbage truck deployed per day, collection route of each truck (e.g., market only, market plus commercial area; residential only, residential plus commercial) Determine sample size for households, establishments and institutions and collection trucks (procedures are discussed in succeeding lecture); identify specific households, establishments/ institutions and garbage trucks. Prepare route for collection of sample from cooperators and discuss with assigned garbage collection crew. Prepare introduction letter from Mayor and instruction sheets for cooperators. At least two days before the start of activity, individually orient the cooperators about the activity and distribute plastic bags (2 bags per day per sample unit). Procure required tools and materials: plastic pails, rake, garden forks and trowel, plastic liners/ sorting mat, garbage bags, weighing scales, gloves and nose masks. Calibrate the volume of plastic pails and get their empty weights. Prepare the tags (nabubulok and di nabubulok) for garbage bags. Provide for drinking water and food for those involved and first aid kit for emergencies and injuries. Identify who will be in charge of first aid and logistics. Identify suitable waste characterization site not enclosed, with road access (for garbage truck), with sufficient drying area. Have area secured from children and stray animals. Prepare layout of waste characterization area, designating space for unloading/loading waste, for weighing, sorting and drying waste, for logistics, resting and meals. Prepare and reproduce copies of recording forms and interview questionnaires. Train those who will be involved (including hired labor) on procedure. Form teams and assign tasks to members of each team (e.g., supervisor/leader, weighing, recorder). All participants should experience sorting/characterization.
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B.
Waste Characterization Stage
Waste Characterization Process

Waste from Source (Households and Establishments/ Institutions) Collected Market/ Mixed Waste (End-of-Pipe)
Collect bags from source; bring to sorting area
Bring market/mixed waste to dumpsite for characterization
2
Weigh both bags (nabubulok at di nabubulok) of one respondent unit; weight in field data entry form
Estimate total weight and volume of waste load of truck (use weighbridge if available). Record in data entry form.
Open bags and sort waste into biodegradable, recyclable, residual and special waste. Do not mix waste of different sources.
Unload contents into cleared areas; sort waste into biodegradable, recyclable, residual & special waste
Place segregated waste in calibrated pails and weight; record weight and volume per waste component in data entry form
Place segregated waste in calibrated pails and weight; record weight and volume per waste component in data entry form
5
Spread biodegradable waste on plastic sheet and dry under the sun for 4-6 hours
Spread the biodegradable waste on plastic sheet and dry under the sun for 4-6 hours
Place dried materials in calibrated pails and weigh; record dry weight and volume of biodegradables in data entry form
6
Place dried materials in calibrated pails and weigh; record dry weight and volume of biodegradables in data entry form
Dispose properly all materials used in the characterization
Dispose properly all materials used in the characterization
C.
Post Characterization Stage Review all data entry forms and check correctness of entries, computations and totals. Clarify erroneous or questionable entries; place relevant explanatory notes on data entry forms when necessary. Enter data into Excel computer program.
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Sampling and Sampling Procedures I. Definitions and Importance of Sampling

Definition of sampling: that part of the statistical practice concerned with the selection of individual observations intended to yield some knowledge about a population of concern, especially for the purpose of statistical inference; selection of individuals from a population of interest. Importance of sampling Population; sampling vs. census Sampling frames a listing of units corresponding as closely as possible with the full population and from which a sample is drawn. Two types of frames: list frame (names and addresses) and area frame (list of geographic areas) Sample size (the number of observations in a sample) Sample units (items in the sampling frame); respondent unit (provider of information); unit of analysis (unit about which information is provided)
II.
Sampling Process

Define objectives of sampling and identify population of concern Specify sampling frame and sampling methods, and develop sampling plan Collect relevant data and do sampling Review the sampling process
III.
Sampling Errors

Since the sample is only a portion of the population, sampling error is inevitable. Objective is to minimize the sampling error Characteristics of sampling errors: Generally decreases as sample size increases Depends on size and variability of characteristics of the population Can be accounted for and reduced by an appropriate sampling plan Can be measured and controlled in probability sample surveys Sources of sampling error: a) sampling method, b) estimation method, c) sample size, and d) variability of the samples characteristics. Sampling is not dependent on size of population Measuring sampling error
IV.
Sampling Methods

Probability sampling: selection of sample from a population based on principle of randomization or chance. Non-probability sampling: assumes an even distribution of characteristics within the population. Every unit in the population has equal chance of being selected.
V.
Application of Sampling in SWM Assessment

Objectives of sampling; types of information to be generated by the study Process flow of sampling Define the population and key features. Population = waste sources (see box). Where are they located? Is there a distinct pattern of distribution of households, establishments and institutions? Establish the sampling frame (e.g., population distribution by barangay, household list per barangay, list if establishments from Treasurers Office, LGUs schedule of trucks for waste collection) Sample size determination. Use example from EcoGov LGUs. a. Households - Define sampling method to use - Pre-sample of households (stratified geographically and by income level: high, medium, low) - Estimate sample based on identified parameters - Allocate estimated sample, applying stratification and proportional sampling Non-residential - Purposive sampling (judgmental /quota sampling). See list of sectors and sub-sectors in Annex 3E.
b.
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c.
End-of-pipe waste (trucks) If LGU collects waste separately from each source (i.e., a separate truck assigned to market waste collection, a different truck assigned to household waste, one truck assigned to waste from commercial establishments), characterize one truckload of market waste per day per source, with truck selected at random (if more than one truck per source). If LGU mixes the waste coming from various sources, completely characterize one truckload of mixed wastes with the truck selected at random. If only market waste is collected separately, characterize one truckload of market waste and one truckload of mixed wastes per day.
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SUB-MODULE 3B. SWM AWARENESS AND PRACTICES ASSESSMENT, AND SEVEN-DAY WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
Sub-module Coverage Module 3B is devoted to generating information on: a) b) c) d) e) f) The level of awareness of waste generators on proper SWM; Common SWM practices of various sectors in the LGU; Perceptions on the LGUs current SWM services; Volume/weight and composition of wastes generated by different sectors; Volume/weight and composition of wastes brought to the dumpsite daily; and Percent of solid waste that can potentially be diverted from the waste stream through reduction, recycling and processing.
The SWM awareness and practices study will have a survey component, mainly to determine awareness levels, perceptions and common SWM practices. The data gathered through the survey is supplemented with observations, interviews with key informants and focus group discussions. The waste characterization has two components: a) b) Characterization of sample wastes collected from various cooperators; and Characterization of the solid wastes load of sample garbage trucks. The waste characterization is done daily for one week.
The seven days are to include a payday (i.e., 15th or 30th of the month) and a market day to capture the expected increases in waste generation during these days. Both the SWM awareness and practices survey and the characterization of waste from major sources will have the same sample households and establishments/institutions. Expected Sub-module Outputs Outputs of the sub-module are tabulated survey data, complete waste characterization data recording forms (See Annex F), encoded waste characterization data, and written findings from ocular observations, key informant interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). The activity, including data tabulation and encoding, may be completed in 2 weeks. The smooth conduct of these activities will depend largely on the preparations undertaken by the TWG. This means that adequate time has to be allotted for preparatory activities, rather than immediately conducting Sub-module 3B after completing Sub-module 3A. Sub-module Approach The TWG and ESWM Board members will be divided into work groups. Each group will be responsible for one or more sectors/sub-sectors in the conduct of the SWM awareness and practices assessment and waste characterization. One group will have to be assigned to the end-of- pipe waste characterization. This same group may be tasked to also cover the assessment of SWM activities/practices of junkyard operators, itinerant scrap buyers and scavengers. The survey part of the SWM awareness and practices survey is usually conducted on Day 1 of the seven-day characterization. The survey interviews can best be done in the morning while the solid waste samples are being collected and transported to the waste characterization area. The participants focus on doing the actual waste characterization exercise during the rest of the week. After the seventh day, the 26 The ISWM Training Guide
team members can continue to complete the occular observations and the key informant interviews and FGD component of the SWM awareness and practices assessment, while the waste characterization and survey data are being tabulated and encoded by assigned LGU staff into an Excel-based program developed by the EcoGov Project. The post-workshop requirements in Sub-Module 3A serves as the pre-workshop activities of Sub-Module 3B. The post-activity of this sub-module is the tabulation and encoding of collected data. It is necessary to organize a short hands-on training session (one day) on the Excelbased program for those who will be encoding the data. This session will include techniques in spotting the more basic data errors (e.g., wrong additions, wrong conversion to volume; missing data entries). It is critical that the assigned LGU personnel are familiar with the use of the Excel software. Participants It is encouraged that all TWG and ESWM Board members experience doing waste characterization. This activity should involve as many sectors as possible as this is not only very educational; it also promotes teamwork among those who will be involved in planning and actual implementation of the plan, including the conduct of IEC. Some laborers may be hired to help in this activity; they must go through an orientation before they are deployed.
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SUB-MODULE 3C: DATA ANALYSIS

Sub-module Coverage The objective of this sub-module is to analyze and interpret the data generated from the SWM awareness and practices survey and waste characterization exercise. Results are then used in planning the ISWM interventions. The process begins with reviewing the encoded raw data to ensure that no encoding errors have been made as this will certainly affect the outcome of the analysis. In analyzing data, participants are taught to use the scatter plot technique9 and trend analysis to check for any data abnormalities. The EcoGov has a suggested method for dealing with such abnormal values. For the survey, the processing required will mainly be frequency counting and computing the percentage distribution of responses to certain questions. A large part of the processing and analysis work will be devoted to the waste characterization data, the main focus of this sub-module. The following are expected to be generated from waste characterization data: a) Per capita waste generation (in kg per capita); b) Daily waste generation by source and the corresponding waste composition; and c) Daily waste disposal and composition of disposed waste. Using these estimates, waste generated by different sources may be projected over a ten-year period. The projected waste disposal over the ten-year period, with its corresponding composition, is likewise determined. These estimates allow the participants to ascertain the potential waste diversion that can be targeted in the ISWM plan. The process of preparing these projections entails the use of extrapolation and population projection techniques. The step-by-step procedure used in EcoGov LGUs will be demonstrated and participants will be guided in preparing the extrapolation and projections under varying assumptions of population and economic growth, collection coverage and rural waste generation. The projections represent a no intervention case, i.e., it shows what would be the waste generation and disposal trends in the LGU if current behaviors continue. The effects of SWM interventions are derived in a subsequent module. This sub-module culminates in a roundtable discussion where the situational analysis, including their implications to SWM, will be presented to the ESWM Board and key stakeholders. Expected Sub-module Outputs Outputs include a packaged database in Excel plus a set of tables containing current (baseline) and projected data on waste generation and disposal. Part of the output (in a separate data file) would be the processed survey data. The workshop part may be completed in four days. This time allocation assumes that data entry is properly done and that the data are reasonably clean. The roundtable discussion may be held during a ESWM Board meeting.
An statistical tool used for determining the range and distribution of the data.
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Sub-module Approach This activity is designed only for a small group as it requires intensive coaching and hands-on tutorial thus it is designed mainly for a small group. At least one member of the TWG should be familiar with the LGUs population data and development/land use plan. The activity entails computer work, particularly use of Excel, so it is necessary that at least one from the group knows this program. For this session, computers will be made available to the participants so they can complete the expected output. The activity can be designed for a group of three to four LGUs. This will maximize the time of the resource person. The data problems differ across LGUs. Letting several LGUs work together will allow them to appreciate the range of problems that will be encountered in developing a SWM database. Due diligence The need to practice due diligence in data analysis is emphasized as participants are asked not only to review the data for errors, but also to address these errors and other data inconsistencies.
The coaching/tutorial will start with data cleaning, using mainly scatter diagrams and trend analysis. It is important that all inconsistencies and errors are addressed before the LGU start processing their SWM data. Participants will then be provided with some orientation on the structure of the database and on important spreadsheet operations that will be used. They will be guided in preparing population projections and waste generation extrapolations and projections. At this stage, it is critical that the assumptions and methods used are documented. The assumptions made on population growth, economic development, urbanization, rural waste generation should be based on data from NSO and LGU plans.
The Excel database allows for the automatic generation of the summary tables. Once the data are cleaned and all the agreed assumptions are entered into the database, the computations are done by the computer. It is important that the participants understand the computation process and logic and not be dependent solely on the computer. Enough time shall be allotted for the interpretation of the results. For the SWM awareness and practices survey, the participants will be guided in developing the spreadsheet to tally the responses to specific questions in the key informant interviews and for recording and compiling qualitative responses during the FGDs. To complete the expected output of this module (situational analysis), the TWG may organize a short workshop before the presentation to the ESWM Board. The whole TWG should discuss the data generated from primary and secondary sources, particularly the waste characterization data, and analyze the implications of the gathered information for planning. The waste characterization data can be related to the results of SWM awareness and practices survey. Based on their analysis, they can decide on the highlights that will be presented to the Board. The EcoGov team or a service provider shall extend technical assistance during this activity. Participants Only a sub-group of the TWG may participate in this workshop as this activity requires a small group. At least one LGU staff, familiar with the Excel program, should be involved for data encoding.
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Module 4
Study Tour
Module Coverage
This sub-module aims to facilitate the Board and TWG members learning process and broaden their insights on SWM by exposing them to actual SWM experiences. During the study tour, participants are expected to interact with LGUs that are more advanced in their SWM practices, and in the process, get to observe working models, learn their pros and cons, be able to assess their applicability in their own locality. The learning from this activity will be useful inputs to the succeeding module where they will choose their options in the actual formulation of their strategies and interventions. The study tour serves as a welcome break as the previous and succeeding modules involve intensive work. The study tour usually covers several sites and is completed within a week. The number of sites visited and the mix of practices and technologies that will be observed are determined by the LGU based on the priority concerns that come out from the situational analysis. Availability of LGU resources to support the travel costs of the participants is a major factor in determining the number of sites to be visited.10

Output of this activity is a documentation of the exposure trip with a synthesis of lessons learned. Part of the design of the activity is the conduct of feedback and evaluation sessions where participants discuss their observations and learning with local stakeholders. These are documented and synthesized for use in Module 5.
Module Approach
This module requires at least one month of preparatory work. The TWG and the Board holds a joint meeting to agree on selection criteria and priority areas to be observed (such as practices, technologies, SWM operations) during the study tour. They then pick out possible study tour sites from a list of made available to them by the EcoGov team. The participants, who may not include all members of the Board and TWG, then agree on the sites and arrangements are then made with the host LGUs. Preparations are also made to meet the logistic requirements (for air and land travel, board and lodging). The list of sites visited by EcoGov-assisted LGUs is found in Annex 4A. A sample documentation of the study tour is found in Annex B4.
10
The Project is restricted to use USAID grant to pay for the travel expenses (e.g., fare) of government employees.
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The EcoGov Project usually hires or provides a study tour coordinator and a documenter tasked to: a) Undertake all the necessary preparations (i.e., finalize itinerary, set appointments with host LGUs, arrange flights/land travel, reserve hotels, others); Accompany the participants and ensure smooth conduct and proper documentation (including photodocumentation) of the study tour; Facilitate and document sharing of experiences between participants and host LGUs; and Facilitate and document a daily sharing session or FGDs to process the inputs gathered from sites visited and the groups learning.
Importance of study tours Study tours can really enhance the learning process. Tacurong City realized its value in preparing the LGUs ISWM plan that it decided to send all its barangay captains to visit sites to give them the opportunity to learn SWM experiences straight from those who have gone through the whole process.
b)
c) d)
Participants
Ideally, all members of the Board and the TWG should participate in the study. However, the number of participants usually depends on the LGUs ability to finance the travel expenses. Study tours may be organized in batches, so that more participants will benefit from the exposure. Or to cover more ground, the participants may be split and each sub-group will have a separate itinerary. Again, this will depend on available resources. After the study tour of its city officials, Tacurong City eventually decided to send all their barangay captains on a similar study tour, recognizing the value of it in enhancing learning.
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Module 5
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Plan Formulation
W
ith the completion of the data analysis and projections as well as the exposure trip, the TWG and the ESWM Board are now ready to start the preparation of the 10-year ISWM plan. The EcoGov Project suggests an ISWM plan outline11 (See Annex 5A), which describes in detail the content of each section. The outline consolidates the outputs generated in the other modules. Proper documentation of previous activities could facilitate formulation of the ISWM plan. The module is divided into five sub-modules:
Good governance practices in plan formulation

Participation - The planning process actively involves SWM stakeholders to increase their sense of ownership of the plan and encourage them to work with one another. The plan includes clear provisions to ensure stakeholder participation in social marketing/IEC, M&E and enforcement, with appropriate incentives systems also provided. Transparency - The planning process allows for the provision of relevant data (including those gathered from options analysis in developing the engineering component and the cost-revenue analysis) to SWM stakeholders to ensure informed decision-making. The plan incorporates practices that promote transparency and shall feature a design of the M&E system, which allows for broad information dissemination of both physical and financial performance; system for recruiting SWM staff and selecting members of multi-sectoral committees; and system for validating and widely disseminating SWM ordinances. Accountability - The ISWM plan shall specify persons/ groups that are accountable for specific ISWM activities and decisions.
Sub-Module 5A. Visioning, Target Setting, and Options Analysis. This module focuses on the crafting of vision and mission and the subsequent setting of objectives and targets for the 10 year period based on the situational analysis and learnings from the study tour. The SWOT analysis and the problem tree analysis are some of the tools that can be used to establish the vision, mission, objectives and targets of the ISWM plan of the LGU. Once the direction is clear, a simple options analysis will be used to guide the LGU in developing broad strategies for the formulation of the ISWM plan components and to lay down the wastestream flow interventions from the waste sources to the disposal.
Sub-Module 5B. Formulation of the Engineering Component. Guided by the wastestream flow intervention options as well as the mandatory requirements of the Law, specific engineering options are identified and evaluated in each functional element of the ISWM-waste reduction and minimization at source, collection transport/transfer, materials recovery and processing, and disposal management. This will finally result in the identification of specific activities and cost items relevant to the engineering component.
11
This outline differs from that used by the ADB Team that prepared the SWM plan for Metro Manila; but contains most, if not all, the recommended elements.
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Sub-Module 5C. Formulation of the Policy Component This will look into the policy and ordinance requirements of the plan, based on RA 9003 and its IRR. With an analysis of existing policies and ordinances and the recommended interventions as bases, the LGU will be able to develop its priority policy support agenda and work out an effective enforcement strategy for SWM.
Integrating options analysis This guide integrates options analysis into the design of the engineering component as it requires the biggest investment and there are so many management alternatives and technologies that could be adopted.
Sub-Module 5D. Formulation of the IEC Component - This will identify the priority IEC activities required to increase SWM awareness and support efforts on waste reduction and segregation at source. The LGU gets guidance in developing an IEC program that can be initiated immediately, even prior to plan legitimization.
Sub-Module 5E. Management and Financing Arrangements - This will define how to manage the SWM program and how to monitor and evaluate the SWM performance of the LGU. There will be a detailed analysis of annual costs (capital and operating costs) and projected revenues, used as basis for formulating the financial plan. The financial plan will look at both internal and external sources of funding.
In the past, the EcoGov Team introduced options analysis as a separate module before starting any planning activity. This training guide integrates the options analysis into the design of the engineering component. It is deemed appropriate that options analysis focus on the engineering component as it has the biggest investment requirement and there are a number of alternative management strategies and technologies that could be adopted. The inclusion of Sub-Module 5D as a separate module aims to address the difficulties encountered by the LGUs in developing sections of the plan dealing with organizational, financing and other implementation arrangements. It increasingly became apparent that LGUs needed inputs on management and financing arrangements and these could be better provided through a formal training session rather than through informal coaching and mentoring. This sub-module was developed and first introduced during the SWM Certificate Training conducted by EcoGov held in Davao City and Cebu City (for LSPs like DENR). The EcoGov SWM Team recommends that this be included in the SWM modules in future training. Considering that each sub-module will tackle a specialized subject matter (engineering, policy and ordinances, communications planning, and organization and financing), the mix of participants to the submodules will differ. Each sub-module identifies the preferred participants and will have different timeframes to complete. These timeframes exclude the post-workshop activities that the LGUs shall complete before proceeding to the next sub-module. EcoGov specialists (i.e., SWM Specialist, Resource Economist, Legal Specialist and IEC Specialist) led the conduct of these sub-modules in the EcoGov LGUs. The Project hired local service providers (LSPs) to facilitate the workshops and document the outputs12. The assisting professionals (APs) were tasked to integrate the module outputs and draft the ISWM plans. The EcoGov national SWM specialist did the final review of the draft plans to ensure quality.13
12 13
To some extent, certain policy component workshops in the Visayas were led by a lawyer who was hired as an LSP. In the future, EcoGov regional specialists shall assume more quality control responsibilities.
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The output of this module will be a draft 10-year ISWM plan. The LGU and the EcoGov Team may need 2-3 months to consolidate all the plan inputs (such as outputs from the various sub-modules and activities) and complete the draft plan. The TWG may consider holding writeshops for the drafting of the plan document. The identification of priority activities and the budgetary requirements for Year 1 (or Years 1 and 2) can be prepared during these writeshop. Upon completion of the ISWM draft plan, the TWG will then prepare for the plans legitimization, which includes the review of the plan by the ESWM Board, conduct of a series of public hearings, review of the plan by the Municipal/City Development Council (M/CDC) and final review and approval of the plan by the Sanguniang Bayan/Panlungsod (SB/SP).
Sub-Module 5A. Visioning, Target Setting, and Options Analysis Sub-Coverage

The objectives of this sub-module are to: a) b) c) Generate consensus on the vision, mission and goals for SWM; Agree on key targets for the 10-year period; and Identify and evaluate options for the four SWM functional elements, and choose the preferred options. Visioning Visioning is having a mental picture of the desired future state that one wants to achieve within a specified period of time (e.g., in 10 years time). Vision writing requires hindsight (what lessons have you learned which you can use in facing anticipated challenges?), hindsight (what policies or practices do we expect to happen?) and an appreciation of current realities that are expected to impact future actions. A clear vision provides a clear direction which, when shared, allows individuals to find their own roles in the organization and in the larger society of which they are a part.
The vision, mission and goals will be based on an analysis of the LGUs current SWM situation and mandate. The targets will consider both the mandatory provisions of RA 9003 and its IRR and the LGUs ability to comply with them. The targets should include the target percent reduction in the waste stream resulting from reduction at source, recycling and composting and the compliance to the deadlines for disposal facilities.
As mentioned earlier, the SWM process has four stages: segregation and waste reduction at source, collection and transport, materials recovery and processing, and disposal management. Options in each stage will be identified with the use of guide questions. Options, in terms of technology, scale of operations, IEC, policy and enforcement and/or management arrangements will be identified and analyzed using multi-criteria analysis (i.e., based on practical considerations and a mix of economic/financial, environmental, political, and social criteria). The chosen option for each stage will then be translated into specific activities and cost items of the plan components. With these, the LGUs can eventually estimate the total 10-year investment and operating budget requirements of each component.
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Expected Sub-Module Outputs

Final outputs of the sub-module will consist of: a) statements of vision, mission and goals; b) specific targets (with verifiable results and timeframe) for the 10-year period which will serve as the LGUs key performance milestones; and c) detailed description of the chosen options for the plan components. A three-day workshop may be required to complete the above-listed outputs. The TWG should be given more time after the completion of the workshop to review and finalize the outputs .
Sub-Module Approach
The sub-module will have several parts. The first part is on visioning and target setting. This will start with the presentation of the highlights of the situational analysis. Short inputs will be provided on visioning (why is it important, how to formulate vision statements, etc.) before the participants are guided in crafting their vision and mission for SWM. The SWOT analysis will be used to identify major SWM issues and concerns of the LGU. The SWM database and the learnings from the study tour are used as inputs and references in clarifying the issues and concerns. From these, broad strategies which collectively will make up the mission leading to the vision will be generated, discussed and agreed upon by the participants to address these issues and concerns. These strategies will hopefully bring to reality the vision on SWM in the LGU. On the options analysis part of this sub-module, it will start by orienting the participants on the minimum legal requirements for SWM activities and the possible SWM options which may be considered for SWM stages. Incentives, including user fees, which may be implemented are, also, discussed to the group. Then, the discussion moves on to explaining quantitative and qualitative criteria which will be used in the analysis. Indicators included are costs, revenues, social acceptability, environmental impacts, political implications and other factors which may be suggested by the group. It is important that the participants are given the chance to suggest evaluation criteria which are relevant to the LGUs SWM present status. The participants are, then, divided into groups to identify options for source reduction, collection and transport, disposal and program management stages. Activities and pathways for each SWM alternative are listed by the group. Then, the group moves on to listing the pros, cons, strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of each option. A blank sheet is given to the groups for easy facilitation of the discussion. Options are, then, compared with evaluative criteria discussed in the early session of the workshop. Ranking of options based on established criteria is the next critical part of the process. The preferred option is, then, selected. A plenary session is suggested after the two stages have been completed to finalize the preferred options in each stage of the ISWM. The overall result of the activity is then packaged as input to the formulation of the different plan components.
Participants
Participants will include members of the TWG and ESWM Board. The participation of various stakeholders is necessary in this sub-module as the vision, mission and targets are set and the options in each stage of the ISWM are chosen by consensus. It is critical that key LGU staff currently involved in solid waste management participate in the process.
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Sub-Module 5B. Formulation of the Engineering Component Sub-Module Coverage

This component is the backbone or hardware of the plan. This requires the largest investment among the components of the plan and would have the most significant environmental impact, thus, it is critical that this component be backed up by a thorough analysis of the generated SWM data and evaluation of options. The engineering component of the ISWM program of an LGU is one of the most essential elements crucial to achieving the objectives of the Plan. It outlines the Plans strategies in complying with the key requirements of RA 9003 on SWM activities- segregation and reduction-at-source, collection and transport, materials recovery and processing and disposal. The sub-module on engineering component primarily introduces the participants to the engineering elements of an ISWM program in line with the provisions of RA 9003 to enable them to draft the engineering component of the ISWM Plan based on the preferred options identified, evaluated and approved by the ESWM Board of the LGU. Specifically, the module provides a venue for discussion of the following variables: 1) design of segregators and receptacles, distribution/location of receptacles, temporary storage, composting at source and common composting facilities for segregation and reduction at source stage; 2) collection schedule per type of waste material, required collection trucks and crew, routing and maintenance of collection fleet for collection and transport stage; 3) location of MRF, functions and design of MRF, including capacity and, equipment requirements for material recovery stage; and 4) closure and rehabilitation of open dumpsite, conversion/establishment of controlled dump site, equipment requirements for controlled dump site, location of sanitary landfill (SLF) and equipment requirements of SLF for disposal stage. It is important to mention that the outputs of the module are dependent on the SWM database gathered during the waste assessment stage. These information will be the bases for the design of proposed facilities, upgrading of existing ones and procurement of equipment. Also, this module will detail the related-engineering investment and operating costs necessary for the implementation of the Plan. Thus, the following materials are made available before the conduct of the module workshop: completed SWM data analysis and projections; write-up for the preferred option for each stage of the SWM process; and materials, notes, photos of SWM facilities visited during the LGUs study tour. To help participants develop the engineering component, they will be provided with a guide or checklist, which points out the critical engineering elements in each of the four stages or functional elements of the SWM process: segregation and reduction at source, waste collection and transfer, materials recovery, and disposal management. With such a guide/checklist and the results of the waste assessment, participants should be able to help LGUs sequentially draw up and evaluate alternative strategies (primarily in terms of costs, environmental impacts and management requirements), choose the preferred option, and come up with the proposed activities/interventions and major cost items for the plan period. Examples of SWM technologies that have been proposed and/or adopted by various LGUs will be cited to help in the identification and evaluation of options and cost estimation. The participants will also be guided in projecting its waste flow over the 10-year plan period given their selected strategies for segregation and reduction at source, waste collection and transfer, materials recovery, and disposal management. This will be part of an exercise on the estimation of the useful life of a sanitary landfill.
Expected Sub-Module Output

The output of this module will be the draft engineering component f the 10-year ISWM plan. This will include sketches and drawings of facilities, maps for collection and transport and disposal sites and other technical specifications. 36 The ISWM Training Guide
Participants
The participants to the four-day sub-module should come from the engineering groups of the TWG and ESWM Board, including the Chairman of the SB Environment Committee, Planning Officer, ENRO, ENGG, GSO and an encoder.
Sub-Module Approach Segregation and Reduction-at-Source

Focus group discussions (FGDs) are conducted for the identification of engineering elements at each stage. The process starts with details of segregation and reduction-at-source techniques. Areas which will be provided receptacles (prior to collection) for recyclables, residuals and special wastes are listed. These may include households, establishments, institutions, public facilities and barangays outside the core collection area. Then, based on the data on generation of recyclables by major sources and on waste disposal practices, the group decides on the design specifications of receptacles which will make segregation of recyclables by households, establishments/institutions and general public easier. To help the group, different types of receptacles are presented. After selecting the design of the receptacles, the number of receptacles to be provided by the LGU and their location are discussed using the waste assessment data in identifying major generators of recyclables. The group, then, focuses on appropriate design of temporary storage of residuals prior to collection. It is important that the data on volume of residual wastes generated by individual households in between collection periods are available for estimating the capacity of the storage containers. It should be noted that the storage needs of urban and rural barangays differ. The same variables are discussed for residuals of establishments and institutions. Alternative ways of safely handling/storing special wastes prior to collection by LGU are then listed. The group uses the waste assessment data for the types and volume of special wastes generated by households and establishments to determine the corresponding type and capacity of receptacles. The need to provide common containers for special wastes in core collection area and other barangays is also assessed. If the group decides to provide common containers for special wastes in these areas, appropriate design and their locations are studied. The group, then, agrees on whether or not the LGU is going to promote composting at source for the biodegradable wastes. Data on biodegradable waste generation and their projections are used for discussion and decision making by the group. The group, also, evaluates the practicality of installing composting facility per barangay. The pros and cons of backyard composting by individual households are also considered.
Collection and Transport

Collection and Transport Managed by Municipal/City LGU The group first discusses the present coverage of the LGU core collection area using the a base map as reference. Collection coverage areas in the next 5 to 10 years are then projected. It is suggested that changes in core collection area as well as the assumed increase in households and establishments be shown on the map. The types of waste which will be collected by the LGU are, then, discussed. Wastes to be collected from households, establishments, public market and other public facilities within the core collection area are, also, projected. The group proceeds on discussing the frequency of collecting biodegradables, recyclables, residual wastes and special wastes. Specifically, the group decides on the preferred frequency of collection for households, establishments, public market and other public facilities within the collection area; and, collection The ISWM Training Guide 37
of residual and special waste from barangays outside the core collection area. The group is guided by starting with the ideal collection frequency and assisting the participants in making adjustments after determining the cost of collection operations and facilities. After arriving at a consensus on the frequency of collection, the group tackles the appropriate schedule for collecting garbage from various sources in the core collection area. It is important that the group consider the need for separate schedules for the collection of different types of wastes. After deciding on the scope of the LGUs collection service, the group evaluates the present collection and transport capacity of the LGU in terms of vehicles, associated facilities and personnel. Inventory of available trucks, their capacity, year procured, number of crew per truck and their present condition are conducted. After determining these existing resources, the appropriate capacity to be maintained by the LGU for sustainable service is determined. The group, then moves on to identifying the following: type, number and period of additional/replacement of collection trucks; ideal number of collection crew; necessary additional capacity for collection of residual and special wastes from other selected barangays; and, practices to be adopted especially for the facilities and for the regular maintenance of collection fleet of the LGU. Collection routing is then discussed. The participants will be introduced and trained on heuristic routing to maximize use of collection resources and to minimize road accidents.The group also evaluates the need to do a time and motion study with the aim of extending the collection coverage without necessarily increasing the number of vehicles and size of crew. Lastly, options on institutional arrangements and private participation are considered. The group may consider allowing private contractors to collect wastes in excess of the LGUs capacity or in areas where the LGU may find difficulty in providing the service. It will also deliberate on the feasibility of allowing establishments and private housing associations to contract private collectors for hauling of their respective wastes. When the group decides that the LGU should engage in such arrangements, adjustments should be done on the target collection capacity of the LGU. Barangay-Based Collection The discussion starts with the identification of the types of wastes which will be collected by the barangays. Barangays which will have or can afford to have their own collection system in the next 2 to 5 years are identified and listed and these are based on the projected waste generation and population. In case of the inability of the LGU to served all barangays, the group decides on priority barangays (normally adjacent to the collection areas) which will be served by the LGU for collecting the residual and special wastes. At this stage, options of barangays for the collection of biodegradable and recyclable wastes, are based on the volume of the present and projected waste generation. Collection methods are correspondingly discussed among the group members. The types of assistance which can be made available by the LGU to enable barangays to establish their own collection scheme and facilities for biodegradables and recyclables are consequently identified Finally, the manner of transporting the residual and special wastes from the barangays to the disposal site is discussed and decided on by the group.
Materials Recovery and Processing

Municipal/City Material Recovery Facility In case the LGU plans to establish a municipal/city MRF, the group discusses and specifies the functions/components of the proposed MRF. The relationship of the barangay MRF with the municipal/city MRF is defined. 38 The ISWM Training Guide
The group then resolves the following concerns: type of recyclables which will be recovered by the MRF; sources of recyclable materials; expected volume of recyclable materials which will be brought to the MRF; start of operations; assumed recovery efficiency through time; volume which will have to be disposed at the disposal facility; and percentage projected diversion through the MRF. Discussion will also include the type of sorting process which will be used , equipment required, period of procurement of sorting materials and equipment, and the number and training of workers for the sorting jobs. The procurement of equipment, establishment of facilities and the hiring of personnel should follow the phasing of the MRF operations. When the preferred option includes composting, the group identifies sources of compostable materials, expected volume of compostable materials which will be brought to the MRF, start of composting operations, assumed production and percentage of projected diversion through composting in MRF. The group, then, defines the composting technology which will be used, facilities and equipment to be established and procured and, number of workers to be hired. Again, the procurement/establishment/hiring will be guided by the phasing of composting operations. Possible locations of the MRF are discussed aided by the base map of the LGU. Assessment of the suitability of the MRF site, access roads and necessary permits are considered. A sketch of the MRF structure is a helpful tool in the discussion to come up with decisions. Decisions can include assigning a team to develop the Notice to Proceed document for the MRF and another team to do the feasibility study of the facility. On the organizational set-up of the MRF, the management to be provided by the municipal/city to the MRF is discussed. This includes identifying the number of personnel needed and the LGUs willingness to accept participation of the private sector in the operations and management of MRF. Another important consideration in the deliberation is the LGUs plan on existing junk shops. The group should decide whether or not these will be integrated into the MRF network of the LGU. An option that can also be explored is the organization of these junk shops into a formal group to improve their viability and stability, thereby, complementing the LGUs efforts on achieving the diversion objectives. Barangay MRFs Discussion on establishing barangay MRFs begins with the process of prioritizing barangays and/or cluster of barangays for the establishment of MRFs. On clustering of barangays, consensus on the clustering mechanism is decided. This should be definite and clear. Other variables which are to be discussed in by the group include MRFs size, its location and design. A design of a typical barangay MRF is shown to the group to facilitate finalization of the MRF. The marketing structure which will be implemented in transporting the MRF products to the municipal/ city buyers is also defined by the group. Transport and access facilities necessary for marketing the MRF products are, also given attention in the discussion and decision making by consensus.
Disposal
An important engineering component of any ISWM Plan is the disposal facility. The limited resources and lack of political will of LGU officials have hindered most of the LGUs in complying with the requirement of RA 9003 on disposal - conversion of eligible open dump into controlled dump and the conversion of controlled dump into a sanitary landfill. It is therefore indispensable for the LGUs to plan for the closure of open dumps and the conversion of qualified opendumps to controlled dumps as transition disposal facility towards sanitary landfill. The significant consideration in deciding for the closure and rehabilitation plan of
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an open dump is its sustainability for conversion to a controlled dump.Thus, it is necessary that the group carefully go through an assessment phase guided by the hydrogeological findings of the DENR-MGB if the site is complying with the requirements for conversion to controlled dump. The other considerations will be the remaining capacity within the two years that the controlled dump will be allowed to operate. If the open dump site fails the criteria for conversion, then it is a must for the LGU to look for alternative sites guided by the recommendations of the MGB. Additional studies and activities to be conducted in the preparation for a controlled dump and/or landfill disposal facilities and the methods which will be used in these studies and activities are also determined, discussed and decided by the group. Key considerations are the volumes and projections of residual wastes to be disposed, useful life of the SLF, leachate management, gas emission management and environmental monitoring and evaluation. Another area for discussion is capacity-building needed by the LGU to effectively and efficiently operate and manage a controlled dump/sanitary landfill facility. The persons and/or group who will be responsible for operating and managing the controlled dump/landfill facilities are also defined in the discussion. An issue relating to the institutional arrangement is the LGUs plan to allow private entities to partner with the LGU in operating the facility and the possibility of sharing the use of SLF with other LGUs through a clustering mechanism that is mutually agreed upon by the cluster members. Equally significant to be discussed is the financing of sanitary landfill-related investment and operating costs since analysis of SWM costs reveals that disposal costs, especially on the development of a sanitary landfill are, usually, the highest. It is important at this stage for the LGU to be able to identify possible financial sources for the project and possible SWM revenues to partially offset the costs. Important inputs to the discussion are the volume of residual waste generated and its projections in the next 5 to 10 years. Lastly, the group considers the incorporation of a toxic and hazardous waste (THW) facility within the controlled dump or sanitary landfill. A designated zone is identified in an approved site and the options for THW facility for storage/disposal of special wastes are provided and discussed by a technical resource person for the TWG to decide which would be the preferred option, taking into consideration the additional cost of developing and establishing a THW facility. With the engineering plan established, the engineering group moves on to identify activities to be undertaken for the implementation of the plan. Schedule of activities is drawn and shown in a Gantt chart. The group is also assisted in detailing the activities for Year 1 as these will be the inputs for Year 1 action plan. Cost items for the engineering component of the plan are identified and estimated by the group. The costs are categorized into past and present cost incurrences. For capital investments, the group indicates the useful life of each item. Inventory of future costs, e.g., additional truck or replacement truck, building extension and estimation of useful life of existing equipment or facility are done by the group. It is important to note that annual costs should be accounted for recurring costs. On the other hand, investment costs are reflected only on the years that these costs are incurred. These inputs are provided for the overall cost analysis of the 10-year ISWM plan.
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Lecture Notes Engineering Components I. Considerations (schemes and technology) for SWM elements II. Qualities of a Good Storage Container III. Types of Trucks IV. Waste Diversion V. Waste Stream Flow VI. Processing and Treatment VII. Flow of Composting Process VIII. Disposal System A. Illegal dumping B. Open dumping C. Controlled dump site D. Sanitary landfill IX. Segregation and Reduction-at-Sources X. Solid Waste Collection and Transport XI. Solid Waste Processing XII. Composting A. Basic concepts B. Current regulations C. Basic composting process 1. Backyard composting 2. Commercial composting 3. Vermi-composting D. Compost Facility Lay-Out E. Recommended Siting Criteria for Composting Facilities 1. Size 2. Slope 3. Hydrology 4. Buffer zone 5. Erosion control 6. Access 7. Flood plains 8. Water table 9. Safety and security 10. Odor control 11. Market and market development F. Potential Markets for Compost G. Market Issues and Concerns XIII. Recycling
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A. Basic Concepts B. Products and End Markets C. Promoting Recycling Programs XIV. Disposal A. Basic Concepts B. Current Regulation C. Structure of Landfill D. Types of Landfill 1. Trench Method 2. Area Method 3. Ramp Method 4. Secure Landfill E. Leachate Generation, Characteristics and Impacts F. Key Characteristics of Open Dump G. Potential Environmenntal Impacts of Open Dumps H. Pre-Identification/Selection Activities and Requirements I. Landfill Site Identification and Screening Criteria for Local Governments J. Site Survey Requirements K. Key Characteristics of Controlled Dump L. Key Characteristics of Sanitary Landfill 1 M. Key Characteristics of Sanitary Landfill 2
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Sub-Module 5C. Formulation of Policy Support Component

Sub-module Coverage
This sub-module emphasizes the necessity to have a strong policy support for the implementation of the LGU ISWM plans to ensure their compliance with the requirements of the law (such as RA 9003 and the Local Government Code). This component identifies the specific actions in the plan needed to be embodied in an ordinance(s) and define the corresponding enforcement mechanisms that must be put in place. Policies/ordinances should incorporate good governance principles, making sure that TAP practices identified and observed during the planning stage are carried through to the implementation phase. This module consists of three major activities: 1) Brief input lecture on the objectives and scope/content of the policy support component and a walk-through of a policy analysis guide (See Policy Analysis Guide, Annex 5B) developed by EcoGov. Hands-on experience in policy analysis. A sample ISWM Plan will be analyzed to determine the LGUs policy requirements. Ordinance review. A sample ordinance will be reviewed to determine how such can be made compliant with TAP principles and the requirements of the relevant laws.
2) 3)
Considering that many LGUs still have ordinances passed before the issuance of RA 9003, this activity allows them to review these ordinances and recommend how these may be updated and made compliant with the law. They will likewise have handson experience in enhancing these ordinances by integrating into them provisions on transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making or TAP. Thus, it will be insufficient to only identify the set of ordinances that need to be enacted to support the ISWM 10-year plan. It is equally important to establish who will be accountable for specific decisions and actions, and to provide (among others) procedures for greater stakeholder participation in the monitoring of implementation activities, revenue generation and expenditures.
TAP-enhanced ordinances Participants will have hands-on experience in enhancing local ordinances by integrating into them provisions on transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making or TAP. This ensures that the TAP principles introduced in the various stages of the ISWM planning are carried throughout the implementation stage.
Expected Sub-module Output

The output of the activity is a draft policy support component, which in the ISWM plan outline (See Annex 5A), forms one of the plans four major components. Part of the output would be analysis of the current ordinances of the LGU, the list of the priority ordinances that will have to be enacted to support implementation of the LGU ISWM plan, the proposed contents of the ordinances, including provisions on transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making; and the identified enforcement mechanisms. Upon the completion of this activity, the LGU can initiate the preparation/revision of priority ordinances or the formulation of a comprehensive SWM ordinance so that these may be issued as soon as the ISWM plan is legitimized. The workshop for developing the component is programmed for two days. There is a requirement for a pre-training activity and post-training activity (further development/refinement of the content of the component), thus, time needed for this activity may be longer.
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Sub-module Approach
The activity will require a short lecture and a series of workshops. The lecture will define the scope and provide the conceptual and legal framework for formulating the policy support component. It will provide a review of the concepts of transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making. The workshops will allow the participants to systematically analyze policies and ordinances, and work out the LGUs SWM policy agenda and enforcement mechanism, using tools and formats developed by the EcoGov Project. Included in the lecture outline is a discussion of the ordinance formulation process, which may lead to the addition of a workshop for the actual formulation of one or two priority ordinances. It is understood that prior to the conduct of this activity, the TWG has done, as a pre-workshop activity, a compilation and preliminary review of all SWM related ordinances and policies. This should have the garbage fee system, usually included in many LGUs local revenue code. During the workshop, the analysis will be done in two stages. The first stage of analysis will look at gaps in existing policies/ordinances based on RA 9003 and its IRR and good governance practices. In making the analysis, the participants will make use of a guide and summary form (See Annex 5B) developed by the EcoGov Project for this purpose. The second stage of analysis will examine the policy/ordinance support requirements of the ISWM plan and match these with what exists. The key strategies and activities for each SWM stage are reviewed and the ordinances, which will support the establishment and management of these facilities, are identified. Taking into account the requirements of the plan and the applicable laws, the contents or necessary provisions of each proposed ordinance are determined and discussed, including the desirable TAP practices. The formulation of the policy support component will take off from the results of the two analyses. The participants will have to agree on the priority policy/ ordinance agenda. Then, with the use of guide questions, they will flesh out their TAP-enhanced enforcement mechanism, which will include staff requirements and incentives systems for the enforcement organization and performance evaluation system. The various policy/ordinance formulation and enforcement activities will then be programmed over the 10-year period, with the responsible centers (position or office) and timeframe for their implementation indicated.
Key Elements of the Policy Support Component a. b. c. Analysis of the current ordinances of the LGU Components of the LGU SWM plan that will require policy support for implementation List of ordinances that will have to be enacted with description of key contents, to include provisions on transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making Identification of enforcement mechanisms: who will be the enforcers, duties and functions, process for deputation, incentives and rewards for enforcers, performance evaluation
d.
The first-level ordinance analysis will be done in groups. The group outputs are then consolidated into one matrix. The second level of analysis and the formulation of the overall component are best done in a plenary setting. The following should be available to the participants during the training as these will be sources of critical inputs to the component: 1) 2) 3) Compilation of SWM policies and ordinances, Summary of SWM strategies and of the engineering component, and Existing and/or proposed staffing plan of the SWM organization of the LGU.
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Participants
This activity need not involve the whole TWG. A TWG sub-group can be formed for policy support. It is important that the workshop participants include the LGU officer who is in charge of the SWM sector, key members of the ESWM Board, Chairs of the SB/SP Committees on Environment and Health, and representatives from enforcement bodies, such as Barangay Tanod and local police, and representatives of NGOs/civil society organizations. The involvement of SB/SP members in the process is crucial in facilitating the ordinance approval. It is important that this activity have a lawyer as a resource person, who is familiar with the Local Government Code, RA 9003 and other environmental laws, and with a good appreciation of good governance principles. An experienced facilitator is also necessary for the plenary sessions.
Sample Ordinance Inventory and Analysis Questions 1) Does the LGU have an ordinance that requires residents/local establishments to reduce/ segregate waste at source? 2) Are there any local laws that encourage people to practice composting? 3) Does the LGU have existing ordinances on payment of garbage fees? 4) Is there any existing regulation that requires local business establishments, such as groceries, not to use plastic bags or similar materials? 5) Is there an existing ordinance that penalizes littering? 6) Do the ordinances conform to the provisions of RA 9003, its IRR and other relevant national laws? 7) Does the ordinance contain provisions that prescribe transparency? 8) Does the ordinance clearly identify the centers of responsibility? 9) Does the ordinance provide who shall be held accountable for actions and decisions? 10) Were the stakeholders involved in the preparation of the ordinance? 11) Does the ordinance provide mechanisms by which the stakeholders can participate in the decision-making process?
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Lecture Notes
SWM Plan Policy Support I. Objectives of the Policy Support Component

Ensure compliance by LGUs with the requirements and prescriptions of existing national laws and their corresponding IRR Provide the necessary policy support for the implementation of LGU Plans
II.
Bases of Policy Support Component

National laws governing SWM and their IRR (With discussion of salient features) - RA 9003 - DENR Administrative Order No. 2001-34: IRR of RA 9003 - RA 6969 (Toxic and Hazardous Waste) - Sanitation Act - Clean Water Act - Clean Air Act - RA 7160 (Local Government Code)
III.
Review of Principles of Good Governance Transparency, Accountability and Participatory DecisionMaking-in relation to implementation and enforcement of the LGU ISWM Plan Contents of the Policy Support Component
IV.
Analysis of the current policy environment of the LGU on SWM List of SWM ordinances of the LGU (with ordinance number, year enacted, title and major components) Analysis of ordinances vis--vis provisions of RA 9003 and its IRR, and related laws Analysis of ordinances vis--vis TAP principles Policy Support and Enforcement Policies/ordinances needed based on analysis of ordinances and components and requirements of the ISWM Plan Enforcement mechanisms (types of enforcers, duties and functions of enforcers, process for deputation, incentives and/or rewards, performance evaluation) List of ordinances that need to be enacted and their recommended provisions, based on above analyses
IV.
Processes Involved in Formulation Policy Support Component

Data Gathering : Compilation of existing ordinances and entry into matrix form Data Analysis to identify gaps in terms of RA 9003 and IRR and TAP; presentation and validation of results of analysis Presentation of key components of the LGU ISWM Plan and identification of interventions that will require ordinances for implementation Identification of ordinances needed to comply with applicable laws and to support plan implementation, with their content and TAP provisions Identification of enforcement mechanisms including identification of enforcers, duties and functions of enforcers, process for deputation, incentives and/or rewards and performance evaluation Finalization of policy support component
V.
SWM Ordinance Formulation Process

Presentation of components of ISWM Plan and interventions requiring ordinances Review and analysis of existing ordinances of LGU on SWM Identification of components of proposed ordinance Preliminary drafting Conduct of information campaign/consultations/public hearings on draft ordinance Refinement/finalization of proposed ordinance Submission of proposed ordinance to the SB/SP for enactment
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VI.
Priority SWM Ordinances (or Minimum Components of a Comprehensive SWM Ordinance)

Implementation of and allocation of budget for the ISWM Plan Establishment of enforcement mechanisms Determination and collection of SWM Fees Prohibited Acts under RA 9003 Fines and Penalties under RA 9003 Establishment of local SWM Fund Establishment of SWM organization Annual budget/appropriation for SWM
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Sub-Module 5D. Formulation of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Component Sub-module Coverage
This two-day activity aims to facilitate the development of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities that will support the ISWM strategies and interventions identified in the SWM plan, including policy support. This activity provides a review of the communication process and concepts. It presents the different communication approaches commonly used in local IEC/ advocacy work and explains the role of communication in promoting behavior change, networking and constituency building. It stresses the need to have a research-based communication plan, one that is based on an analysis of the information needs of particular audience segments (with data derived from studies, focus groups discussions or FGDs, surveys, observations, and secondary information), and use field-tested audience-specific messages. It emphasizes the need to assess the IEC situation (such as possible allies as well as opponents, resources available versus required) so that necessary adjustments in IEC strategies could be made to come up with a realistic and doable communication plan.
Promoting TAP IEC plays a crucial role in promoting transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making. Information dissemination allows the public to know what SWM programs are being or will be implemented, who are the people implementing it and how the community can help in ensuring the success of the program. By knowing these, peopleas stakeholders and direct beneficiariesare better able to participate in decision-making and implementation. Also, they become more motivated in making plan implementers accountable for their actions.
In addition, it shares some knowledge and skills with participants on the development of creative IEC materials to help them start their IEC program. Like policy support, IEC is an immediate doable activity that can be implemented while the plan is undergoing refinement and legitimization.
Expected Sub-module Output

The expected output of the module is a draft communication plan, which will be one of the major components of the ISWM plan. It will have the following elements: Objectives (which will be based on the assessment of issues) by target audience; key messages; channel/media; responsibility centers; and estimated costs. Another output would be a one-year action plan that spells out the immediate next steps that the TWG can pursue as part of initial IEC implementation activities. The action plan will provide details on the Year 1 priorities of the overall communications plan.
Sub-module Approach
The module uses a combination of lectures and group exercises and workshops. The lectures will familiarize the participants on the conceptual framework, technical consideration and analytical tools for planning IEC activities. Learning exercises (e.g., message relay, non-verbal communication, etc.) will be integrated into some topics in the lecture. Participants are provided the venue to apply knowledge gained from the lectures through the workshops. Four major workshops may be held: the situational analysis and evaluation of recent/current IEC activities; development of the communication matrix; development of IEC materials; and action planning.
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The first can be organized as a series of exercises, where the participants will be first be guided in putting together information gathered from various sources to come up with a situational analysis. This, however, need not be done in detail or discussed very thoroughly if participants have already been involved in the assessment stage (Module3). All they need is a list of issues and concerns (on SWM awareness, knowledge, practices, etc.) identified earlier. These are important as the participants will have to develop their communication objectives using these issues as bases. Thus, it is imperative that participants bring these data with them to the training. If they have this issues already identified, what can be done is to go ahead with the evaluation of recent/ current IEC initiatives. What were the objectives of the activities? Who were the specific target audience? What were the specific messages? Who endorsed the messages? What channels were used? Did it work? If it did not work, why? These are some of the questions that have to be asked during the evaluation. Then, they can progressively complete the communication matrix found in Annex 5C. The third workshop can be devoted to the development of a simple print material, such as a poster, leaflet or flyer. This activity may use local materials or computer software (e.g., PowerPoint, PageMaker), depending on the available resources of the LGU. The last workshop will produce the IEC action plan, for implementation within the first year of the project. The output of the third workshop (development of IEC materials) can be used as input to the work plan (e.g., pretesting/production of IEC materials developed during the communication training). To reiterate, it is important that participants be armed with relevant data gathered prior to the IEC activity. These will be on the baseline waste generation and disposal data (which can be derived from the seven-day waste characterization), current SWM programs (including IEC programs) and practices/behavior (which can be taken from the FGDs, surveys, observations, consultations), and planned SWM activities (derived from the engineering and policy workshops). Specifically, the following data should be made available or gathered before the training: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Analysis of major waste generators and potential groups, which can be tapped to do communication work; Assessment of current SWM knowledge, awareness and practices at least within the collection/ urban center of the LGU; Inventory of currently available IEC materials and important information sources/channels; Summary of SWM strategies and activities for each SWM stage (results of Sub-Module 5A); and Proposed policy agenda (results of Sub-Module 5B).
Using the available data, the participants are tasked to identify key communication issues per stage of the SWM process (i.e., reduction and segregation at source, collection and transport, materials recovery and disposal management). Based on these issues, strategic communication objectives are developed for the identified target audience per SWM stage. Activities per objective are identified and specific messages are formulated to suit the needs of the target audience. Impacts of the proposed implementation scheme are also, discussed. The module may be conducted in 2 days, but more time may be needed for pre-workshop requirements and possible post-training activity to finalize the outputs.
Participants
The participants in this activity are selected members of the TWG, other LGU and DENR staff responsible for IEC support activities, and members of local organizations (POs and NGOs), which can be tapped for IEC. If the LGU has organized a Speakers Bureau, then its members should be asked to participate in this activity. The resource person must have had sufficient experience in formulating communication plans, and in developing and implementing community IEC activities.
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Lecture Notes
Planning Communication Activities I. Objectives of the Activity

Enhance participants knowledge on important communication concepts and approaches and equip them with necessary analytical tools for planning and designing communication activities Guide TWGs in the systematic development of a communication plan
II.
Outputs

Draft communications plan to support ISWM strategies/interventions Action plan for Year 1 implementation
III.
Information Users and Information Uses. SWM messages are communicated to:

Waste generators (such as households, establishments, institutions) to promote certain behaviors friendly to SWM efforts and build a constituency for effective SWM Decision- and policy-makers (such as LGU leaders and the ESWM Board) to get their support (in coming up with favorable policies, budget allocation for SWM implementation) Influencers (such as the media, schools, religious/civic groups) to put pressure on the LGU leaders to do their job, and to waste generators to change SWM practices
IV.
The e Process The process one has to go through when planning/doing IEC activities:
(Message formulation, target audience, selection of medium)
Analysis - provides for the analysis and prioritization of issues/problems that IEC should address, identifies and analyzes the target audience as well as determine available and needed IEC resources. Plan Preparation - calls for the development of communication objectives based on prioritized issues identified; specific message formulation, medium selection, identification of persons responsible and noting down of time frame. Implementation - includes pre-testing (if developing an IEC material) or a run-through (if doing an IEC activity such as an orientation) and monitoring of IEC activities. Evaluation allows for finding out whether an IEC activity worked or didnt work, why it worked, and why it did not work.
Implement
(Pretest, monitor, etc.)
Plan
Evaluate
(Did it work? Why? Why not?)
V.
Different Communication Approaches Commonly used communication approaches at the local level: IEC, Social Marketing, Development Support Communication, Social Mobilization and Advocacy. Emphasis given on the commonalities of features, stressing that at the local level, it is not really important to remember the right terminology to use; what is important is that you know who you are talking to, you know exactly what to tell them and know the best way to tell it to them. Review of Communication Process and Concepts
(Audience analysis, problem analysis, resource analysis)
Analyze
V.
Elements of communication: sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback and feed forward. Feed forward is knowing your audience (which is actually audience analysis) first before communicating with him/her. Suggested Exercise: Message relay or relevant exercise that helps in demonstrating the communication process.
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VIII. Questions to Ask When Promoting a Product. This, in brief, discusses how to prepare a simple communication plan.

Whats the situation? Emphasizes importance of doing an analysis of the IEC situation (problems, issues, etc.) What is the product? - Identifies the specific idea, tangible object or friendly/ideal behavior that needs to be promoted. Who are the target audience or adopters? - Identifies the target audience, both primary and secondary, of the product Whats the profile of your target audience? Reiterates the importance of knowing exactly who your target audience is to be able to formulate a message that fits his/her needs How will the product be positioned? - Discusses the need to immediately grab the attention of the target audience. Reminder: focus on product benefits. Whats the message? Identifies the specific message or messages. Reminder: make the message simple, specific and clear What channel to use? - Stresses the importance of selecting the right medium to reach the target audience What are your available resources? - Determines available IEC resources (such as manpower, IEC materials, IEC equipment, budget), what else are needed and how to get these. Part of this discussion is knowing your key allies. Who are the contrabidas? - Identifies the current or potential opponents (in SWM, there may not be too many opponents; the challenge is how to make waste generators change their ways for the better).
Suggested Workshop: Situational Analysis and Communication Matrix Preparation (can actually be divided into several exercises such as discussing key findings of the assessment that could be addressed by IEC (for situational analysis), identifying key issues per SWM stage, writing the objectives per target audience per stage, identifying activities and formulating the messages). IX. Ways People Communicate

Verbal and Non-Verbal and Inter-Personal Communication (such as group communication like assemblies and one-on-one communication such as meetings with mayors) Commonly Used Media/Materials (such as posters, brochures, billboards, radio/TV plugs, community theater), including tips on use.
XI.
Designing Sales Kits. Briefly discusses how to make an IEC material. Topics include: Making a map (planning what to say, who to say it to and how to say it); Writing the headline (formulating the central message); Writing the body (writing the text that includes the sub-messages); Other Tricks of the Trade (other tips). Suggested Exercise: Actual development of IEC print material (poster, leaflet, flyer) using local materials or PowerPoint or PageMaker software.
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Sub-Module 5E. Management and Financing Arrangements Sub-module Coverage

This sub-module focuses on two major implementation concerns: 1) 2) Establishment of an SWM organization that will implement the plan and monitor its implementation; and Identifying potential sources of financing for plan implementation.
The objective of the sub-module with respect to the first is to define the structure, staffing and activities of the organization that will oversee the implementation plan; the various institutional arrangements to elicit greater stakeholder participation; and the system for monitoring the LGUs SWM activities. With respect to the second, the objective is to assess the LGUs capability to finance plan implementation and to identify the extent of external financing required over the plan period. It will also look into the development of incentive systems to encourage private sector participation in SWM. The participants will be guided in formulating the institutional, management and financing arrangements for implementing the ISWM plan, taking into account relevant provisions of the Local Government Code and RA 9003. Alternative organizational arrangements currently used by LGUs will be reviewed and assessed. The role of the barangays will be defined as well as those of multi-stakeholder groups that will be involved in IEC, enforcement, M&E, and other SWM activities. The LGU will have to prepare its organizational and staffing plan, define the accountabilities of the various units, and identify the activities that such organization will undertake within the plan period. This sub-module will also emphasize the critical role of M&E in SWM program management and how this can support the promotion of transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making (TAP). The participants will be guided in developing its results framework and the key indicators for the various functional elements and components of SWM. Discussion on how data will be gathered, tracked, analyzed and disseminated will complete the development of the M&E system. Incentive systems are not usually well understood at the local government level; thus, they are not often used as a management tool in development projects. In this sub-module, appreciation of incentives systems will be enhanced. Participants will learn concepts, definitions, types of incentives, and process of identifying incentives and incentive mechanisms for SWM. These should allow them to develop the appropriate incentive systems that will encourage the private sector to participate in SWM. The plan financing aspect will demonstrate the rudiments of cost-revenue analysis, another tool deemed useful in making decisions regarding the various arrangements for SWM. A cost-revenue analysis (on the consolidated annual cost and revenue estimates) is used to determine the extent to which SWM operations can be financed by SWM revenues and the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) of the LGU. This analysis will also provide indications as to the potential financial viability of planned LGU-managed SWM enterprises, such as recycling, composting and sanitary landfill facilities. This analysis will lead the LGU to decide up to what extent to which it would want to subsidize the program and how much the private sector involvement would be (i.e., private investments). This part of the sub-module will emphasize the need in ISWM for sustained financing. Various mechanisms for financing ISWM, both traditional and innovative financing schemes, will be covered in the discussions.
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Expected Sub-module Outputs

The specific outputs of the sub-module are: a) proposed organizational and staffing plan; b) SWM results framework and an M&E plan; c) consolidated summary of annual costs and projected revenues; d) cost-revenue analysis of key SWM operations; e) brief write-up on the economic enterprise component of the plan; f) proposed incentive systems; and g) financing plan. These outputs compose the various sections of Chapters 6 and 7 of the plan outline. That on the economic enterprise component constitutes the last section of Chapter 5. The workshop may be completed in three days. The TWG, however, may need at least one week more, with assistance from EcoGov AP or LSP to complete all the outputs listed above.
Sub-module Approach
There will be four technical input sessions in this sub-module and each will be followed by guided group/plenary workshops or exercises. The organizational aspects will first be tackled. Following brief technical inputs (See Lecture Notes on page 55), the participants will be guided in developing the organizational and staffing plan by asking them to answer a sequence of guide questions. The participants may be organized into smaller groups when addressing some of the questions (e.g., functions of organizational units, qualifications of staff). At the end of the session, the participants would have agreed on: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Structure of the SWM organization (and its phased development over the plan period); Functions and accountabilities of the various units of the SWM organization; Proposed staffing and qualifications for key positions, plan for staff recruitment and critical training needs; Composition of various multi-sectoral bodies that are proposed to be formed, the criteria for the selection of their members and incentives for their participation; Other LGU units and agencies involved in SWM, with their roles clearly defined; Major activities of the SWM organization over the 10-year period and the corresponding cost requirements; Procurement and contracting arrangements.
The second session will focus on M&E arrangements. The lecture (See Lecture Notes, Page 56) will explain the key M&E concepts that are important for the development of the SWM results framework. The concept of indicators will be emphasized and examples of both output and outcome indicators will be provided. A group exercise may be organized for the discussion of key performance indicators. This will be followed by a plenary session to generate consensus on the indicators and outline the arrangements for M&E, to include reporting flows, incentives/and sanctions for good/poor performance, and the role of the civil society and the private sector in M&E. A major subject for discussion would be the conduct of the annual performance assessment with respect to waste diversion, as the reduction of the waste stream serves as a key performance indicator. The succeeding session on incentives will have a theoretical part, which will basically be an orientation on incentives, the different types of incentives that are applicable to ISWM and the steps in developing incentive mechanisms (See Lecture Notes, pages 57-58). The practical part will involve group analysis of case study/studies of applications of incentives by LGUs. The analysis will include the evaluation of the economic and management impacts of the incentives systems. From the analysis, the participants will be guided in developing the procedures for establishing and institutionalizing SWM incentives and incentive mechanisms. The fourth part will be devoted to the processes involved in cost-revenue analysis: identification and estimation of capital outlay and operating expenses for each ISWM stage, scheduling of investments and operating costs over the ISWM planning horizon, identification and evaluation of the potentials for revenue
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generation of implementation activities, estimation of revenues, and comparison of the cost and revenue streams over time. Participants will be grouped to work on specific ISWM components. Each group will undertake the whole process of cost and revenue estimation, scheduling and analysis. Computers will be provided to each group. Towards the end of the session, the group outputs will be consolidated to provide the overall costrevenue picture of the ISWM plan. Part of the exercise at this stage would be the projection of the LGUs IRA and 20% Development Fund over the plan period and an analysis of the cost requirements vis--vis the IRA. From this analysis, the TWG is expected to come up with their conclusions about the potential of the SWM revenues to cover cost of operations and investments, and the financial viability of planned economic enterprises. Based on the analysis of its IRA and the cost-revenue analysis, the LGU will have to make recommendations with respect to financing plan implementation. The last session will introduce the concept of local development financing. This will include a discussion of traditional and innovative financing schemes, with focus on municipal bonds (See Lecture Notes, pages 58-60). Based on the presentation, the participants are encouraged to broaden their options and consider some of the non-traditional financing schemes.
Participants
Since this sub-module integrates and takes off from the results of previous sub-modules, the participants should include key members of those sub-groups involved in other sub-modules engineering, policy and IEC. It is also important that participants include representatives of civil society groups and private sector; key officers of the LGU units currently involved in SWM; and representatives of the LGUs finance and administration, personnel, and planning divisions. It may not be possible for one resource person to cover the topics listed on this sub-module. A team of resource persons/specialists will have to be tapped. It is important that discussions are focused on the application of concepts, analytical tools and frameworks to SWM. A good documentation of the discussions and agreements is necessary for purposes of writing the draft plan. Critical to the successful conduct of this module is the completion of the outputs of previous submodules: drafts of the components, cost items per component and stage, and cost estimates. It will be helpful to also have a copy of the current LGU structure and staffing list to ensure that whatever SWM organization is proposed will fit well into the current structure.
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Lecture Notes
Developing the SWM Organization I. Objective of the Activity

Define the SWM implementation and coordination structure Establish accountabilities Determine resource requirements (staffing, budget)
II.
Review of current SWM implementation arrangements in the LGU and in other LGUs

Which LGU unit is responsible for what SWM operation? What other LGU units are involved? How many staff are involved? How much budget is allocated annually for SWM? What are arrangements in other LGUs? (SWM under Gen Services, Engineering, MPDC, Market Administrator; private sector contracts; other examples) What are advantages and disadvantages of other alternative arrangements?
III.
Relevant Provisions in Local Government Code and RA 9003 and their IRRs
Local Government Code and IRR Creation of Municipal/City ENRO optional Limitations to LGU staffing (For 1st to 3rd class municipalities and cities; personal services shall not exceed 45% of total annual income; for 4th to lower class municipalities: personal services shall not exceed 55% of total annual income) Uses/limitations of the 20% Development Fund RA 9003 and IRR Composition and functions of ESWM Board Scope of responsibilities of municipal/city LGU Composition and functions of Barangay SWM Committees Mandatory requirements (with due dates) Roles of other national agencies and other sectors
IV.
Emerging Organizational Arrangements for SWM

Multi-level structure: ESWM for policy formulation, barangay committees for collection of specific types of waste Phased expansion of LGU SWM organization additional functions taken on as LGU shifts from open dump to controlled dump to sanitary landfill; expansion of SWM concerns from collection to include materials recovery and disposal management; expansion of geographic coverage from poblacion to also cover urbanizing barangays and other rural barangays; from ad hic SWM organization to permanent organization. Phasing must be consistent with plan targets. Linkages within LGU organization there are other units involved such as fee collection, enforcement, IEC, etc Linkages with external organizations (national government agencies, non-government organizations, private sector, civil society groups, academe, etc) SWM being a shared responsibility
V.
Good Governance Practices

SWM organization must be sufficiently staffed, with adequate operating budget Clear functions and accountabilities, clear lines of authority Clear qualification requirements and transparent selection process (for staff and members of multisectoral bodies) Clear performance standards, incentives and sanctions Equal employment opportunities for men and women
VI.
Guide for Development of Organizational and Management Arrangements

What are current organization, staffing and institutional arrangements? What targets and proposals in the ISWM Plan have implications on SWM organization? (Example: when are MRFs to be established? What type of MRF is this? When will controlled dumpsite be established? When will SLF be operational?)
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What will be the SWM organization in year 1? What are the expected organization changes during the 10-year period? When should these occur? Can the changes in organization be organized into phases? Example: Phase 1 (interim organization) Year 1; Phase 2 Years 2-3; etc. What would be the responsibilities/accountabilities of the various organizational units at various phases? How will the proposed organizational units be staffed? Minimum and maximum? What would be the key qualifications of important positions? What would be the major activities of the SWM organization (continuing, periodic, one-time activities)? What kinds of training will be provided to them? How will the LGU SWM organization be linked with other LGU units? With other national agencies? How will these linkages be formalized? How are other stakeholders to be involved? What will be composition of multi-stakeholder bodies? How will representatives of stakeholders to be selected? What will be their periodic activities that will need budget support from the LGU? What necessary measures will have to be taken to put into place the proposed organization? Examples: MOAs with other organizations, manual of procedures, SB approval of staffing list, etc. What are constraints to its operationalization?
M&E Arrangements I. Key M&E Concepts

Objectives Hierarchy Results Hierarchy
II.
The SWM Results Framework

Goal: Protect environment and conserve resources Protect health of population Outcomes: Reduction of waste stream through recycling, reuse and reduction at sources Reduce leachate seepage Outputs: a) Improved practices: waste segregation by waste generators, recycling/waste recovery, composting, disposal management b) SWM facilities (MRF, controlled dumpsite, SLF, etc) c) Linkages with other sectors, buyers/consolidators, processors, investors Inputs
III.
Critical M&E Activities

Tracking implementation of plan activities and set milestones (e.g., track progress in establishment, operation and closure of controlled dumpsite) Periodic assessment of efficiency and effectiveness of SWM operations/services a) Collection: actual collection coverage vs. planned coverage % population serviced collection truck downtime crew-truck ratio compliance with mandatory segregation b) Materials Recovery: waste materials recovered vs. waste materials received waste materials sold vs. waste materials recovered compost materials produced excess processing/storage capacities equipment downtime c) Disposal Management: volume disposed per day vs. projected daily disposal total volume managed per day actual vs. expected life of SLF cell equipment downtime incidents in disposal site (accidents, landslides, flooding)
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Financial Monitoring a) Budget releases (capital and operating budgets) b) Expenditures (capital and operating expenses) c) SWM revenues generated by type d) Grants and other technical assistance received e) Status of SWM Fund Periodic evaluation of outcomes and impacts a) Annual measurement/assessment of waste stream reduction b) Regular monitoring of leachate seepage c) Periodic water quality monitoring d) Documentation of occurrences of diseases related to improper waste disposal (e.g., surface and groundwater contamination, skin diseases) e) Compliance monitoring (of waste segregation at source, of violation of local ordinances)
IV.
M&E Methods

Maintain complete and updated records on SWM operations Monthly/Quarterly review of operations Small studies (e.g., spot checks on wastes brought out for collection, perception surveys, time and motion studies) Annual waste characterization of end-of-pipe waste Periodic monitoring of leachate seepage Periodic monitoring of surface and groundwater quality
V.
The M&E Organization

Who will be responsible? What type of staff will be required? How will other sectors be involved? What are incentives/sanctions? What will be information flow within LGU SWM organization? What will be information flow to public?
VI.
M& E and Good Governance

Transparency (performance indicators and monitoring plan must be understood by stakeholders; information should support informed and performance-based decision-making; performance assessment should lead to management actions; information should be made accessible to stakeholders; information must be made more understandable to users) Accountability (system should establish the RESULTS for which LGU, barangays, DENR and other stakeholders are responsible; shift from accountability of inputs to accountability for results; established performance standards; recognition of good performance, sanctions on sub-standard performance) Participatory decision-making (information availability enhances ability of stakeholders to participate; feedback from stakeholders is encouraged; mechanism established for multi-stakeholder participation in M and E activities)
Incentive Mechanisms for SWM I. Definition of Incentives: tool or inducement used or intended to incite or motivate people and organizations to act or improve performance Rationale for Incentive-Based Instruments

II.
SWM is multi-faceted brought about complex interactions of socio-econ and political concerns; a mix of instruments is necessary to solve complex issues Government resources to implement all programs and to enforce regulations are limited SWM entails changes in behavior and adoption of certain practices inducements are necessary to bring this about Equitable distribution if costs and benefits of the resource
57
III. IV.
Providers and Recipients of Incentives: The Principal-Agent Model General Considerations in Implementing SW Incentives

Effectiveness and dependability Efficiency Administrative feasibility: incentives options continuum Equity (distribution of benefits) Political, societal or community stability Costs
V.
Types on Incentives

Economic, information, social/cultural or ecological Negative or positive Direct (financial or in kind) or indirect (tax incentives, insurance, community projects, education and training, land tenure, community organization, information) Use or non-use incentives Financial (fees, cash rewards, fines, compensation, grants, subsidies, loans or credit) or non-financial (food, goods or services, access to resources) Macro or micro Local or national Legal, economic, social, institutional Incentives for prevention or mitigation Incentives, disincentives, perverse incentives Passive or active Variable incentives and user enabling incentives
VI.
Incentives Under RA 9003

Assistance of NSWMC to LGUs Assistance of NSWMC to small recyclers, local communities, manufacturers of recycled products and other sectors Assistance of Provincial SWM Board to component cities and municipalities Assistance of City/Municipal SWM Board to barangays Licenses and permits for operation of SWM facilities Availment of national fund Sharing scheme between national fund and LGU for fines collected under RA 9003 Rewards Fiscal and non-fiscal incentives Financial assistance programs Services provided by GFIs Grant cover Incentives for LGUs hosting common waste management facilities Incentives to private sector proponent who will be financing, constructing, operating and maintaining SWM facility Fines and penalties
VII. Examples of SWM Incentives (refer to incentives sourcebook in Annex ???)

Local International
SWM Cost-Revenue and Financing Analysis I. Major Fiscal Problems of LGUs

High dependency on IRA Outdated local tax codes Under-utilization of real property tax bases; under-assessment of local business taxes Poor operation and management of economic enterprises Insufficient utilization of available financial resources Poor planning and budgeting
58
II.
Recommendations for Local Government Financing Mechanisms (ADB, 2002)

Examine and recognize macroeconomic trends; analyze records of recent revenue collection efforts; improve statistical information underlying revenue estimation Develop mechanisms to enhance accuracy of revenue projections and assessment of revenue impact of tax policy changes LGUs must avoid subsidizing costs that beneficiaries are clearly and specifically identified; subsidies deplete meager resources. However, public goods such as environment will require some subsidy Review tax burden of different sectors to improve equity Implement clear, concise and regularly updated tax ordinance Match penalties with implications of tax delinquency to encourage and promote tax compliance Promote good governance through value formation of personnel concerned Explore areas of collaboration and partnership with the private sector and NGOs in service delivery
III.

Who Pays for SWM?

Generators, through fees. Polluter pays principle. Manufacturers, stores, producers spends for waste reduction, recovery and recycling Market-based: waste generators are penalized through produce charges, deposit-refund system and by-volume waste collection charges Government, as it uses tax revenues at the expense of other functions
IV.
Sources of LGU Financing

Traditional (internally-generated revenues, IRA from national government and financial aid and donations) Non-Traditional (direct loans, private sector tie-up, LGU bonds)
V.
How to Conduct Cost-Revenue Analysis of SWM Program

Step 1: Consolidate the annual cost estimates for each stage of the SWM process (segregation and reduction at source, collection, materials recovery and disposal management). For each stage, derive sub-totals for capital investments and maintenance and operating costs. Document cost estimation assumptions used. Note the years when capital investments are highest for each SWM stage and for total SWM program. Step 2: Identify potential revenues sources per stage (collection fees, tipping fees, income fro sale of compost and recyclable materials, etc) and estimate annual revenues per source. Document estimation assumptions used. Take note of significant SWM revenue centers. Determine the results of analysis for MRF (recycling and composting) and SLF operations and derive implications for proposed LGU economic enterprises. Step 3: Estimate total annual net revenues (total revenues less total capital outlay + total operating costs). Determine if net cash flow is negative or positive. Identify revenue deficit and revenue surplus years. Step 4. Estimate annual net revenues per stage (revenues less capital outlay + total operating cost). Determine if net cash flow for each is negative or positive. Identify revenue deficit and revenue surplus years. Step 5. For stages where annual net revenues (derived in Step 4) are mostly negative, compare annual revenues with operating costs (revenues less operating cost). Determine if costs of operations can be covered by projected revenues. Summarize conclusions from above analysis. Conduct sensitivity analysis by changing assumptions re costs and revenues (increasing/reducing). Determine effects of such changes on net revenues.
VI.
How to Determine ISWM Financing (External) Requirements

Step 1: Project IRA of LGU for the plan period. Document estimation assumptions used. Based on projected IRA, estimate the 20% Development Fund for each year. Step 2: Get the results of Step 3 in Section V above and assume that negative cash flows will be funded from the IRA. Determine the adequacy of internal sources by computing % of such costs requirements to the IRA. Evaluate if such share from the IRA will be possible and acceptable. Step 3: Determine how SWM programs can be scaled down or how investments can be rescheduled to reduce deficiencies in resources. Identify specific activities that may not be sufficiently funded internally. Step 4: Assume an acceptable level of annual IRA allocation to SWM. Add to revenue estimates and then estimate external financing requirements.
59

Step 5: Identify other sources of financing that may be tapped: loans, grants, private investments, bonds. Determine most applicable form of financing for LGU. Step 6. If LGU plans to secure loan, estimate amount of loan needed and calculate annual amortization with assumed interest rate and payback period. Include loan repayment cost in computation of total cost and repeat analysis in Section V. Summarize conclusions from above analysis. Conduct sensitivity analysis by changing interest rate and payback period. Determine effects of such changes on LGU equity requirements.
VII. Governance Questions:

Was the analysis adequately undertaken Was the analysis properly supported by data and documents? Were the results adequately explained to users?
Financing LGUs Solid Waste Management Facilities through Bonds I. Concept of Financial Markets : where funds are transferred from people who have an excess of available funds to people who have a shortage. Bonds and stock markets are the usual channels of such funds. LGU Financing Options (see ESGs powerpoint)

II.

Revenues/IRA Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT): contractor undertakes the construction, including financing, of a given infra facility, and the operation thereof. BOT arrangements include: BT (build and transfer), BLT (buildlease-transfer), BOT, BOO (build-own-operate), BTO (build-transfer-operate), CAO (contract-addoperate), DOT (develop-operate-transfer), ROO (rehab-own-operate). Joint ventures: contract between LGU and private proponent for undertaking a business activity and sharing in expenses, resources, management, control, risks and profits of the venture. Bonds: interest bearing or discounted government security that obligates the LGU to pay bondholder a specified sum of money, usually at specific intervals, and to repay the principal amount of the loan at maturity.
III.
Municipal Bonds

LGUs power to create indebtedness (Section 296 of Local Government Code) Actually borrowing money from buyers; bond represents a written promise by LGU to repay a specific amount at fixed time in the future, with periodic interest payments during its life Why LGUs issue bonds: a) to finance large capital expenditures that could not be financed from LGUs IRA funds b) to ease pressure on IRA and internally generated funds c) to allow LGU residents to invest in future of their locality d) to enhance transparency e) to finance revenue-generating enterprises or joint ventures and eventually increase local incomes Who buys bonds: institutions and individuals Municipal Bond Issuance Process (11 steps) Use of Bonds in SWM: only if linked with a self-liquidating enterprise or proven to generate adequate revenues. Requires creative approach to financing and may have to use combination of financing strategies.
60
Annexes
ISWM Training Guide
Annex 1
Sample Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with City of Koronadal, South Cotabato and Municipality of Lamitan, Basilan
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 1
Annex 2
Sample Protocols with Board
Resolution, Office of the Mayor, Municipality of Cabarroguis
Annex 2
Annex 3
3A - Solid Waste Management Profile Survey Form 3B - Selecting a Sample Size 3C - Suggested Categories/Subcategories 3D - Waste Characterization Procedure and Field Data Entry Form 3E - SWM Assessment Sampling
NSCB Approval No. EMB-9904-01

Department of Environment and Natural Resources ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUREAU
WASTE MANAGEMENT PROFILE SecretariaSOLID t - National Solid Waste Management Commission 2nd/F HRD Bldg. DENRSURVEY Compound, FORM Visayas Ave., Q.C. 1102
Name of LGU ___________________________ Classification _________________ Province _______________________ Total no. of barangays __________________ GEOGRAPHIC (hectares or sq. kms.)
Urban Area _____________________ Rural Area _____________________ Total Area _____________________
POPULATION
Urban Rural Total (actual) ________ ________ ________ (est.) __________ __________ __________ (projected) _______________ _______________ _______________
WASTE COLLECTION
WASTE CATEGORY VOLUME COLLECTED PER DAY (in kg) Local Gov't. Unit (LGU) Private Contractors
Number of barangays covered by solid waste collection: _____ Urban ; ______ Rural What percent is this of the total population ? _______ % Frequency of collection (please check) : Comml/Inst Residential by LGU: ___ daily; ___ once a week; ___ 2x or 3x a week; __ irregular by Private Contractors: ______ daily; ___ once a week; ___ 2x or 3x a week; ___ irregular
PRESENT WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

Disposal System Location* Area, (hectares) Open dump1 Year Started Estimated Life (until what year) Land Ownership (gov't./private) Existing Land Use
Controlled dump2 Sanitary Landfill3
Others (incineration**, etc.) * ** Please indicate if there is more than one site. Also, please attach colored photos and location maps of the site(s). For incineration, please indicate the type of waste incinerated (domestic, biomedical, industrial, etc.)
No measures implemented to protect the environment and public health. Minimum measures like waste compaction, daily waste covering, and control of working area size, are implemented. 3 Engineered method of waste disposal that incorporates a liner at its base, leachate collection and treatment systems, gas collection systems, application of daily cover, and other practices for the proper disposal of waste.
1 2
Are there scavengers/squatters living within the disposal area ? ____ Yes; ___ No If yes, please estimate the number of families. _________
What are the post-closure/future plans for the existing site(s) ? Please elaborate. ___________________________________________
Are there candidate waste disposal sites in your area for future use? __Yes; ____ No What is the estimated life of this candidate site ? ________ years.
GENERATION RATE and PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE

Has there been any study made on the following : (a) waste generation rate __Yes ; ___ No If yes, please indicate the results and the entity who made the study. Otherwise, please give an estimate of the city's/municipality's waste generation rate.
waste generation rate = ___kg. per capita per day entity/group who made the study ______________________________________
(b) waste composition (i.e., percentage of food wastes, plastics, metals, etc.) ___Yes; ____ No; If yes, please indicate the results and the entity who made the study .
Waste component BIODEGRADABLE NONBIODEGRADABLE SPECIAL WASTES RESIDUAL Paper and cardboard
Percentage, %
Waste component Plastics Textiles Metals Glass Rubber and leather
Percentage, %
DEP'T./DIVISION RESPONSIBLE FOR SWM IN THE LGU

Name of Dep't./Div. _____________________________________________ (pls. provide organizational structure/chart if available) Department functions/mandates (please specify): ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Name of person in charge and designation _______________________________________________________
LGU REVENUE & EXPENDITURE FOR SWM SERVICES

How much of the total LGU budget is allotted for SWM services this year? P _____________________ What percent is this of the total budget for this year? _____%. How much goes to waste collection? P ______________ How much of the total LGU budget was allotted for SWM services last year? P ____________________ Does the LGU charge fees to households and industries for garbage collection? ____Yes; ____ No If yes, how much is this fee (per month, per kilo, etc.)? Households = P ___________________________ Industries = P ____________________________ Commercial Estab. __________________________ How much revenue was raised from the garbage collection fees ? P ________________
Is this fee charged separately or connected to other basic services (water, electricity, etc.) ? ________________________________________________________________________________ If the disposal area is a private property, how much does the LGU pay for disposal (per truck, per ton, per day, etc.) ? P ___________________________________ Is the LGU a recipient of any local/foreign grants concerning SWM? ___Yes; ____ No If yes, please elaborate. _______________________________________________________________
PERSONNEL FOR SWM

How many personnel are involved in SWM services? Personnel admin. staff collection and transport final disposal street sweeping Others Total ________ Number Sufficiently Trained ? Yes No
EQUIPMENT FOR WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL

Type of vehicle no. of units Compactor truck Open dump truck Owned by LGU condition* ave. capacity (m3 or tons) Owned by private contractors no. of units condition* ave. capacity (m3 or tons)
Others * Good, Fair, Bad Does the LGU have its own repair and maintenance shops? ___Yes; _____ No Are there service centers and spare parts suppliers in your area? ___Yes; ____No
Does the LGU have a copy of DENR Administrative Order Nos. 98-49 and 98-50 (DAO 98-49 & DAO 98-50) otherwise known as "Technical guidelines for municipal solid waste disposal" and, "Adopting the landfill site identification and screening criteria for municipal solid waste disposal facilities", respectively? ___ Yes; _____ No Does the LGU have a copy of the "Handbook on SWM for Local Governments"(First Edition, 1996) published by the DENR? __ Yes; ____ No RECYCLING / RESOURCE RECOVERY Is waste segregation practiced in your LGU? ____Yes; __ No If yes, what percentage of the total waste collected is segregated? ____ % Are there recycling plants/companies within or near the municipality/city who recycle the recovered materials? (note : these are not junk shops or junk dealers) _____Yes; ____ No If yes, please indicate the company's names, what they recycle, and their locations. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
Please give an estimate of the number of junk shops in your locality. _______
Is the LGU currently involved with projects on SWM? ___ Yes; ____ No If yes, kindly fill up the following : Name of Project Project Description Date Implemented Status* Remarks
1- planning stage 2- on-going
3- completed 4- abandoned
EXISTENCE OF GENERIC CITY/MUNICIPAL ORDINANCES ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ( please attach ordinance / regulation)
Are there problems encountered in the effective implementation of these ordinances? ____ Yes; _____ No. If so, kindly elaborate. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE SWM SERVICE

Aside from the problems mentioned above, what other issues/concerns does the LGU encounter in the proper, effective, and efficient management of solid waste ? (e.g. budgetary constraints, unavailability of disposal sites, social acceptability, trained personnel, equipment, etc.)? Please give your comments. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR SWM

What are the future development plans/programs for SWM of the present administration ? (e.g. conversion of open dumpsites to controlled dumps or sanitary landfills, resource recovery, recycling, and composting projects, etc.)? Also, please give your views on new technologies (incinerators, waste to energy projects, etc.) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Name of person who completed this questionnaire ___________________________________ Designation ___________________________________________________ Office Address ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Date of Completion ___________________________________________________ Telephone Number ___________________________________________________ Fax Number ___________________________________________________ For inquiries, please contact Lucille G. Medina or Juvy P. Serafin at telephone no. (02) 925-4797 loc. 3 or at telefax no. (02) 920-2252.
Thank you for your cooperation.
Annex 3B SELECTING A SAMPLE SIZE Importance of Selecting an Appropriate Sample Size Defining a Sampling. Plan. A sampling plan is a detailed outline of (a) which measurements will be taken (b) at what times, (c) on which material, (d) in what manner, and (e) by whom. Sampling plans should be designed in such a way that the resulting data will contain a representative sample of the parameters of interest and allow for all questions, as stated in the goals, to be answered. Cost of Sampling. Too large a sample may be too expensive and the precision may just be the same with that of a smaller sample. Too small a sample may not provide sufficient confidence in the subsequent decisions to be made, particularly where risks of a wrong decision is very high. Practicality. The sample size you select must make sense. This is where the trade-offs usually occur. We want to take enough observations to obtain reasonably precise estimates of the parameters of interest but we also want to do this within a practical resource budget. The important thing is to quantify the risks associated with the chosen sample size. Sample size determination In summary, the steps involved in estimating a sample size are: 1. There must be a statement about what is expected of the sample. This should easily be derived from the goals. We must determine a. What is it we are trying to estimate, b. How precise we want the estimate to be, and c. What are we going to do with the estimate once we have it. 2. Decide/Estimate the value of three important factors influencing the size of the sample a. Degree of confidence selected. The term is related to the number of times samples are taken from a universe. If samples are taken several times the Degree of Confidence, commonly measured in percent i.e. 99%, 95%, 90% suggest the proportion of samples of given sizes will contain the true mean or average of that universe. For example, in determining the average volume of solid waste generated, and samples of given size are obtained, the statement would be, If a series of samples of a given size are taken, 95% of the times the true average of solid waste generated would be within the specified range or interval of each sample. Therefore, in our determination of the sample, the proportion that we get a sample that does not contain the mean would be 5%. b. The maximum allowable error. This is a value pre-specified by decision-makers or analysts as the tolerable variation from the true mean of the estimated mean. For example, using the 0.95 probability, the total error in predicting the mean weight in kilograms of solid waste generated by household should not exceed 1 kilogram. Thus, the decision-maker would state, Based on a sample size n, if the estimate of the mean weight of solid waste generated is, say 6 kilograms, then you will assure me that the mean weight is in the interval between 5 kilograms and 7 kilograms (found by 6+1 and 6-1). 1
c.
The variation of the population. The variation of the population (or universe) is measured by the standard deviation (A population with smaller variation requires smaller sample size). Thus, the standard deviation must be estimated. This can be done by (1) estimating the standard deviation of the population based on prior knowledge about the population, or (2) undertaking pre-sampling of a small sample of the target population and using the sample standard deviation as the estimate of the population standard deviation. In the case of solid waste management, a small sample of each major source of solid waste generators can be taken, because of the lack of knowledge on waste generation averages in rural areas. Hence, the next step.
3. Pre-sampling of solid waste generation in each major source of solid waste generators. This steps are outlined below: a. Study the spread of each major source of waste generation i.e. income distribution of households, scale of operation of commercial trading, institutions and services, food establishments, and establishments handling toxic and hazardous wastes; b. Cluster or stratify each major source of waste generation and randomly select samples from each cluster or stratum. c. Obtain a one day waste generation and measure weight of waste generation; and 4. Estimate standard deviation of samples from each major source (Use spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel to facilitate computation of standard deviation) 5. The sample size can be now estimated given the necessary parameters. The necessary parameters in estimation are: a. Degree of Confidence: 90%, 95% or 99% b. Maximum allowable error, E, e.g. the 1 kg variation used above c. Z score associated with the degree of confidence For example: When Z=1, level of confidence is 68% chance within this range When Z=2, level of confidence is 95.4% chance If level of confidence is 95%, Z=1.96, (p=0.05) If level of confidence is 99%, Z=2.58 (p=0.01) d. Standard deviation estimated from the pre-sampling. 6. Calculate the sample size. The process can be simplified using the formula:
zs n= E
2
Where: n = sample size z = score corresponding to the level of confidence s = standard deviation E= maximum tolerable error 7. In the final sampling process distribute the sample among various strata.
Sample Process For Calculation Of Sample Size Case Study: Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat The recently concluded training on solid waste management assessment in Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat, produced sample data on waste generation by households and a few commercial establishments, institutions, food establishments, and establishments handling toxic and hazardous wastes. The following data were generated from 8 sample households:
Sample Household Total No. 1 Household 1 1.00 2 Household 2 1.20 3 Household 3 9.40 4 Household 4 6.00 5 Household 5 5.40 6 Household 6 3.40 7 Household 7 4.00 8 Household 8 1.80 For simplicity of presentation, categories of waste generated are not shown. Names of household heads were replaced for propriety reasons.
Note:
Step 1: The local government unit coordinating the municipal solid waste management wanted to estimate average waste generation by household and commercial establishment, and desired to have a precision of the estimate of mean to at most 1 kilogram. The data will be used for planning the collection route, schedule and size of collection trucks. Step 2: The degree of confidence desired by the LGU was 90%; base on data specified in Step 1 the maximum error allowable was 1 kilogram; and the standard deviation of the population was estimated by obtaining a pre-sample of 8 households Step 3: (Sampling procedure was described above) Step 4: The standard deviation was estimated using the Data Analysis ToolPak of Microsoft Excel (Interested participants may be provided with brief training on how to undertake this process). Table 1 shows results of the analysis using 90% confidence level: Table 1. Descriptive statistics for sample households
Sample Households Mean Standard Error Median Standard Deviation (s) Sample Variance Minimum Maximum Sum Count Confidence Level (90.0%) 4.025 1.01026 3.7 2.857446 8.165 1 9.4 32.2 8 1.914016
Step 5: Summary of necessary information for calculation of sample size based on the above steps are: z = 1.645 s = 2.857446 E= 1 Step 6: The sample size using the formula:
zs n= E
2
is
1.645 2.857446 n= 1
2
n = 22.091 23
Step 7: Use population data to distribute the sample size among various strata of the sampling population. Table 2 summarizes household population of collection site in Tacurong City. Table 2. Distribution of sample to three collection areas in central district of Tacurong City
Barangay No.of Households Percent of Total Households 57% 29% 14% Initial Distribution of Sample (No.of Households) 17 9 4 Final Distribution of Sample (No.of Households) 20 7 3 0.5% of Total Households
Poblacion Isabela Montilla Total
3,433 1,715 830 5,978
Annex 3C
CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES

1 Food Establishments Restaurants Eateries Food Stalls Bakeries 2 General Stores Mall Department Store Groceries Hardwares Sari-sari Store Small Stalls 3 Industries Large Medium Small 4 Institutions Banks Pawnshops Lending Centers Large Schools Medium Schools Small Schools Large Churches Small Churches Big Government Offices Medium Government Offices Small Government Offices 5 Public Market Dry Goods Section Wet Goods Section 6 Recreation Center Cinemas Sports Center Disco, Pub, Videoke 7 Residential High Income Middle Income Low Income 8 Service Centers Parlors Barbers Tailors Memorial Homes Terminals Junkshops Printing & Copying Services Hotels Lodgings Video, Internet, Computer Shop 9 Slaughterhouse 10 Special Wastes
1 Machine Shops 2 Repair Shops 3 Big Hospitals 4 Medium Hospitals 5 Clinics 6 Gasoline Stations 7 Drug Stores 8 Battery Shop, Ironworks, Glass Supply
Waste Characterization Procedure and Field Data Entry Form (All Sources)
Annex 3D
Source: Date: mm/dd//yy Sample No. Recorder Place of collection: Procedure for Data Collection Step 1: a. Measure and record the weight of the sample container Weight of Sampling Container Small kg kg Medium Large b. Measure and record the volume of the sample container ( 1 cubic meter = 1000 liters) m3 m3 Volume of Sampling Container Small Medium Large Step 2: Gross Weight Measurements a. Measure and record the gross weight of the 1 2 3 4 sample material including the container Weight kg kg kg kg m3 m3 m3 m3 b. Calculate the net weight by Volume deducting the weight of the container
1 Fresh Weight (FW) Measurements 2 kg kg 3 kg 4 kg
Category: Sub-cat: Version 1: This version DOES NOT MEASURE components of recyclables
kg
m3
Total
Total Volume 0 0
kg
m3
m3 FW Total Volume, m3
Dry Weight Measurements Total 1 2 kg 3 kg 4 kg Total kg
Total Weight of solid waste sample: Step 3: a. Sort the sample into compostable, recyclable/reusable, special wastes, and residuals
Weight
0 0
Total
kg
kg
0.00
m3
(Please check for values discrepancy)

Fresh Weight Measurements 3 kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg 4 kg
This is the total value of Wet/Fresh Weights of sorted materials Dry Weight Measurements 1 2 kg kg 3 kg 4 kg Total
FW Total Volume, m3
3 1 2 b. Weigh the sorted materials, record weight, kg and volume, m - Biodegradables(Compostable): Sub-total kg - Non-biodegradable Sub-total 0 kg 0 Recyclable/Reusable Sub-total 0 kg 0 Plastics kg Dry Paper and Cartons kg Metals (Steel, copper, aluminum, brass) kg Glass, Bottles, Vials (including "bubog") kg Rubber, leather and usable textile kg Others kg Residuals (Incl:unusable textile,papers,cartons,composites) Sub-total kg - Special Wastes: Sub-total 0 kg 0 Batteries, (wet and dry cell) kg Fluorescent Tubes kg Chemical Containers kg Spent Chemicals/Drugs kg Appliances kg Others kg Step 4: a. Air dry the sorted samples for at least 4-6 hours b. Re-weigh each sorted sample after 4-6 hrs and record in 2nd column as Dry Weight
0 0
kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg
0 0
kg kg kg kg kg kg kg
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg 0.00 0.00 0.00
m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3
Note:1 m = 1000 liters Conversion Formula = Volume, in liters/1000 liters/m3
Annex 3E
SWM Assessment Sampling Process (Cauayan City)
Categories of Waste Sources The total number of waste sources was determined following the major categories provided by EcoGov, namely: Food Establishments, General Stores, Industries, Institutions, Public Market, Recreation Centers, Residential, Service Centers, Slaughterhouse, and Special Wastes. All in all, there are 10 major categories of waste sources identified. Number of Waste Sources by Sub-category The City Planning and Development Office and the Licensing Office supplied the data on the number of waste sources by category and sub-category based on their inventory and actual count. The number given was limited only to the 13 barangays included in the waste collection service area. Table 1. Categories, sub-categories and sector size
CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES 1 Food Establishments 1 Restaurants 2 Eateries 3 Food Stalls 4 Bakeries 2 General Stores 1 Mall 2 Department Store 3 Groceries 4 Hardwares 5 Sari-sari Store 6 Small Stalls 3 Industries 1 Large 2 Medium 3 Small 4 Institutions 1 Banks 1 Pawnshops 1 Lending Centers 2 Large Schools 3 Medium Schools 4 Small Schools 5 Large Churches 6 Small Churches 7 Big Government Offices 8 Medium Government Offices 9 Small Government Offices 5 Public Market Dry Goods Section Wet Goods Section 6 Recreation Center 1 Cinemas DESCRIPTION TOTAL NUMBER 25 35 45 19 2 4 5 13 94 138 Manufacturing, processing Furniture making 1 7 21 17 19 11 3 5 4 5 4 2 5 156 89 2 SAMPLE SIZE
CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES 2 Sports Center 3 Disco, Pub, Videoke 7 Residential 1 High Income 2 Middle Income 3 Low Income 8 Service Centers 1 Parlors 1 Barbers 1 Tailors 2 Memorial Homes 3 Terminals 4 Junkshops 5 Printing & Copying Services 6 Hotels 7 Lodgings 8 Video, Internet, Computer Shop 9 Slaughterhouse 10 Special Wastes 1 Machine Shops 2 Repair Shops 3 Big Hospitals 4 Medium Hospitals 5 Clinics 6 Gasoline Stations 7 Drug Stores 8 Battery Shop, Ironworks, Glass Supply TOTAL (excluding public market and residential)
DESCRIPTION Billiard
TOTAL NUMBER 10 4
SAMPLE SIZE
23 4 9 4 7 12 10 7 13 24 7 1 4 7 14 22 643
Sampling and Pre-Sampling For the determination of number of samples per sub-category from commercial, institutions and other establishments, the ESWMB and TWG decided to get one (1) sample for every 20 to 25 total number in each sector/sub-category. For purposes of getting the pre-sampling data for households, the groups determined the percentage of households belonging to different income strata in Cauayan City. It was agreed that the distribution was: 20% belong to High Income group, 50% are Middle Income, and 30 % have Low Income. They then identified who will be included in the pre-sampling based on the income strata and accessibility (cooperative, fairly near the training area, accommodating, available during the pre-sampling activity). The group got a sample of 10 households for the pre-sampling waste characterization. Table 2 shows the sample size and percentage per sub-category for the waste characterization activity.
Table 2. Samples per Categories, Sub-category

CATEGORIES AND SUB-CATEGORIES 1 Food Establishments 1 Restaurants 2 Eateries 3 Food Stalls 4 Bakeries 2 General Stores 1 Mall 2 Department Store 3 Groceries 4 Hardwares 5 Sari-sari Store 6 Small Stalls 3 Industries 1 Large 2 Medium 3 Small 4 Institutions 1 Banks 1 Pawnshops 1 Lending Centers 2 Large Schools 3 Medium Schools 4 Small Schools 5 Large Churches 6 Small Churches 7 Large Government Offices 8 Medium Government Offices 9 Small Government Offices 5 Public Market Dry Goods Section Wet Goods Section 6 Recreation Center 1 Cinemas 2 Sports Center 3 Disco, Pub, Videoke 7 Residential 1 High Income 2 Middle Income 3 Low Income 8 Service Centers 1 Parlors 1 Barbers 1 Tailors 2 Memorial Homes 3 Terminals 4 Junkshops 5 Printing & Copying Services 6 Hotels 7 Lodgings 8 Video, Internet, Computer Shop 9 Slaughterhouse 10 Special Wastes 1 Machine Shops 2 Repair Shops 3 Big Hospitals 4 Medium Hospitals 5 Clinics 6 Gasoline Stations 7 Drug Stores 8 Battery Shop, Ironworks, Glass Supply TOTAL (excluding public market and residential) TOTAL NUMBER 25 35 45 19 2 4 5 13 94 138 1 7 21 17 19 11 3 5 4 5 2 4 2 5 156 89 2 10 4 1 1 1 4 12 8 23 4 9 4 7 12 10 7 13 1 24 7 1 4 7 14 22 645 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 79 4.3 25 25 14.3 8.3 10 14.3 7.7 100 4.2 14.3 100 25 14.3 7.1 4.5 12.2% 50 10 25 SAMPLE SIZE 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 6 6 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 % FROM TOTAL 8.0 % 5.7 4.4 10.5 50 25 20 7.7 6.4 4.3 100 4.7 5.8 5.3 9.1 33.3 20 20 50 25 50 20
Identifying Samples The ESWMB and TWG mutually agreed on which establishment will be included, based on the categories. For the household samples, the group identified the samples based on their location and income strata. Out of the 24 residential cooperators, 4 (16%) are from the High Income group, 12 (50%) are from the Middle Income group, and 8 (33%) are from the Low Income group. All the 13 barangays within the waste collection service area were represented in the waste assessment. Determination of Correct Sample Size from Households The following describes the general procedure for getting the sample size used in the 7-day waste characterization. A. Selecting a Sample Size 1. Estimate the value of three important factors determining the size of the sample a. Degree of confidence selected (most common: 99%, 95%, 90%. This suggests the proportion of samples of given sizes will contain the true mean or average of that universe. For example, If a series of samples of a given size are taken, 95% of the times the true average of solid waste generated would be within range or interval of each sample. b. The maximum allowable error. This is a value pre-specified by decisionmakers or analysts as tolerable variation from the true mean of the estimated mean. For example, using the 0.95 probability, the total error in predicting the mean weight in kilograms of solid waste generated by household should not exceed 1 kilogram. c. The variation of the population. The variation of the population (or universe) is measured by the standard deviation (use spreadsheet software to facilitate computation). This can be done by (1) estimating the standard deviation of the population based on prior knowledge about the population, or (2) undertaking pre-sampling of a small sample of the target Population and using the sample standard deviation as the estimate of the population standard deviation. This is what we did with the presampling of solid waste generation in each major solid waste generators, based on income distribution of households. For commercial establishments, based on scale of operations of the different categories: food establishment, service centers, institutions, establishments handling toxic and hazardous wastes, etc.
2. Calculate the sample size using the formula:
zxs n= e where:
n = sample size z = score corresponding to the level of confidence s = standard deviation e = maximum tolerable error
95% = 1.96 1.6 2 1 (kg)
[we came out with n = 4] Four samples are so small to get substantial analysis so the group initially identified 26 household samples. However, two sample households were not able to comply with the instructions so the total sample households were reduced to 24. 3. In the final sampling process, distribute the sample among various strata.
Final Number of Household Samples Using the aforementioned process, the household sampling size was thus estimated per income strata and distributed among the service area: NAME HIGH INCOME (4) 1 Dr. Bernard Piedad 2 Nestor Antonio 3 Atty. Michael John Demendo 4 Mr. Angel Tactay MIDDLE INCOME (12) 1 Mrs. Myrna Bumagat 2 Mr. Antonio Talosig 3 Mrs. Lydia Aggarao 4 Dr. Leticia O. Gao 5 Brgy. Capt. Jose Lucas 6 Brgy. Capt. Jesus Reyes 7 Brgy. Capt. Alfred Pulido 8 Brgy. Capt. Bonifacio Columbano 9 Hon. Ruben G. Tumbaga 10 Mr. Ace York Cuntapay 11 Mrs. Sylvia P. Domingo 12 Mrs. Leticia Aggarao BARANGAY
District 1 District III District II Turayong
Minante I District I Sillawit San Fermin District III Turayong Alinam Alicaocao Nungnungan II District III Cabaruan Minante II
LOW INCOME (8) 1 Mr. Bonifacio Tagarian 2 Mrs. Delia Domingo 3 Mr. Vicente Baloloy 4 Mr. Jose Dauba 5 Mrs. Lilia Jamiro 6 Mrs. Josefina Dalauidao 7 Mrs. Agripina Telan 8 Mrs. Rose Abenoja
Alicaocao Dstrict III San Fermin Tagaran Sillawit Tagaran Cabaruan Cabaruan
Annex 4
4A - Compilation of ISWM Study Tour Sites 4B - Sample Documentation Report
Annex 4A Compilation of ISWM Study Tour Sites Luzon

Rodriguez Controlled Dumpsite featuring the LGUs controlled dumpsite and MRF. Clark Special Economic Zone, Metro Clark Sanitary Landfill, Sanitary landfill using German technology Systematic waste collection
San Fernando Citys Composting Center Composting of major market and slaughterhouse wastes Variety of equipment being used in the processing of waste such as the shredder, grinder, hammermill, dryer and pelletizer and windrows (compost beds) Setting up of Compost Fungus Activator (CFA) laboratory and organic composting center near slaughterhouse in partnership with DOST Selling of CFA to schools for their composting activities Promotes proper waste segregation within the public market City LGU as the lead implementor of solid waste management Generates job and income Promotes the practice of composting LGU-managed Ecology Center Campaign/Advocacy program Marikina City Basura Mo, Alagaan Mo Code of good conduct for LGU employees Incorporation of garbage fee with taxes Removal of sidewalk ambulant vendors in markets Organization and management of garbage sorters Markets and buyers for recovered recyclables Strict implementation of city ordinances Haul type collection Segregated collection color-coded collection trucks Continuous IEC like holding of Waste management seminars Influential leadership & strong political will MRF garbage transfer station Controlled dumpsite
Olongapo City Segregation at source Collection schedule Creation of Environmental Sanitation Office Integrated garbage collection Push cart boys
Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Olongapo Controlled dumpsite Ecology center
Cooperative of garbage collectors/pickers Strict SWM implementation Livelihood provision Caloocan City Garbage collection through private contractors CREST Silang, Cavite Strong collaboration of community, NGOs & LGU House-based agri-based composting Intensive IEC Practical waste communication Involvement of school children on waste segregation and utilization Organic farming NGO-managed MRF (with composting plant and windrow composting) Segregation at source Segregated collection of waste Partnership with LGU for waste collection

Solano Elementary School, Solano, Nueva Vizcaya Mini-materials recovery facility (MRF) inside the school Strong IEC campaign Mandatory segregation per classroom 4S Junkshop, Solano, Nueva Vizcaya Pilot project of the Provincial Solid Waste Management Board Practices Pera sa Basura from recyclable materials Services extend to Quirino Province with 3 EcoGov pilot sites establishing mini-recycling facilities within the LGU municipal compound Brgy. Ugong, Pasig City Pera sa Basura Program Galing Pook Awardee 2002; Cleanest and Greenest Barangay Strong political will House-to-house campaign on segregation Community-based environmental livelihood project Bawas Basura, Dagdag Kita (Segregation, Reduction and Recycling of Solid Waste) Functional livelihood center with P40 million budget Encourages people to police their peers Bantay Paligid LGU-NGO business partnership International linkage/market of recycled products from Doy packs Dollar-earning from wastes Recycling activity by KILUS Foundation (womens multi-purpose cooperative) Partnership with the local junkshop business establishment Livelihood bag production MRF composting facility
Sun Valley Subdivision, Paraaque City Barangay-based Ecology Center Composting facility using subdivision and barangay wastes LGU partnership with DOST SWM Division under the Agriculture Office
Dasmarias, Cavite NGO-managed Ecology Center Composting of market wastes Strong IEC and segregation at source
Balik-Inang Kalikasan, Balik-Amang Pabrika (BIKBAP), Carmona, Cavite Livelihood component of the MRF LGU as lead implementor of solid waste management SWM education campaign Strong commitment and political will of LCE Creation of Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO) Segregation at source Regular segregated transport and collection Composting facility Recovery and selling of recyclable materials LGU partnership with Department of Agriculture for the operation of a Demo Farm and Large Scale Composting Facility that use biodegradable wastes and converts this to organic fertilizer Barangay Material Recovery Facility Household Composting Strong collaboration of community, NGOs and POs San Pablo Colleges Medical Center, San Pablo City Mandatory segregation at source (wards, doctors rooms, business office, laboratory, etc.) Has eco-center for recyclable wastes; has compost pit Training programs for employees and visitors
UPLB, Los Baos, Laguna University-managed Vermi-composting and Organic farming
TIPCO, Magalang, Pampanga Paper mill using waste paper as raw material Promotes recycling awareness through public orientation and mill tours Petron Corporation, San Pedro, Laguna Waste water recycling plant managed by a private corporation
Controlled dumpsite, Hain Enterprise, Cabuyao, Laguna Disposal facility accommodating the wastes of Calamba, Bian, Sta. Rosa, Brgy. Niugan, Cabuyao and Tanauan, Batangas Loose soil available at the site for covering of dumped wastes SWM office at the site Existing contract with various LGUs to provide to the financial needs and operations of the disposal facility Has existing demo farm, MRF and transfer station
Bacoor, Cavite Contracting the garbage collection Privatized MRF Composting facility Recovery and selling of recyclable materials with accredited junkshop dealers
Makati City Makati Central Business District SWM Program Managed by private sector Partnership with accredited junkshop or environmental cooperative specifically to collect recyclable materials MRF
Center for EcoZoic Living and Learning Foundation, Silang, Cavite Material and energy cycle as a rural farming technology
ZKK Foundation, Taytay, Rizal. Recyclable recovery facility with processing shop operated by a Foundation
Visayas
Dr. Amors Place Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental Vermi Composting using African Night Crawler earthworms Solid Waste Disposal Facility (Controlled Dump) Aviary
Sibulan, Negros Oriental Amor Organic Fertilizer Facility using Vermi Composting Technology
Amlan, Negros Oriental Composting Facility producing organic fertilizer. CMFM Community Monitoring System which empowered barangay residents to conduct monitoring and evaluation on their ESWM plan implementation Teves Demo Farm utilizing organic farming technique Wastes segregation at source
Bais City, Negros Oriental Low Cost Engineered Sanitary Landfill using clay liner - the only sanitary landfill in the Philippines using clay liner
San Jose, Negros Oriental Solid Waste Disposal Facility assisted by GOLD Project
Annex 4B INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 2002 STUDY TOUR OF TACURONG CITY DOCUMENTATION REPORT
DATE COVERED : October 24-30, 2002
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BOARD 1. Hon. Lino O. Montillo 2. Hon. Psyche m. Sucaldito 3. Jaime D. Cedullo 4. Nemesio Carigaba, Jr. 5. Adolfo Sucaldito 6. Violeta Muyuela 7. Florenda Pabustan 8. Alex Bantillo 9. Pedrito Carbonilla 10. Andres Castillon 11. Virgilio Paredes 12. Dubert Victorio 13. Rev. David Salazar 14. Engr. Catherine Leguro TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Engr. Hilda P. Mercado Engr. Alfredo Raido, Jr. Radney Ganzon Juvy Pasanting Tomas Robles Elias Bustamante Teresita Cabaguing Nancy Bawe Planning Office Staff Engineering Office Staff Treasurers Office Staff Health Office Staff Public Terminal Supervisor Market Supervisor Brgy. Kagawad Social Welfare Staff City Mayor SP member CPDC CENRO District Supervisor North District Supervisor West District Supervisor East NGO-Representative NGO-Representative Religious Sector Representative NGO Representative ABC President Religious Sector Representative City Engineer
ECO-GOVERNANCE MINDANAO STAFF 1. Aurora Macalisang Accountant
SWAPP Staff 1. Lizette C. Cardenas Executive Director
ITINERARY OF THE STUDY TOUR:

DATE Nov. 24 Nov. 25 TIME 10:00 p.m. 9:00 a.m. SITE VISITED Arrive Manila Carmona, Cavite CONTACT PERSON/NO. Hon. Roy Loyola Mayor Carmona, Cavite (046)430-3233/430-3004 (Tel) (046)430-0817/430-1001 (Fax) Ms. Eileen Sison Executive Director IDEAS, Inc. Silang, Cavite (046)414-0297 (Tel/Fax) Hon. Elpidio S. Brazaga, Jr. Mayor Dasmarinas, Cavite (046)416-0095 loc 34 (Tel) (046)416-3898/416-0096 (Fax) Hon. Rey Aquino Mayor San Fernando City, Pampanga BRIEF FEATURE LGU-managed Ecology Center, Composting of market waste and organic farming; segregation at source; MENRO NGO-managed Material Recovery Facility (which includes composting and recycling plant), organic farming; segregation at source; collection by NGO NGO-managed Ecology Center, Composting of market waste; segregation at source LGU-managed Ecology Center, Composting Plant using market waste and slaughterhouse waste; LGU partnered with DOST; SWM Division under the Agriculture Office Sanitary Landfill using German technology
11:00 a.m.
CREST, Silang, Cavite
3:00 p.m.
Dasmarinas, Cavite
Nov. 26
9:00 a.m.
San Fernando City, Pampanga
2:00 p.m.
Metro Clark Sanitary Landfill, Capas, Tarlac
Nov. 27
9:00 a.m.
Subic Bay Solid Waste Management Program Olongapo City
1:00 p.m.
Nov. 28
9:00 a.m.
Marikina City
Ms. Lena Villarama Vice-President Metro Clark Waste Management Corporation Clark, Pampanga (045)599-6318 (Tel/Fax) Mr. Armin Santos Department Head Tourism Department Subic Bay Management Authority, Olongapo City (047)252-4197 Hon. Kate Gordon Mayor Olongapo City (047)222-8492/252-4194/2524197/252-4154 Hon. Lourdes C. Fernando Mayor Marikina City (02) 546-2360/646-1634 (Tel) (02) 646-5277 (Fax)
Controlled dumpsite; SWM office
SWM Collection and enforcement;garbage fee for households; SWM Office SWM Collection and enforcement, garbage fee for households; presence of transfer station
DATE
TIME 2:00 p.m.
SITE VISITED Rodriquez, Rizal
Nov. 29
9:00 a.m.
Bacoor, Cavite
CONTACT PERSON/NO. Hon. Pedro S. Cuerpo Mayor Rodriquez, Rizal (02) 941-6785 (Tel) (02) 649-1187 (Fax) Mr. Roland Sianghio Lacto-Asia Pacific, Inc. 0917-843-4321 Mr. Remus Villanueva Tornado Waste Management Technologies (02) 938-6952/930-7459 (Tel) (02) 939-3635/930-7479 (Fax)
BRIEF FEATURE Controlled dumpsite
2:00 p.m.
Smokey Mountain, Manila
Material Recovery Facility with composting and recycling plant; managed by the private hauler Material Recovery Facility (non-functional), managed by MMDA
Nov. 30
4:00 p.m.
Leave for Davao
GROUPINGS FOR THE TOUR: The participants were requested to group themselves into 5 groups and were assigned to report on specific dates. The following were the grouping per day: Group 1: Carmona, Silang and Dasmarinas, Cavite 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Jaime Cedullo Nancy Bawe Dubert Victorio David Salazar Catherine Leguro Team Leader Member Member Member Member
Group 2: San Fernando City and Metro Clark Sanitary Landfill, Capas, Tarlac 1. 2. 3. 4. Alex Bantillo Virgilio Paredes Pedrito Carbonilla Juvy Pasanting Team Leader Member Member Member
Group 3: Subic Bay Management Authority and Olongapo City 1. 2. 3. 4. Hon. Lino Montilla Andres Castillon Radney Ganzon Hilda Mercado Team Leader Member Member Member
Group 4: Marikina City and Rodriquez, Rizal 1. 2. 3. 4. Elias Bustamante Florenda Pabustan Adolfo Sucaldito Teresita Cabaguing Team Leader Member Member Member
Group 5: Bacoor, Cavite and Smokey Mountain MRF, Manila 1. 2. 3. 4. Tomas Robles Psyche Sucaldito Violeta Muyuela Alfredo Raido Team Leader Member Member Member
GUIDE QUESTIONS USED BY THE PARTICIPANTS: Guide questions were provided by the SWAPP Representative to guide the groups in their assessment reports per site: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Name of LGU: ________________________________________________________ Name of Resource Person: ____________________________________________ Designation of Resource Person: _______________________________________ Give a brief description of the program as discussed by the Resource Person (related the discussion to the 5 Es Engineering, Enforcement, Education, Environmental Structure and Equity/Budget) What is the Programs strengths and weaknesses? What aspect/s of the program do you perceive as applicable to your LGU?
DESCRIPTION OF SITES VISITED: 1. Carmona, Cavite Resource Persons: Ms. Bel Guinto, MENRO and Carolyn Ortiz, MENRO Staff Carmona, Cavite was adjudged as one of the winner of the Galing Pook because of its Balik Inang Kalikasan, Balik Amang Pabrika. The program is an alternative program of waste management. It features market waste composting and organic vegetable farming using the compost produced by the LGU. 4
LGU-Carmona has the following SWM components: Engineering LGU-Carmona has an Ecology Center which house the composting facility and training center. One of the projects under the SWM program is the conversion of biodegradable waste to compost and utilization in the organic farming project. Biodegradable waste from the market is collected and brought to the Ecology Center for processing in the rotary drums. For example, a 1.5 tons of bio waste will be mixed with 300 kgs. Of cocodusk and 20 kgs of activator. After maturity, the compost is used in the demo-organic farm located near the market. Vegetables produced from the organic farm are then sold in the market. Enforcement - LGU-Carmona has several ordinances to effect its SWM program. They are also collecting an environmental fee from industries for use in pollution protection. The LGU also uses volunteer enforcers who report any environment related violations. The sharing scheme for the enforcers and LGU is 50%-50%. Any penalty paid by the violators is shared with the enforcers. Education Continuous IEC campaign using house to house dialogues with the community on segregation are conducted by the MENRO Office. Environmental Structure - LGU-Carmona has established a Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office (MENRO) which handles the SWM program as well as other related environmental projects for the municipality. Environmental Equity LGU-Carmona has a budget allocation for SWM program (7 Million per year).
Strengths: Galing Pook Awardee 2002 Political will Functional Ecology Center with 7 Million budget Organic farming/demo farm using organic fertilizer (from market waste) Unity among the leaders and constituents Encourages the people to police Bantay Paligid Functional MENRO (since 1997) Environmental protection fee maximum of P5,000/year Garbage fee for commercial establishments LGU-business partnership Alliance of 5 municipalities for riverbank protection and livelihood International linkage (JICA) Strengthening of garbage in environmental management (stewardship) 3 years adjudged as cleanest and greenest in Cavite (Lingap Paligid) 5
Community-based program 003-97 Comprehensive Ecological Management Ordinance Management of waste from Industrial Estate Modern public market using push carts Creation of the BIKBAP House to house campaign on segregation 10 out of 14 barangays are substantially segregating garbage MRF (livelihood program)
Weaknesses: Absence of trash receptacles No controlled dumpsite No sufficient funds for other SWM activities No household garbage fee yet The LGU garbage collectors are competing in the collection of recycables which are supposed to be for the Ecology Center
Features Applicable to LGU Livelihood component of MRF Participation of LGU personnel in Solid Waste Management Composting/demo-farm for market waste Continuous IEC campaign Strong conviction and political will
2. CREST, Silang, Cavite Resource Person: Eileen Sison, Executive Director, IDEAS The implementation of the Solid Waste Management Program by the Municipality of Silang, Cavite is managed by an NGO, IDEAS. IDEAS and the LGU entered a 5-year contract which stated that IDEAS will implement the segregated collection of solid waste in 14 barangays and the public market. In addition to collection, the NGO also pushed for the formulation of related SWM ordinances, conducted IEC campaigns in the 14 barangays and public markets, establishment of a Material Recovery Facility, and monitoring and action planning. The Silang SWM Program has the following components: Engineering - IDEAS manages a Materials Recovery Facility located in Barangay San Miguel 2. Recyclables are sorted and sold to junk shop dealers. Biodegradables are composted using a mechanized
composting tank. Vermicomposting further enhances the decomposition process. Organic vegetable farm and training center can be found in the MRF. Unfortunately, the open dumpsite of the LGU has been issued Notice of Violation by the National Solid Waste Management Commission. Hence, there is now a problem in disposal of residual wastes. Education - Information and education activities are joint efforts of the barangay captains, government employees, Rural Health Unit, Municipal Agriculture Office and local socio-civic associations who were organized as Silang Zero Waste Action Team. Enforcement - The LGU formulated the implementing rules and regulations of Municipal Ordinance No. 93-002 mandating waste segregation at source. IDEAS and SZWAT also lobbied for the passage of the comprehensive solid waste management ordinance (SB 001, series of 99. Environmental Structure The LGU has recently created an interim Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office. But as of to date, IDEAS is still handling the collection of the municipal wastes. Equity - The LGU has an allocated budget for the collection of their municipal wastes.
Strengths: Committed NGO Technology/knowledge in Ecological Waste Management (focus on rural barangays) Presence of segregation practices (functional collection system) Linkages of populace and LGUs (barangay level) MOA with IDEAS (LGU pays IDEAS for collecting garbage, composting and capability building at P180,000/month) Existing ordinance for solid waste management Existing MRF (owned by IDEAS) including its facilities and equipment Demo farm
Weaknesses: Absence of dumping site No controlled dumpsite Absence of solid waste office/personnel Fragmented roles/responsibilities Controlled dumpsite was not utilized LGU no facilities/equipment for SWM Subsidized payment of garbage by LGU Garbage workers not using globes in picking/segregating waste
Features Applicable to LGU: Working relationship between LGU-NGO Demo farm cum training center Segregated collection on a per day basis Material Recovery Facility
3. Dasmarinas, Cavite The Solid Waste Management Program of the Municipality of Dasmarinas is similar to that of Silang, Cavite. There are two MRFs in the municipality: one is run by the NGO and the other by the LGU. The SWM project is a public-NGOcommunity partnership. The components of the SWM Program are as follows: Engineering Two Ecology Centers were established near the public markets to facilitate the collection and processing of market waste. Biodegradable wastes from two subdivisions are also collected by EcoAides and brought to the Ecology Center for processing. Education House to house campaign is undertaken to promote the program of segregation. Enforcement Segregation at source in selected pilot areas are enforced. Environmental Structure Not discussed by the resource person Equity The NGO counterpart in the program includes the use of the site and the infrastructure costs as well as food allowance for the centers fulltime workers. The LGU counterpart includes the equipments, salaries, and operating and maintenance costs of the center. The pedicabs used for waste collection were donated by the LGU, the Homeowners Association and the barangay.
Strengths: Presence of an Ecology Center utilizing the lot owned by the NGO Market waste is the main ingredient for the compost Collection of waste is paid by the LGU Sack of coconuts for shredding is paid by the vendor at P3/sack
Weaknesses: 8 Site of the composting center is near the public market Budgetary constraints No dryer for the compost No defined LGU function in the SWM program
Features Applicable to the LGU: MRF for composting Peoples/stakeholders participation LGUNGO-Community partnership in SWM activities Waste segregation and collection
4. San Fernando City, Pampanga Name of Resource Person: Ms. Myrna Manabat Municipal Agriculture Officer/Interim CENRO The SWM program of the LGU is mainly focused on composting. The technology used comes from DOST including the equipment. The LGU uses Tricoderma to hasten the decomposition process. Market Waste and wastes from the nearby slaughterhouse are also utilized in the composting process. Engineering The composting system was adopted from DOST-Los Banos. The LGU has constructed a building worth P 1 Million which was donated by DOST. It makes uses of Compost Fertilizer Activator (Tricoderma) which the Center is already formulating. The Center has a Laboratory for the preparation of the CFA. Enforcement - here is a resolution passed by the LGU on solid waste management but this is not yet fully enforced. Education The LGU conducts IEC campaign i.e. house to house campaigns Environmental Structure The LGU has no City ENRO but has instead designated the Office of the Agriculturist to handle the SWM program Equity P17 Million is allocated for the SWM Program. Income generated from the selling the compost goes to the LGU General Fund.
Strengths: Efficient management and operations of the composting center Wastes from the market and slaughterhouse fully utilized LGU-DOST partnership in the SWM program Available budget for SWM Program
Weaknesses: Long period for composting Poor enforcement of ordinance No segregation at source 9
Features Applicable to LGU: Setting up of own CFA laboratory for trichoderma production Composting using market and slaughterhouse wastes LGU-DOST partnership Simple composting materials used
5. Clark Sanitary Landfill, Capas, Tarlac Name of Resource Person: Juan Miquel Fuentes Environment Manager, Clark Development Authority The Clark Integrated Waste Management Project serves the Clark Special Economic Zone and the Province of Tarlac. The first phase of the Project is about three hectares. It features a sanitary landfill using German technology and expertise. The implementation of program is designed to minimize waste, reduce waste, encourage waste segregation and recycling. Engineering - The project uses the German technology and expertise in building the sanitary landfill. The standards being followed by the German engineers is the European standard. The sanitary landfill has a leachate collection and treatment system using reverse osmosis, gas pump station, run-off water system, retention basis, leachate storage ponds, weighbridge, multi-barrier system for groundwater protection, and gas collection system. Enforcement Not yet applicable since landfill is still under construction Education Various consultations and dialogues with the communities were conducted to hasten the social acceptability of the project. Environmental Structure The project will be managed by the German Consortium for 25 years. A Monitoring Team composed of various NGAs, NGOs, LGUs and other stakeholders will be formed to monitor the first phase of the project. Equity The Project is being funded by the Clark Development Authority as a requirement of its various consolidators in the Economic Zone.
Strengths: Landfill constructed using international standards The project will encourage investors in the Clark Economic Zone Followed the Philippine environmental process i.e. issued an ECC by DENR Uses Filipino workers such as engineers and laborers Will accommodate waste from the Clark Economic Zone and the Province of Tarlac
10
Will impose tipping fee Ideal location of the sanitary landfill Facilities being completed before operation of the landfill Support from LGUs and stakeholders were obtained before project was started Project is open for public viewing and visitation
Weaknesses: No segregation to be implemented at the start of the landfill operation 25 year contract for the operation and management by the German Consortium Cost of tipping fee may not be affordable to LGUs Technology used is too expensive for LGUs
Features Applicable to LGU: Sanitation of the site
6. Subic Bay Management Authority Solid Waste Program Name of Resource Persons: Celena Jaime, Ecology Center Staff, Cesar Alcantara, Tourism Department Head, and Adrian Delon, Dumping Master The Solid Waste Management Program is one of the programs being implemented by SBMA for its residents and consolidators. They have a rehabilitated controlled dump which is currently being used by SBMA. Engineering - The SBMA controlled dump has the following equipment and facilities present: weighbridge, wastewater treatment facility, leachate pond, and HDPE liner. There are 8 compactor trucks, 3 dump trucks, 1 bulldozer, 1 water tanker and 1 loader. Waste from the residence and consolidators is collected daily. No scavengers are allowed in the controlled dumpsite. Enforcement The SBMA Police and Forest Rangers are enforcers of the SWM policies. Citation tickets are issued to violators. Garbage fee is incorporated in the electric bill. Education SBMA conducts information drive and trainings/lectures to its constituents Environmental Structure The SBMA gas an office who handles the SWM program. There are about 60 personnel under this division. Equity The SWM Program has a P104 Million loan for the rehabilitation of the controlled dumpsite 11
Strengths: Presence of SWM policies Strict enforcement is being implemented SBMA has a Waste Management Plan Adequate manpower for their SWM Program Strict monitoring of waste that is being dumped in the disposal facility Garbage fee incorporated in electric bill Controlled dumpsite with waste water treatment facility
Weaknesses: Cant control flying liters No segregation of industrial waste
Features Applicable to LGU: Controlled dumpsite Waste collection system Monitoring of trucks going to controlled dumpsite
7. Olongapo City Name of Resource Person: Mr. Dante Ramos, ESMO Head The LGU-Olongapo is one of the pioneers of effective collection and enforcement of solid waste in the country. One of the main features of the SWM program is the application of a garbage fee at the household level thru the electric bill. It also instilled professionalism among its workers in the waste management e.g. collectors, scavengers, etc. by providing uniforms with their name and number prominently displayed for the public. Engineering The LGU is equipped with various equipments to carry out its SWM program: 2 dump trucks, 8 compactors, and bulldozer. Waste collection is undertaken by schedule. Garbage is placed in plastic bags and brought out of the residences on designated time of pick-up. Sanitary technicians handle the collection of garbage. They are provided with uniforms and shoes. The garbage collected is disposed in a controlled dumpsite. Scavengers are organized and are regulated for easy monitoring. Enforcement - The LGU has 7 sanitary inspectors with motorcycles and radios who monitor violators. Citation tickets are issued which have to be paid by the violators or community service rendered (if violator cant
12
afford to pay). Laws and ordinances are issued to implement the SWM programs. Education - The LGU conducts IEC campaigns, e.g trainings, jingle during collection, public hearings, contests, house to house campaigns Environmental Structure - The SWM Program is managed by the Environment and Sanitation Management Office. There is already a ESWM Board as required by RA 9003. Equity - The budget for SWM is P15 Million annually. The ESMO generates income from violators.
Strengths: Active participation of the residents Organized groups does segregation at the dumpsite Household segregation already practiced LGU-NGO partnership Program has received various international and local awards Strict implementation of the ordinance Political will SWM equipment are cleaned after end of the day for maintenance purposes Disciplined constituents Systematic waste collection Garbage fee for households incorporated in electric bill Different collection of recyclables done together with collection of biodegradables
Weaknesses: Dont practice composting
Features Applicable to LGU: Controlled dump management Segregated collection system/ scheme Disciplined constituents and leaders Strict enforcement of ordinances Organized SWM related associations IEC campaign at household level Presence of organized groups
13
8. Marikina City Resource Person: Gloria Buenaventura, SWM Head The SWM Program is managed by the City Waste Management Office. The program features efficient collection and enforcement of ordinances. The SWM program is patterned after the Olongapo City SWM Program. Engineering The LGU maintains the following equipment: 28 compactor trucks, 7 mini dump trucks, 6 dump trucks, 2 arm rolltrucks, 3 mechanical sweepers, 1 water tanker, 4 patrol tricycles, and 1 tree chipper. Collection is scheduled and residents are only allowed to bring out their garbage at designated time. Two trucks (one for biodegradable and one for recyclables) go around the city during garbage collection. A transfer station is usually used to transfer the contents of the small trucks to a bigger truck (which then transports it to the LGU disposal site). Garbage is placed in plastic bags only. Enforcement - The LGU has issued various SWM ordinances and policies to effectively implement the SWM activities. Citation tickets are also issued to violators by the Waste Management Office and Sanitary Inspectors. Violators are required to either pay a prescribed fee, render community service or donate blood. Garbage fees are collected from households using MERALCO billing statement. Education - Information and Education program has a budget of P1.5 M. Garbage trucks are utilized to give public announcements. Billboards are located at the sides of dump trucks. Environmental Structure - A City Waste Management Office implements the SWM Program for the City. Equity The budget for SWM as of 2002 is P47 Million.
Strengths: Extensive IEC work has changed peoples attitudes towards waste management and increases their participation in waste minimization and recycling. Established a substantial fund to support the program. Strong political will Dedicated, committed and determined civil servants, NGOs, etc. Heavy equipments maintained by capable mechanics and technicians Exemptions of public schools from garbage fees Presence of an SWM Office
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Weaknesses: No treatment of water/liquid waste Composting is not yet practiced Segregation at source just started Inadequate disposal facility Hospital wastes not properly managed
Features Applicable to LGU: Code of Good Conduct for LGU employees Discipline of community and LGU employees Incorporation of garbage fee with taxes, electric, water bills Removal of sidewalk vendors in markets Management of garbage sorters Availability of buyers for recyclables Color coding of vehicles Strict implementation of ordinances, etc.
9. Rodriquez, Rizal Resource Person: Engr. Ricardo Padilla, Wood Field Consultant The Municipality of Rodriquez through its incumbent Mayor has signified its interest to develop and construct the Montalban Solid Waste Disposal Facility. The LGU engaged a Filipino Engineering Consultancy firm to handle the construction and management of the disposal facility. The project was funded by President Gloria Arroyo through the PAGCOR funds. The Association of Sanitary Engineers is also involved in the monitoring of the facility. The facility is currently accommodating the waste of Rodriquez and some Metro Manila wastes. Engineering - The area is 14.5 hectares. The disposal facility can accommodate about 500,000 tons of solid wastes. The disposal facility is a controlled dump. There is no wastewater treatment facility yet. Liners have been placed in the facility to prevent contamination of groundwater. Schedule of dumping is from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. the following day. Enforcement - MMDA manages the overall operations of the disposal facility. The LGU, NGOs, Barangay officials, representatives of the contractors monitor the dumping activities. Child scavengers are not allowed in the facility. 15
Education Public consultations were conducted by the LGUs and MMDA to facilitate the construction and operations of the disposal facility. Environmental Structure There is an SWM Office in the LGU. Equity PAGCOR provided P200 Million for the project. Tipping fee is paid by the collection trucks to MMDA.
Strengths: Presence of heavy equipments Engaged the services of qualified engineering consulting firm to handle the project management and operations Generates income for the LGUs Controlled dumpsite Has public acceptance
Weaknesses: No segregation of wastes at source No organic composting No set schedule for scavenging No recycling No treatment of wastewater No ordinance to sustain the waste management problem Waste dumped not closely monitored by weighing, just the nearest estimate by the engineers on site Unsafe working conditions for SWM workers
Features Applicable to LGU: Funding to be provided by the government or foreign partners Use of Filipino experts for landfill management
10. Bacoor, Cavite Resource Person: Roland Sianghio, Managing Director, Lacto Asia Pacific, Inc. The private contractor for the collection of the garbage of Bacoor, Cavite established a Material Recovery Facility which houses a recycling and composting plant. The facility can process 100 tons per 8 hours of wastes. Staffs of accredited junkshop dealers are present in the facility to package the recyclables into sacks. The facility takes care of the garbage of Bacoor, Cavite.
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Engineering - The MRF has four conveyors for recyclables. Former scavengers were employed as sorters in the facility. A Greenhouse for the demogarden has been constructed in the area. Residual wastes are buried in the nearby area. The machine and technology is being provided by Lacto Asia Pacific Inc. A one-year warranty is guaranteed by Lacto Asia for the equipment. Education - Public consultation is undertaken before the project was started. Enforcement No policy on segregation at source. Environmental Structure No SWM Office in the LGU. Private contractor for collection is hired by the LGU. Equity The LGU has no direct investment in the Project. Barangay roads however, were provided to facilitate the transport of the garbage to the facility. The lot is owned by the private contractor.
Strengths: Generate employment; garbage sorters earn P200-250/day Compost production and sale of recyclables as an additional source of revenue for the contractor MRF optimize the use of the disposal facility since residual wastes is the only product that is buried in the ground Age level of workers are monitored No scavengers in the facility Other trucks pay P600/truck to the private collector
Weaknesses: No IEC No sorting at source Health impact of the project since the workers have no masks; spraying of deodorizers is blown by the wind to the workers since it is an open facility
Features Applicable to LGU: Composting Initiative of private hauler to solve garbage disposal problem
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11. Smokey Mountain, Manila Resource Person: Francis Warren Tornado Marketing Officer and Engr. Boy Gallarte, Tornado Engineer The Material Recovery Facility is one of the best constructed by MMDA. It was targeted to handle Metro Manila waste for processing into recyclables and composting. Residual wastes will then be transported to the Rodriquez Disposal Facility. It was handled and operated by Tornado Engineers. The facility was only operated about five months and closed for operation by MMDA Bayani Fernando. Engineering - The Tornado Waste Management Engineers operates and manages the facility. There are various equipment present in the facility to handle recyclable and biodegradable wastes. When the facility was operational, it had 20 sorters per machine and operating for 8 hours with 2 hours overtime for cleaning. Three trucks of waste per hour can be processed in the facility. Junkshop dealers buy the assorted recyclables at the facility. Enforcement MMDA is tasked to handle the enforcement of the facility Education Public consultation was conducted before the facility was opened. Environmental Structure MMDA is tasked with the overall management and funding for this facility. Equity - The cost of area development is P50 Million including site development, building and the equipments.
Strengths: Good equipment for recycling and composting Availability of the facility to the various junkshop dealers in Smokey Mountain Processing of recyclables and compostables
Weaknesses: No operation due to political rivalry
Features Applicable to LGU: Small scale version of MRF
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Annex 5
5A - ISWM Plan Outline 5B - Policy Analysis Guide 5C - Sample Communication Plan Matrix
Annex 5A ISWM Plan Annotated Outline
Annotated Outline of the ISWM Plan

Executive Summary Provide a summary of the recommendations in the 10-year plan, highlighting those which fulfill the requirements of RA 9003. The executive summary should indicate to what extent the plan is meeting the mandatory provisions of the law.
1.0
Introduction This introductory section should describe the primary reasons of the LGU for undertaking ISWM planning. For urbanizing LGUs, the primary reason is to allow it to address the demands of a fast growing economy. The factors (internal or external) that are bringing about this fast growth should be explained. Some evidences of growth may be cited (even if only qualitative), e.g., increase in the number of industrial, business establishments and service institutions in the past five years; increase in the income of the LGU or change in status to city; the expansion (area wise) of the central business district of the LGU; higher population growth rate (compare different time periods) and higher population density in urban barangays; increase in transient population. This section should also discuss the importance of the plan. a. To provide a firm basis and guide in making SWM-related decisions. It could be that past efforts of the LGU were largely piecemeal, inefficient/ineffective, inadequate (some previous SWM activities may be cited). b. To be able to comply with RA 9003 which requires LGUs to come up with a 10-year ISWM plan. Cite other requirements of the law.
2.0 2.1
ISWM Planning and Legitimization Process Objectives of ISWM Planning This should describe what ISWM planning, as a process, would provide. (Note: The objectives listed here differ from the objectives listed in Section 5.) a. Provide an analysis of the LGUs physical, socio-cultural, and economic features, current SWM practices and programs, and waste generation data to serve as basis for defining SWM options. b. Recommend criteria for evaluating SW management options.
c. Provide an integrated set of management interventions that are in accordance with the requirements of RA 9003 d. Provide the basis for prioritizing and programming investments in SWM e. Recommend appropriate organizational and other implementation arrangements, including the involvement of various sectors in plan implementation f. Provide for good governance practices (transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making) in plan implementation arrangements. 2.2 Plan Formulation Process Mention that this is the process that was followed in preparing the plan, with TA provided by EcoGov. In the sections that follow, discuss the TAP practices adopted during the different stages of plan preparation. 2.2.1 Formation/Reconstitution and Orientation of the Solid Waste Management Board Discuss the importance of Board formation as the first step in the planning process. Describe the actions that resulted from the orientation (issuance of EO to create/reconstitute the Board and adoption of working protocols). Highlight if this activity provided the basis for identifying the civil society members of the Board. Put in Annex A the following documents: a) EO creating or reconstituting the Board and b) the working protocols agreed upon by the Board. 2.2 2 Solid Waste Management Assessment Describe the purpose of the assessment (i.e., establish current practices, baseline data on waste generation and diversion), the methods used (FGD, survey, field assessment) and the value of the information for planning. Identify the sectors (municipal LGU, barangay LGU, DENR, NGOs, commercial establishments, youth, etc.) involved in the assessment. Indicate if the results of the assessment were presented to the Board, SB/MDC or stakeholder groups. For the documentation of SWM practices of households and establishments: a) describe the focus of the activity; b) describe how the sample was determined (if survey is undertaken); c) describe how the focus group discissions of FGDs were organized. Mention interviews conducted with junkshop owners, itinerant buyers of waste materials, scavengers, and collection crew to validate data generated on marketable wastes; and specific special waste generators to document their practices in the disposal of both THW and their municipal waste. For the LGU survey, describe the focus of the survey/study and identify who were respondents for the LGU. Put the LGU SWM profile (using the format prescribed
by the Solid Waste Commission) as Annex B. If the assessment covered barangay LGUs, mention the specific or number of barangays and the focus of the barangay-level assessment. For the seven-day waste characterization (major waste sources): a) mention that the sample used was the same as that for the survey of SWM practices of households and establishments, b) identify other sources that were covered, e.g., markets, parks and open spaces, ports, etc., c) outline the general procedure for waste collection, segregation and measurement, and d) indicate the major considerations in determining seven-day study period (e.g., market day, payday, etc). For waste characterization (end-of-pipe): a) describe sampling scheme adopted in relation to the LGUs garbage collection system, b) identify the waste sources that are covered by the sample taken (this will be based on the route of the garbage collection trucks, and c) outline the general procedure for waste segregation and measurement. If market wastes are collected separately from other wastes, describe how samples were taken for characterization. Indicate the data processing that was done and the types of quantitative data that were generated: weight and volume of wastes generated (per day) by type of material (bio-degradable, non-degradable, residuals, special waste); components of wastes generated by different sources; per capita estimates of waste generation, disposal and materials recovery; composition, volume and weight of end-of-pipe waste; and baseline of % waste diversion. Refer to Annex C for the sampling plan and the summary tables on results of the survey and waste characterization. Mention other data gathered and analysis done such as those on the physical and socio-demographic characteristics of the LGU, on economic trends in the region/province and within the LGU which have relevance to SWM planning and on the LGUs CLUP and investment plans. Mention if the results of the analysis were presented to and discussed by the Board and/or SB/MDC. 2.2.3 Cross Visit Discuss the purpose of the site visit, the duration of the cross visit and those who joined the trip (need not list the names). Identify the sites visited and the SWM best practices that are being showcased in these sites (can be shown in a table).
2.2.4
SWM Options Analysis Identify the decision areas/points for which management options were identified. Indicate who were involved in identifying the options, how many options were identified and what criteria were used to evaluate them. Discuss how the socioeconomic and environmental impacts were identified and applied in decisionmaking. Describe how the preferred option was eventually selected and indicate if the option analysis results were presented to the Board, SB/MDC and stakeholder groups for approval. Refer to Annex D for the options analysis.
2.2.3
Plan Preparation Discuss the activities undertaken in preparing the plan document: workshops/ writeshops, consolidation and review of first draft, validation of the draft with key stakeholder groups, refinement of draft plan, consultations, presentations to the ESWM Board and DENR, review and production of final draft. Indicate those who were involved in the planning phase and indicate if sub-teams were formed for the preparation of specific components of the plan.
2.3 2.3.1
Formal Legitimization Process Plan Validation Describe how the plan was validated with key stakeholders and decision-makers (in addition to the public hearing being required by the MDC). If the public hearing was conducted: the sectors represented in the hearing, who presented the plan, the focus of discussions/questions (most important issues raised), and aspects of the plan that required refinement as a result of the public hearing. The attendance list and the documentation of the public hearing should be attached to the plan (Annex E).
2.3.2
Presentations to and approval by the MDC/CDC and SB Describe how the draft plan was presented to the MDC/CDC, and SB and other bodies (e.g., ABC), their reactions/comments on the plan and any revision done on the plan as a result of the presentation. Put in Annex F any documentation of the presentation/discussion and the resolutions passed by the MDC/CDC and SB endorsing the plan.
3.0
Key Consideration in Preparing the ISWM Plan (Situational Analysis)
3.1
Locational and Physical Features of the LGU (This section is important to determine impact areas of poor SWM by the LGU, opportunities for LGU clustering, physical constraints to establishment of disposal facilities). Highlight the following: a. location of the LGU and how it is related to neighboring LGUs in terms of their physical features (e.g., within one watershed, off-site impact areas, etc) b. topographic/geologic/climatic features which may constrain (e.g., high rainfall area, poor soils, flood prone, steep slopes, critical watersheds) or favor the establishment of disposal facilities within the LGU A map showing the boundaries of the LGU, the major river system that runs through it, location of major urban center (CBD) and location of existing and proposed disposal facility would be helpful.
3.2
Accessibility (This is important to determine if there are access constraints to the marketing of recovered/processed waste materials, to the establishment of inter-barangay or inter-LGU common facilities, and to the delivery of SWM services within the LGU. This information is also useful in making decisions on road infra investments that may be necessary in support of SWM.) Provide an assessment of how far and well-linked (road system) the LGU is to its neighboring LGUs, particularly those which are being considered for SWM clustering with the LGU. Also indicate accessibility to existing markets of recyclables (outside the LGU). Plans to improve the road system within the next five years should be indicated. A road network map showing road links with barangay centers, adjacent LGUs and market would be helpful. Also provide an assessment of the transport linkages between the various barangays to the LGU center and how this would facilitate/constrain establishment of central/linked SWM facilities. Indicate if there are plans to improve the road network in the next five years.
3.3
Socio-Demographic Features (This section will be important to project the population that will be serviced by the LGU and the increase in waste generation by households within the 10-year period. It will also indicate other characteristics of the population that are important in developing SWM interventions opportunities/constraints, focus areas for SWM management, IEC, etc.)
Population for the Period 19xx-2000 Present data on population growth and population density of LGU for at least two census years, with barangay breakdown. Identify specific barangays where population growth and density is highest. Inclusion of a settlement map (base map can be taken from the CLUP) showing where the population concentrations are, including subdivisions, would be helpful. Population Projections (10-Yr Plan Period) Show the projected population growth for the ten-year plan period (using NSO projections on annual growth rates) both municipal/city and barangay levels. Identify the key factors/important assumptions considered in making the projections. If transient migrant population is significant, provide estimates. Given the current and projected distribution of population among barangays and the per barangay population density, determine which barangays will become urbanized within the next five and ten years. Other Socio-Demographic Data If data is available, include an analysis of the current poverty situation in the LGU: households with incomes below the poverty line (use regional poverty threshold if LGU has no established threshold). It would also be helpful if there is a map that would show location of low, middle and high income population centers within the urban centers. Describe ethno-cultural features of the LGU which have bearing on SWM. Identify what the leading causes of mortality and morbidity are and see if these are in any way caused by poor sanitation/improper waste disposal. Indicate if there have been cases of diseases in any part of the LGU which is due to poor sanitation, particularly in areas where population density is high or where waste disposal facilities (dumpsites) are located Indicate the literacy rate of the LGU population. If schools are considered important for IEC, indicate existing educational facilities in the LGU and if they have any programs/subjects/ activities that relate to solid waste management. 3.4 Economic Sectors (This section will indicate what sectors will be major waste generators and the kind of wastes that can be expected in the future, given the projected development path of the LGU.)
Current Situation Identify what are major economic sectors of the LGU at present (agriculture, trade and commerce, services, manufacturing, etc) and any significant trends in the past five years (e.g., changes in mix of major agricultural products, increases in the number of service establishments, establishment of large factories/malls, construction of a market, etc.) If data on the changes are available (e.g., number of establishments/institutions), these should be included in the write-up. Projected Scenario What is projection of LGU with respect to its key sectors? What major changes are likely to happen during the plan period? The CLUP and municipal/ provincial/regional investment plans should be examined to determine these (e.g., expansion of agricultural areas, planned establishment of industrial center or a processing plant). Determine external forces (outside the LGU) which can propel or limit the growth of the LGU. A map showing location of barangays and which project the spatial development of economic sectors (refer to CLUP maps) would be helpful. It would also be helpful if the municipal/ city LGU can project against this map the coverage of their current and future (by 5th year and by 10th year) SW collection areas. 3.5 Solid Waste Generation Current Situation This should provide a summary of the analysis of the waste characterization data presented in summary tables, charts and graphs: weight and volume of wastes generated (per day) by type of material (bio-degradable, non-degradable, residuals, special waste); components of wastes generated by different sources; per capita estimates of waste generation, disposal and materials recovery; composition, volume and weight of end-of-pipe waste; baseline of % waste diversion.. In the discussion of the key results of the analysis, point out their significance to SWM planning. Refer to Annex C for the detailed waste characterization data. Projected Scenario Present projections on waste generation (by barangay, total for LGU) given the 10-year population projections, per capita waste generation and estimated % of population to be covered by the LGUs collection system. Discuss implication of these data on SWM planning. Refer to Annex G for all the projections made for planning purposes.
3.6
Current SWM practices of Various Waste Generators Urban Centers/Barangays (Covered by SW Collection) Present the highlights of the SWM assessment, focusing on these three sectors. For households and establishments/institutions, describe common practices in the disposal of solid waste. Determine if there are differences in the SWM practices of urban and rural households, and high, middle and low-income households. Identify if there are communities and establishments which have initiated recycling and other innovative SWM projects and assess their effectiveness. Indicate presence of junkshops and buyers of recyclables in the LGU (include a list of junkshop owners and buyers) and the flow of recyclables from junkshops/buyers to processors (which may be within or outside the LGU). Identify institutions/establishments in the LGU which are generating special waste and indicate if they have the required SWM facilities for these special wastes. This can be summarized in a table (name of institution, year established, special wastes generated, disposal system). Present any feedback from households and establishments re the efficiency of services provided by the LGUs and any indication of their willingness to pay (or pay more) for LGU services. Rural Barangays (Outside SW Collection Area) Describe solid waste management practices in barangays not covered by LGU collection.. Indicate if barangay LGUs have their own SWM programs or facilities.
3.7
LGU SWM Services and Resources Describe current services and resources a. what SWM services are being provided by LGUs (municipal and barangay) and how these are being provided (in-house, use of volunteers, contracted out to private sector, BOT, etc) existing facilities (MRFs/recycling, disposal) and how these are being managed; capacity per design, current use of facilities (compared to its capacity or design) the current LGU SWM organization and manpower; capabilities to manage SW program, staffing and training needs the analysis should cover all aspects of SW program, including collection, management of dumpsites/disposal sites, maintenance of vehicles, collection of fees, IEC, ordinance enforcement, etc.
b.
c.
d.
budget (for the past 5 years) and sources of funds (general fund, 20% development fund, garbage collection fees, others). Detailed listing of assets and costing should be placed in Annex C (FCA tables).
Include discussion of IEC and other SWM programs that the LGU has implemented over the same period and assess their effectiveness. Identify SWM ordinances that the LGU has passed; describe enforcement mechanisms/arrangements and indicate their effectiveness and/or constraints. Identify other SWM projects/investments that have been approved and with assured funding. Also indicate experiences in sourcing funding from external sources. Describe experience in generating revenues from SWM services, with a summary of revenues generated in the past five years. 3.8 Local Institutions Identify agencies, institutions, NGOs, community organizations/POs and other civil society groups that are currently or can potentially be involved in SWM and their resources that can be tapped (money or in kind). Indicate LGUs experiences with multi-sectoral involvement in SWM activities.
4.0 4.1
Vision, Objectives, Strategy and Targets Vision and Mission State the vision statement that was crafted for SWM. If available, also state the mission of the LGU with respect to SWM.
4.2
Goals and Objectives Goals refer to the higher order objectives of the SWM program these are the long-term development goals to which SWM contributes. These would mainly be health/productivity improvement and environmental protection. Objectives refer to the more specific objectives of the plan (what the LGU seeks to achieve within the 10 year plan period). The objectives statements may reflect the major implementation strategies that will be adopted (e.g., to mobilize civil society and private sector support to SWM; to establish a network of barangay MRFs.). The objectives should also reflect principles of good governance (transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making) and sustainability (technical, institutional and financial).
4.3
General Strategy Describe in more detail the preferred option (by stages) that is discussed in Annex D. In the discussion of each SWM stage, highlight how the preferred option meets the requirements of RA 9003 (match with the mandatory provisions).
4.4
Plan Targets List the specific plan targets. Targets should indicate the expected output (quantified, if possible) and when such will be accomplished. More detailed targets should be set for the first five years of the plan; more general targets for the succeeding five years. Make sure that the targets include the mandatory provisions of RA 9003 such as: closure of open dumps, establishment of sanitary landfill, segregation at source, and waste diversion. If targets are unable to satisfy mandatory provisions, provide explanations. List and discuss the important assumptions made in setting the targets.
5.0
ISWM Plan Components The plan will have four components: engineering (5.1), education (5.2), enforcement and incentives (5.3), and economic enterprises (5.4). For each component, describe the following: a. overall objective of the component b. scope of the component, taking into account the requirements of RA 9003. Refer to the implementing rules and regulations of RA 9003 for the specifics that need to be covered in each: RA 9003 Engineering Requirements Source Reduction Recycling Composting Collection and Transfer Processing Final Disposal Special Wastes Education Enforcement and Incentives Economic Enterprises
c. recommended strategies to implement the component, including strategies to put into place good governance practices and ensure technical, institutional and financial sustainability d. specific activities to be undertaken and indicative schedules
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e. indicative costs over ten year period
6.0 6.1
Implementation Arrangements Organization Describe the proposed organization for SWM program: policy level, SWM management level, and operations level. Identify the responsibility centers for specific tasks and describe their specific accountabilities. Describe how and within what period such will be put into place. Indicate desired staffing level, plan for staff recruitment (phased; one-time recruitment), and critical training needs. Identify sectors which will be involved, how linkages with other sectors will be established and how multi-sectoral inputs and activities will be coordinated.
6.2
System for Procurement and Contracting Identify the services or major equipment items that will be procured over the plan period (this will be derived from the description of the components) and the SWM services that will be privatized. Describe the system for procurement and contracting that will be followed and the mechanism that will ensure that such are followed. Make sure that such procedures are in accordance with the new procurement law. Highlight good governance elements in the proposed systems.
6.3
Performance Monitoring Identify the important milestones, outputs and outcomes/results that will be monitored. Describe how reporting will be done (within LGU and from LGU to constituents highlight TAP practices); identify responsibility centers for M and E; indicate incentives/sanctions that will be given/imposed for good/poor performance. The M and E section should indicate how the LGU intends to monitor its annual performance with respect to waste diversion (law requires 25% within 5 years).
7.0 7.1
Financing the Plan Investment and Operating Costs Provide a summary (with annual breakdown) of the financing requirements to implement the 10-year plan. Present the summary in two ways: a) by SWM stage; and b) by major cost category: investment costs and operating and maintenance costs. The latter is to include personnel costs. Use the standard government accounts in presenting the budget. Use current costs without adjusting for
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inflation or general price changes. Detailed cost estimates (with cost standards used) should be attached as Annex H. Indicate which years will require heavy investments and the reasons for this. Indicate the trend of the level of operating costs. Discuss how plan implementation will be funded (general fund, 20% development fund, external sources grants, loans; partnership with private sector; BOT). Present the current and projected (ten years/plan period) IRA and 20% development fund of the LGU and indicate % that will be allotted to SWM. Mention how other costs, beyond what can be funded from the IRA/20% development fund, will be financed. 7.2 Revenue Generation If revenues are to be expected from SWM operations, show the projected incomes over the 10-year plan period. Separate the projections for different types of revenues. Clearly indicate assumptions made in preparing the projections. 7.3 Cost-Revenue Analysis Present an analysis of the cost and revenue figures, by comparing the two in order to determine how much of the costs can be covered by the expected revenues. Revenues can be compared with a) operating costs alone, and b) total of operating and investment costs. Revenues from a specific SWM operation/stage may be compared with the costs associated with the particular operation/stage. Clearly state the conclusions and recommendations arising from the analysis.
8.0 8.1
Year One Action Plan and Budget Priority Activities in Year 1 Describe what will be the major focus of Year 1 of the plan. Describe the milestones/major outputs that are expected on the initial year. From the activities listed in the components and implementation arrangements, cull out those that will be undertaken in Year 1. It may be necessary to list also some of the intermediate steps (more detailed activities) that will be necessary. These activities should be presented with a bar chart showing the implementation period of each activity over the 12-month period.
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8.2
Year 1 Budgetary Requirements Summarize the budget required for the first year. These may be taken from the overall financial plan. Indicate sources of the required budget.
Annexes: A SWM Board (copy of the Executive Order creating/reconstituting the Board and copy of the agreed working protocol) LGU SWM Profile (form is included in the SWM assessment kit) Summary tables on results of the survey and waste characterization (generated during data analysis workshop; description of sampling plan.) Decision Tree and Options analysis (Pros and Cons) Documentation of Public Hearing (to include attendance sheet and summary/highlights of discussions) Plan Legitimization (to include summary/highlights of discussion during presentation to MDC and SB; copies of MDC and SB resolution) Projection Summaries Detailed Costs Estimates
B C
D E
G H
Note: The above are suggested annexes. The LGU can include more annexes than what is listed above.
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Annex 5B GUIDELINES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF SWM ORDINANCES Prior to the formulation of the policy support component of the Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Plan, it is important that LGUs do an analysis of their existing ordinances. The compilation, summary and analysis of these policies will be made part of the situational analysis of the ISWM Plan. The analysis will have two objectives. These are: 1) identifying gaps in terms of the requirements of Republic Act No. 9003 also known as The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR); and 2) identify aspects in the ordinances where good governance practices can be integrated. The LGU technical working group (TWG) should form a sub-group for this specific activity. This sub-group shall be tasked to undertake the compilation and summary of existing ordinances, and their analysis. The gaps identified in the analysis will indicate the types of ordinances that the TWG should include in the Policy Support Component of the CRM plan. The output of this activity will thus be used as inputs to the preparation of the policy support component of the ISWM Plan and to the actual policy formulation. The sub-group should include the Chair of the SB/SP Environment Committee and the ABC President. It is critical that sub-group members undertake a thorough review of RA 9003 and its IRR before starting the analysis of ordinances. In performing the analysis, it is recommended that the following guidelines be observed: I. Analysis to identify gaps in terms of the requirements of Republic Act No. 9003 and its IRR: Section 10 of Republic Act No. 9003 provides that pursuant to the relevant provisions of RA 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code, the LGUs shall be primarily responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the provisions of the said Act within their respective jurisdictions. In addition, Section 4, Rule XIX of the IRR of Republic Act No. 9003 provides that local government units shall be required to legislate appropriate ordinances to aid in the implementation of Republic Act 9003 and in the enforcement of its provisions. The said Section 4 further provides that specific measures to implement and enforce Section 48 (Prohobited Acts) of the Act should be included; provided, such ordinances shall be formulated pursuant to relevant provisions of RA No. 7160. It is against this backdrop that this analysis will be conducted. It will basically address these questions:
1. Does the LGU have existing ordinances on solid waste management?? 2. Are the existing ordinances of the LGU on ISWM consistent with the provisions of RA 9003 and its IRR? 3. Do the existing ordinances support or provide for the implementation and enforcement of the provisions of RA 9003 and its IRR? Use the attached guide (Annex A) for the detailed analysis of ordinances. II. Analysis to identify gaps in terms of good governance in the ordinances enacted. The second aspect of the analysis will focus on the identification of gaps in terms of good governance, particularly with regard to the principles of transparency, accountability, and participatory decision-making. Refer to Annex B for the Guide to the Analysis of Governance Features, which defines these three principles and provides examples on how they can be put into place. This analysis will be conducted on existing ordinances enacted by the LGU on ISWM. In the absence of such ordinances, this part of the analysis will not be undertaken. Instead, this portion may serve as a guide in the preparation of ordinances specifically with regard to the provisions on transparency, accountability and participatory decision-making. For this part of the analysis, the relevant questions are: 1. Does the ordinance contain provisions that prescribe transparency? 2. Does the ordinance clearly identify the centers of responsibility? 3. Does the ordinance provide who shall be held accountable for actions and decisions? 4. Were the stakeholders involved in the preparation of the ordinance? 5. Does the ordinance provide mechanisms by which the stakeholders can participate in the decision-making process? Annex C provides the detailed guide for the conduct of this particular analysis.
Annex A. Matrix for analysis of ordinances re: compliance with RA 9003 and IRR ISSUE NO YES
Does the LGU have existing ordinances on solid waste management? *(If response to this question is yes, answer the succeeding questions) 1. ISWM office or organization Does the ordinance create or establish an office that will have primary responsibility for the management of solid waste on the LGU? Does the ordinance state the composition or structure of the office? Does the ordinance state the powers and/or functions of the office? 2. Segregation Does the ordinance require the segregation of solid waste? Does the ordinance prescribe the requirements, guidelines or mechanisms on how segregation of solid waste will be done? Does the ordinance prescribe the requirements, guidelines or mechanisms on how segregation of solid waste will be done? Does the ordinance state the additional requirements on segregation for premises containing six (6) or more residential units as provided in RA 9003? Does the ordinance state the additional requirements on segregation for commercial, institutional and
DETAILS
(If yes, state ordinance number, year and title)
(State ordinance number, year and title) (If yes, state the provision of the ordinance)
(If yes, state the provision of the ordinance)
(If yes, state the provision of the ordinance) (State ordinance number, year and title) (If yes, state the provision of the ordinance) (If yes, state the provision of the ordinance)
(If yes, state the provisions)
ISSUE
industrial establishments as provided in RA 9003? 3. Materials Recovery Facility Does the ordinance provide for the establishment of a materials recovery facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangays? Does the ordinance prescribe the time frame for the establishment of the MRFs? Does the ordinance provide guidelines for the establishment of MRFs (eg location, size, type, etc.? Does the ordinance provide guidelines for the operation of MRFs? Does the ordinance state what support the LGU will give to the barngays in the establishment of the MRFs? 4. Reclamation program and buy-back center Does the ordinance provide for the establishment of a reclamation program and buy-back center? 5. Collection and Transport Does the ordinance state who shall be responsible for the collection and transport of solid waste? Does the ordinance specify the roles and responsibilities of the LGU, Barangays, and other groups in the collection and transport of solid waste? Does the ordinance provide guidelines for the collection and transport of solid waste? (eg, safety, sanitation)
NO
YES
DETAILS
(State ordinance number, year and title) (If yes, state the provisions)
(If yes, state the provision of the ordinance) (State ordinance number, year and title) (If yes, state the provisions)
(State ordinance number, year and title) (If yes, state the provisions) (If yes, state the provisions)
ISSUE
6. Disposal Does the ordinance contain provisions on disposal facilities? Does the ordinance provide for the closure of open dumps (if such is the existing disposal facility of the LGU)? Does the ordinance provide the time frame for the closure of the open dump? Does the ordinance provide for the establishment of a controlled dump or the conversion of the open dump into controlled dump? Does the ordinance provide the time frame for the establishment of the controlled dump? Does the ordinance provide guidelines for the establishment of the controlled dump? Does the ordinance provide guidelines for the operation of the controlled dump? Does the ordinance provide for the establishment of a sanitary landfill? Does the ordinance provide guidelines for the establishment of the sanitary landfill? Does the ordinance provide guidelines for the operation of the sanitary landfill?
NO
YES
DETAILS
ISSUE
7. Incentives Does the ordinance provide incentives for compliance with its provisions or for participation in solid waste management plans and/or programs? 8. Financing Does the ordinance state how solid waste management projects of the LGU will be financed? 9. Procurement Does the ordinance prescribe guidelines or rules for the procurement of services, materials, and equipment to be used in solid waste management? 10. Solid Waste Management Fund Does the ordinance provide for the establishment of a solid waste management fund? Does the ordinance state who shall manage the fund?
NO
YES
DETAILS
(State ordinance number, year and title)
(State ordinance number, year and title) (If yes, state the provisions) (State ordinance number, year and title) (If yes, state the provisions)
(If yes, state the provisions) Does the ordinance provide guidelines for the management of the fund? Does the ordinance provide for reporting on and auditing of the fund? Does the ordinance specify the source of the fund? Does the ordinance set the ceiling on the amount that can be availed of from the fund to finance allowed projects? Does the ordinance provide the process for availing the fund? (If yes, state the provisions)
(If yes, state the provisions) (If yes, state the provisions)
ISSUE
11. Solid Waste Management Fees Does the ordinance require payment of fees for solid waste management services rendered by the LGU? Does the ordinance state where the collected fees will go? Does the ordinance state who are required to pay the fees? Does the ordinance provide the schedule of fees to be paid? Does the ordinance provide the manner of payment or collection of the fees? Does the ordinance provide for adjustment (increae or decrease) of fees? Does the ordinance impose penalties for late or nonpayment of fees? 12. Prohibitions and Penalties Does the ordinance prohibit certain acts? Does the ordinance impose fines and/or penalties for violation? Does the ordinance provide the procedure to be followed in case violations of the ordinance are committed? Have there been any recorded incidents of violations?
NO
YES
DETAILS
(State ordinance number, year and title) (If yes, state the provisions) (If yes, state the provisions)
ISSUE
Have there been any recorded apprehensions, prosecutions, or impositions of fines and/or penalties for violations? 13. Enforcement Does the ordinance provide mechanism/s to aid in its enforcement? Does the ordinance designate or identify the group/s responsible for enforcement? Does the ordinance specify the powers and responsibilities of the group responsible for enforcement? Does the ordinance provide for the institutional relationship/s of the enforcement group with other groups or agencies? 14. Appropriation Does the LGU include the funds needed to implement the ordinance in its annual budget?
NO
YES
DETAILS
Annex B. Guide to the Analysis of the Governance Features (Transparency, Accountability and Participatory Decision-Making) of Resource Management Interventions TRANSPARENCY
Definitions Transparency is the extent to which the general public has credible and reliable information about the state and conduct of affairs of a government unit or public agency. Transparency is indicated by the predictability that the residents of a government unit, or the publics of an agency, are able to avail of timely, relevant, accurate and complete information on the decisions and actions they make and do.
ACCOUNTABILITY
Accountability is the degree to which the officials and staff of a government unit or of an agency can be predictably held responsible for their decisions and actions and for the performance of their staff and offices. Accountability is indicated by the extent (1) the lines and centers of (a) command and control (vertical accountability) and (b) checks and balances (horizontal accountability) are clear to all concerned, (2) the standards of conduct and procedures of due diligence are being observed by officials and staff, and (3) the sanctions being imposed for violations of standards and procedures are clear Who will be responsible for particular actions and decisions? Are these roles and responsibilities clearly defined in plan documents, ordinances, and orders? How will performance be monitored and evaluated? How will good performance/ observance of procedures be recognized? Are there clear sanctions for violations of standards and procedures?
PARTICIPATORY DECISIONMAKING
Participation is the degree that the general public, especially key stakeholders and marginalized groups (low income groups, indigenous peoples, women, farmers and fishers, and religious minorities) are predictably able to have access and opportunities to influence the decision or action of a government unit or public agency. Participation is indicated by the extent that stakeholders and publics outside their roster of officials and staff shape the decisions of a unit or agency. It is indicated by how less the officials and staff exercise discretion over decisions and actions.
Guide Questions for the Analysis/ Design of TAP Interventions
How is information on LGU actions and decisions, generated, analyzed and disseminated to the general public? Does the public have easy access to these means? When is the information disseminated? (before the decision/action; after the decision/action; only when demanded) Is the information provided current, complete and accurate?
How are the stakeholders of a particular activity identified? Are they sufficiently represented? How do the stakeholder groups participate in decision-making at various stages of project planning and implementation? How are incentives for participation of each stakeholder provided?
TRANSPARENCY
Some Examples of Governance Mechanisms Posting of proposals/plans/zoning maps, ordinances, and proceedings in public bulletin boards Periodic publication of performance audit reports, financial statements, reports on license/permit issuances, results of transactions/bidding Publication/announcement of meetings and public consultations/ hearings well ahead of schedule Publication of systems and procedures, selection criteria IEC on local legislations enacted
ACCOUNTABILITY
Clear definition of roles and responsibilities Clear sanctions and incentives Clear schedule of activities and performance standards/key result areas M and E of plan implementation Periodic performance audit
PARTICIPATORY DECISIONMAKING
Public consultations/hearings prior to decision-making/legitimization Multi-sectoral representation in committees, working groups, management councils, enforcement groups Consensus building (e.g., visioning, resource uses, selection of sectoral /civil society reps); establishment of conflict resolution mechanisms Community validation of resource assessments results, issues, plan priorities Participatory M and E; community feedback system
10
Annex C. Matrix for analysis of ordinances re: Good Governance elements ISSUE NO YES
1. Transparency Does the public know of the existence of the ordinance? Does the ordinance contain mechanisms by which its provisions will be made known to the public? Of specific concern are the provisions that deal with: Licenses and permits, including the requirements for the same Procedure involved in obtaining licenses and permits Grounds for denial of applications Grounds for cancellation of licenses or permits issued Office, agency or body that will serve as the responsibility center for the implementation and/or enforcement of the ordinance/s Activities allowed Fees Prohibited acts and penalties Does the ordinance provide for dissemination to the general public of subsequent acts undertaken pursuant to the ordinances? Some examples of this are: Publication of the list of areas available for utilization by the residents Publication of the list of licenses and/or permits issued including the updated lists Does the ordinance state the means or how the information, such as those listed above, will be disseminated to the general public? Does the public have easy access to these means?
DETAILS
(If yes, state the mechanisms)
(If yes, state the provision)
11
ISSUE
Does the ordinance provide when the information will be disseminated to the public? 2. Accountability Does the ordinance identify who will be responsible for particular actions and decisions? Are the roles and responsibilities of those responsible for the particular actions and decisions clearly defined in the ordinance? Does the ordinance provide the mechanisms on how the performance of those responsible for actions and decisions will be monitored and evaluated? Does the ordinance provide how good performance or observance of procedures by those responsible for actions and decisions will be recognized? Does the ordinance have clear sanctions or punishments for violations of standards and procedures by those responsible for actions and decisions? 3. Participatory Decision-Making Were the stakeholders involved in the formulation of the ordinances? Do stakeholders have access and opportunities to participate in or influence the decisions or actions of those responsible for such decisions or actions in the implementation and enforcement of the ordinances? Does the ordinance provide how the stakeholders are identified? Are the stakeholders sufficiently represented?
NO
YES
DETAILS
(Provide details)
(Provide details)
(If yes, state the provision) (If yes, provide details. If no, state the reasons)
12
ISSUE
Do stakeholder groups participate in decision-making? Are there incentives for participation of stakeholders?
NO
YES
DETAILS
(If yes, provide details. If no, state the reasons) (If yes, state how these incentives are provided)
13
Annex 5C. Sample Communication Plan Matrix
Key issues (needs, current practices)
Objectives by target audience
Key activities
Channels
Key message concept
Time frame
Responsible person/agency
Resources Needed
Indicators of impact

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I

NTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT TRAINING GUIDE

The ISWM Training Guide

The ISWM Training Guide

About The ISWM Training Guide

The ISWM Training Guide

The ISWM Training Guide

The ISWM Modules in Summary

Orientation on Governance in SWM/TWG Formation

ESWM Board Formation, Reconstitution and Orientation

Vision and Strategy Formulation

Formulation of ISWM Components Engineering IEC Policy Support Economic Enterprises

Formulation of Management & Financing Arrangements

Board Review of Draft Plan/Endorsement to MDC/SB

Module 2 Module 3 Module 4

Implementation of ISWM Actions

The ISWM Training Guide

Module 1: Governance in Solid Waste Management

Module 2: ESWM Board Formation and Orientation

Module 3: Solid Waste Management Assessment

Module 4: Study Tour

Module 5: SWM Plan Formulation and Legitimization

The ISWM Training Guide

The ISWM Training Guide

The ISWM Training Guide

Environmental Governance Actors

Prerequisites of Effective Environmental Governance

Environmental Governance: Key Concepts and Principles

The ISWM Training Guide

Environmental Governance Elements

The ISWM Training Guide

Why Environmental Governance in ISWM

Who are involved in governance of ISWM?

Key ISWM Decisions and Actions Requiring Good Governance

The ISWM Training Guide

EcoGov Results Framework and Key Performance Indicators

Interactive Assemblies Letters of Intent MOAs nd LGU commitments

VI. Overview of EcoGov Technical Assistance in ISWM

The ISWM Training Guide

Expected Module Outputs

The ISWM Training Guide

The ISWM Training Guide

General Situation of Solid Waste in the Philippines

Health Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Handling and Disposal

Environmental Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Handling and Disposal

Definitions of Key Terms

Guiding Principles for SWM

VII. Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management and Corresponding Technologies

The ISWM Training Guide

VIII. Hierarchy of Methods

Declaration of Policies Role of LGUs in SWM

Incentives: Rewards and Incentive Schemes (fiscal and non-fiscal) Financing

SW management fees National SWM Fund Local SWM Fund

The ISWM Training Guide

The ISWM Training Guide

Expected Module Output

SUB-MODULE 3A. ORIENTATION ON ASSESSMENT AND SAMPLING METHODS

The ISWM Training Guide

The ISWM Training Guide

The ISWM Training Guide

Large sample formula: n= z a/2 * s E

The ISWM Training Guide

Checklist of Basic Data Requirements I. Geographic and Physical Features