CDP Imphal

City Development Plan: Imphal
1.1
Introduction
C h ap t e r 1 I nt r o duc t i o n t o C i t y D e ve l o pme nt P l an & A p p r o ac h
Manipur one of the seven sisters of the North East is located in the slopes of the Sub-Himalayan Ranges in the North East of India at latitude 23.80 N to 25.68 N and longitude 93.03 E to 94.78 E. Manipur has been the home of rich culture and heritage and is often described as the Jewel of India. The region is bound by Nagaland in the north, Mizoram in the south and Cachar district of Assam in the west. In the east it shares an international border with Upper Burma (presently, Myanmaar). .
Map 1.1: Location of Manipur
Imphal Municipal Council
Government of Manipur

Described by Lord Irwin as the 'Switzerland of India', Manipur boasts of an exotic landscape with gently undulating hills, emerald green valleys, blue lakes and dense forests. Manipur, literally meaning the land of jewel, is a paradise on earth where Mother Nature has been extra generous in her beauty. And from the very inception, this princely state of Manipur has always been a shining outpost of the country.
Imphal, the capital city of Manipur is a rapidly growing urban area and a bustling town. It is the centre of all cultural, commercial and political activities in the State. It is a small and picturesque city and is a attractive tourist attraction. Imphal lies in the valley of the Manipur River and is surrounded by the North-Eastern hills. Imphal is the only Class I City in the State and is the centre for cultural traditions, festivals, as well as commerce.
Map 1.2: Location of Imphal

Imphal Municipal Council, which is spread over an area of 30.75 Sq. km, has a total population of 2,21,292 spread over East and West Imphal Districts. The Imphal Urban Agglomeration also takes into account fringe areas and has a total population of 2,50,234.
The break up of the population under Imphal Urban Agglomeration covered by the City Development Plan in line with the applicability of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission is as follows:
Area Imphal Municipal Council Area (West District) Imphal Municipal Council Area (East District) Fringe Area (Outgrowth) in West District Outgrowth/Census Towns incl in East District Total Population (Imphal Urban Agglomeration)
Table 1.1: Population of Imphal Urban Agglomeration
Population 150595 70897 11711 17031 250234
With growth in urban population, growing population density and scaling up of activities, there has been substantial stress on the available infrastructure. The stress in the Infrastructure is reflected by the state of the basic infrastructure such as road, water, sanitation and drainage, which are grossly inadequate, and requires substantial development and investment. The ability of the State to provide basic services to the urban population requires substantial institution building and investments.
1.2
Overall Urbanisation in India and Trends
According to the 2001 census, India has a population of 1027 million with approximately 28% or 285 million people living in urban areas. As a result of the liberalization policies adopted by the Government of India, the share of the urban population may increase to about 40 per cent of total population by the year 2021. It is estimated that by the year 2011, urban areas would contribute about 65 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
820 700 583 473 372 159 217 285
Population (Millions)
109 62.4 78.9
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051
Table 1.2: Projected Urbanisation
However, this higher productivity is contingent upon the availability and quality of infrastructure services. Urban economic activities are dependent on infrastructure, such as power, telecom, roads, water supply and mass transportation, coupled with civic infrastructure, such as sanitation and solid waste management.
Cities and towns in India constitute the second largest urban system in the world, and contribute over 50 per cent of the countrys GDP. They are central to economic growth. For the cities to realise their full potential and become effective engines of growth, it is necessary that focused attention be given to the improvement of infrastructure. This requires a Mission led initiative to be implemented on a time bound basis. In view of this the Government of India has launched the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in FY 2005-06; with an aim to create economically productive, efficient, equitable and responsive cities, The mission rest on the postulate that in order to make cities work and meaningfully contribute to the countrys economic growth and poverty reduction objective, it is essential to create incentive and urban reforms both at state and city level, appropriate enabling framework enhance the credit worthiness of the Municipal governance and integrate the poor with service delivery system. The objectives of the JNNURM are to ensure that the following are achieved in the urban sector:
(a) (b) (c)
Focussed attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered under the Mission; Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew of reforms for long-term project sustainability; Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;
City Development Plan: Imphal (d) (e) (f) (g)

Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and urban corridors leading to dispersed urbanisation; Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to the urban poor; Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion; Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security.
The objectives of the Mission shall be met through the adoption of the following strategy: (1) Preparing City Development Plan: Every city will be expected to formulate a City Development Plan (CDP) indicating policies, programmes and strategies, and financing plans. (2) Preparing Projects: The CDP would facilitate identification of projects. The Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) / parastatal agencies will be required to prepare Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for undertaking projects in the identified spheres. It is essential that projects are planned in a manner that optimises the life-cycle cost of projects. The life-cycle cost of a project would cover the capital outlays and the attendant O&M costs to ensure that assets are in good working condition. A revolving fund would be created to meet the O&M requirements of assets created, over the planning horizon. In order to seek JNNURM assistance, projects would need to be developed in a manner that would ensure and demonstrate optimisation of the life-cycle costs over the planning horizon of the project. (4) Release and Leveraging of Funds: It is expected that the JNNURM assistance would serve to catalyse the flow of investment into the urban infrastructure sector across the country. Funds from the Central and State Government will flow directly to the nodal agency designated by the State, as grants-in-aid. The funds for identified projects across cities would be disbursed to the ULB/Parastatal agency through the designated State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) as soft loan or grant-cum-loan or grant. The SLNA / ULBs in turn would leverage additional resources from other sources. (5) Incorporating Private Sector Efficiencies: In order to optimise the life-cycle costs over the planning horizon, private sector efficiencies can be inducted in development, management, implementation and financing of projects, through Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangements.
It is thus recognized that Urban Social and Economic Growth is largely dependent on development of infrastructure, such as transportation, water supply, sanitation and solid waste management. For the cities to reach its potential and to develop truly as Growth Centers, a longterm vision, an assessment of the present status of the region, focused strategies and action plan needs to be developed. At the same time, Urban Local Bodies needs to be strengthened in order to make them independent and self-sustaining so that they are capable of developing and implementing sustainable projects on their own. ULBs also need to develop systems to ensure that they remain transparent and accountable.
The North Eastern States are largely characterized by medium to low level of developments, which are reflected in low per capita income, poor economic base, limited industrial development. The States however are endowed with rich natural resources. Side by side the region is also endowed with rich cultural and heritage background.
1.3
City Development Plan
The preparation of City Development Plan (CDP) is a pre-requisite for accessing funds under JNNURM. The CDP is both a perspective and a vision for the future development of a city it indicates: Where a city is now? Where it wants to go? Vision, goals What are its priorities? How can it reach there? What interventions are required?
The CDP would provide a framework and vision within which projects can be identified and implemented. The goal of CDP is to create an economically productive, efficient, equitable, and responsive cities.
1.4
City Development Plan for Imphal
Imphal is the only Class I City in the state of Manipur and is the centre of economic and social activity. The city is also the Gateway of North East India. Given the criticality of the region, there is strong requirement to develop physical infrastructure in order to drive the development process forward. At the same time, the growth in population places severe strain on urban amenities and infrastructure such as housing stock, public transport system, water supply, rubbish collection (solid waste), sanitation and sewerage systems. Also, unplanned development leads to

unplanned growth and clustered settlements. A large number of their citizens are deprived of the basic urban services. Urban environment also gets severely affected. .
Imphal City reaffirms its commitment to develop and implement strategies and programs with an aim to bring about focused development in infrastructure and provide its citizens a high quality of life and universal access to basic urban amenities while maintaining the rich cultural and heritage base of the city.
As a first step to this end, a City Development Plan (CDP) has been prepared, which is both a vision document as well as a Perspective Plan. The City Development Plan is anchored on the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission goal on economically productive and efficient cities. The Plan has been developed with the assistance of IL&FS Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited. The CDP focuses on development of the infrastructure and builds up strategies that deal specifically with issues affecting the urban poor, strengthening of municipal governments, their financial accounting, budgeting systems and procedures, creation of structures for bringing in accountability and transparency, and elimination of legal and other bottlenecks that have stifled the land and housing markets. It provides a basis for cities to undertake urban sector reforms that help direct investment into city-based infrastructure.
The principles of sustainability are fundamental to this approach and it is recognized that Assets created out of this Plan needs to be maintained in order to contribute to its potential. The objectives of the CDP shall be accomplished by a series of programs and schemes, which has been identified and included in the Plan.
It is recognized that the CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To this extent, the Plan will be continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing aspirations of its people.
1.5
Process Followed for CDP Preparation
APPROACH TO FORMULATION OF CITY DEVELOPMENT

Review of available data, reports and surveys on the city and initial consultations with the stakeholders.
1 2
Discussion with Government Officials, Identified Stakeholders to Understand the Opportunities, Strength, Risk and Weaknesses of Imphal
F I N A L C I T Y D E V E L O P M E N T P L A N I M P H A L
Data collection conducted on different parameters followed by reconnaissance surveys, field visits like Demography, economy, Land use, environment, basic infrastructure facilities and Institutional framework
1 Consultative Workshop to identify demand/gaps in infrastructure and felt needs of the people as well as aspirations.
st
5 6 7
Preparation of Draft City Development Plan taking in to account the above 1,2,3,4 points and peoples perception in line with the Mission Objective.
2 Consultative Workshop; Finalisation of Vision and Strategies and Options based on vision and Prioratisation.
nd
3 Consultative Workshop; Discussion with different Stakeholders, concerned line departments, selected eminent citizens for finalization of consideration of the above points
rd
the
CDP taking in to
1.6
Stakeholders Views and Concerns
The CDP is an output of a wide-ranging consultation with key stakeholders. At the first stage, a vision for the future development of the city was developed which was a shared development in the medium perspective.
There was almost unanimity of the concerns of the people. The stakeholders particularly representing the civil society were severely concerned at the lack of basic amenities and disamenities (negative amenities). There was a strong plea for planned development, decentralization, decongestion and/or expansion in a planned manner. There was also concerns of hazards such as uncollected garbage/solid waste; heavily polluted Nambul River, choked drains, lack of sewerage; scanty drinking water; water logging/floods during monsoon; off season droughts.
It was clear from the workshops and also substantiated by analysis, that there was a severe lack of basic services to the citizens. In terms of priority, Sewerage and drainage, decongestion and transportation, Water and Environment Protection were given high priority. The requirement was listed a safe and adequate 24x7 water and power supply, effective sewerage and drainage covering each zone, most accessible and systematically arrayed roads with outer/inner roads, mixed land use with adequate open space as to minimize traffic congestion, optimize accessibility, provide greener/sunnier living; well planned schools, systematic parking and shopping complexes for each zone. The services need to be delivered on a time bound basis to fulfill the strong aspirations of the people.
There was a complete unanimity on the importance of maintaining the culture and heritage of the City. The city needed to be well developed and organized but also retain its spiritual culture and heritage culture.
There was also a plea to develop Greater Imphal on an integrated manner so as to reduce the pressure on Imphal City.
One of the critical issues raised by the Stakeholders was empowerment and capacity building of the Municipal Council. There was an acceptance that the municipal council needs to carry out a reform process so as to make it more responsive and accountable to the general people.
J JN NN NU UR RM M s t s t s t Consultative Workshop 1 1 Consultative Workshop I IM MP PH HA AL L
10
J JN NN NU UR RM M n d n d n d Consultative Workshop 2 2 Consultative Workshop I IM MP PH HA AL L
11
J JN NN NU UR RM M r d r d r d Consultative Workshop 3 3 Consultative Workshop I IM MP PH HA AL L
12
Some of the Speakers of the Workshops
13
1.7
Objectives and Overall Goals
The overall goals of the Plan shall form the strategic priorities of the region and is aimed at achieving its vision.
The overall vision of the region based on the discussions with the Stakeholders Meet is
Making Imphal City a vibrant, well administered and developed city while maintaining and further developing its transcending character as a ceremonial and spiritual city, rich in culture and heritage and providing its Citizens a comfortable and secured life by Developing and making available basic infrastructure services and efficient delivery framew orks to all its citizens so as to ensure that they are able to live a comfortable and quality life; Development of fringe areas and improve the regional linkages in the context of Indias Look East Policy; Endeavour to further develop the rich cultural heritage of the city Developed strong framew ork for Urban Governance and Institutional
Development; Addressing Vital Issues of Urban Sociology in a multi-ethnic city.
Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme

The overall goals and visions are in turn integrated into strategic aims of what the Region seeks to achieve in the lifespan of the Mission. These form the basis for the various identified schemes and programs as well and formulation of policies to be taken up over the Mission Period.
Strategic aims for each of the sectors have been provided in this City Development Plan (CDP). In order to achieve these aims a series of interventions in the form of schemes and programme have been identified. These schemes and programs have also been included under the various sections of the plan.
14
Imphal has a very strong heritage and cultural background. It is recognized that preservation of the unique culture and heritage of the city is important and all projects and action plans need to take into account this background.
It may be recognized that CDP is a dynamic document and has been designed to be responsive to ever-changing requirement of its citizens. To this extent, the Plan will be continuously reviewed and developed to ensure that it is in line with the changing aspirations of its people.
1.8
City Investment Plan (CIP)
Based on the overall vision of the region, sectoral vision and present status, the CIP identifies specific interventions in the form of projects that can be implemented over the JNNURM period of seven years. These comprise a mix of short, medium and long-term projects. The CIP also include a block estimate of the said projects and the institutional and financial mechanism for implementation of the respective projects. The identification of the projects shall be an ongoing process and shall be in line with aspirations and needs of the people.
1.9
Adoption of CDP
The Final City Development Plan was prepared after taking into account the various views and was adopted by Imphal Municipal Council.
15
C h ap t e r 2 I nt r o duc t i o n t o t he R e gi o n
Chapter 2: Introduction to the Region 2.1 Introduction to Imphal Urban Agglomeration
Imphal, the capital city of Manipur, is situated at the centre of the valley of Manipur state. Imphal is the biggest urban settlement and the only class I city in the region. Primarily an administrative city, Imphal is of prime importance to almost all the urban centres and settlements surrounding it. NH 39 connects the city with Myanmar in the east and Nagaland in the North. Though the city has air connectivity with important cities like Delhi, Kolkata and Guwahati, it does not have any railway connectivity. The nearest railway head is at Dimapur in Nagaland.
Imphal Municipal Council, which is spread over an area of 30.75 Sq. km, has a total population of 2,21,292 comprising municipal area in East and West Imphal. The Imphal Urban Agglomeration also takes into account fringe areas and has a total population of 250234.
The break up of the population of the Area covered by the City Development Plan and in line with the applicability of the Mission is as follows:
Area Imphal Municipal Council Area (West District) Imphal Municipal Council Area (East District) Fringe Area (Outgrowth) in West District Outgrowth/Census Towns incl in East District Total Population (Imphal Urban Agglomeration)
Table 2.1: Population of Imphal Urban Agglomeration
Population 150595 70897 11711 17031 250234
16
Map: 2.1: Imphal City Map
2.2
Population
Imphal Urban Area recorded a population of 2,50,234 as per the Census of 2001 registering a decadal growth rate of 26.04% and comprising nearly 10% of the entire state's population.
Population State/District/Town Manipur Imphal West Imphal East Imphal Civic Status State District District Urban Agglomeration Male 1095634 221781 198371 123859 Female 1071154 222601 196505 126375 Total 2166788 444382 394876 250234
Table 2.1: Break-up of Population Source: Census 2001
17
2.3
Location
The city of Imphal is located at the longitude 93.57o E and latitude 24.50o N. Located nearly at the centre of the Manipur valley, Imphal is generally flat, elongated and tapering towards the south. Surrounded by hillocks (about 1500-2000 mt high), Imphal is at an average elevation of 790 m above mean sea level. Imphal River, Nambul River and Kongba River is running in the northsouth direction and are having numerous tributaries through the town. The town is below the high flood level of Imphal River. The physiographic character has significant influence on the population growth pattern in the Imphal city. Major growth has taken place towards the south along the highways. The growth along the north, east and northwest has been restricted by hills.
2.4
Climate of the Region
Imphal enjoys salubrious climate. The valley usually experiences a cool and pleasant climate. January is the coldest months while April-May is the hot season for Imphal. The prevailing wind direction during summer is from south and southeast to northwest.
The Range of temperature and rainfall is as below:
Maximum Temperature during summer: Minimum Temperature during the winter: Average temperature Average Rainfall in the area:
36 Degree Centigrade 0 Degree Centigrade 20.4 Degree Centigrade 1413mm.
Source: www.imphalwest.nic.in
2.5
Soil Profile of the Region
The soil in Imphal region is fertile land and is mainly made up of alluvial soil of recent origin. The soil is mainly made up of shallow black, brown and alluvial soils which have been technically classified as Udalfs-Ochrepts and Orchrepts-Aquepts-Fluvents.
2.6
Industries
There are no large or medium scale industries in Imphal. Handloom weaving is the traditional household industry. Female work participation rate in the sector in over 60%. Skilled artisans in trades of imitation jewellery and silver works are also found in certain pockets in the region.
18

General trade establishment comprises more than 90% of trade and commerce activity in the region. In Imphal, there were more than 3389 registered commercial establishments, out of which 80% are located in the core area. Retail shops are located along the Thangal Road, Raona Road, Bir Tikendrajit Road and Gandhi Avenue. There are few local shopping areas around the municipal area such as Kwakeithel, Singjamei, Kongba, Checkon, Lamlong, Naoremthong and Tera bazaar. There are Nuphi Keithal (Womens Market) in the core area and the periphery of the city.
Factories and Industrial Units Agartala Aizawl Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima Shillong 36 1439 115 507 177 27 80 321
Total Units in the state 2884 4668 385 45193 5779 4750 1119 4599
% to total state units 1.2 30.8 29.8 1.1 3.1 0.6 7.1 7
Table 2.2: Manipur Physical Map
19
ject report
Map 2.2. Physical Map
Map 2.3: Forest Map of Manipur
20
C h ap t e r 3 S o c i o an d D e m o gr ap h i c P r o f i l e
3.1 Background
This section analyses and presents the social and demographical profile of the city of Imphal. Data has been obtained from Census data; various surveys conducted by IMC, ADB (NERUDP) as well as published data. The data has been computed based on available census data for the Municipal Council Area. In areas where trends for population of fringe areas are not available, trends for the Municipal Region has been followed.
3.2 Overall Population & Growth Rate

Imphal with a total population of 2,50,234 (Census 2001) is spread over 27 wards in two districts, namely Imphal East and Imphal West. It contributes to more than 29.81 % of population of these two districts and 11.54 % of the entire states population (21, 66,788).
Population State/District/Town Manipur Imphal West Imphal East Imphal Civic Status State District District MC Male 1095634 221781 198371 123859 Female 1071154 222601 196505 126375 Total 2166788 444382 394876 250234
Growth rate (1991-2001)
17.94 16.69 19.49 11.56
Table 3.1: Total Population

Source: Census 2001
21
City Development Plan: Imphal 3.3 Decadal Growth Rate
The State of Manipur had experienced decadal population growth rate of around 17.94% during 1991-2001, which is though lower than the national average of 22.66 %. The decadal population growth rate in the two districts, namely Imphal West and Imphal East, among which IMC is spread was 16.69 % and 19.49 % respectively during 1991-2001. In this backdrop, Imphal Municipal Corporation has recorded a decadal population growth rate of 11.56 % during 19912001 preceded by a significantly higher decadal growth of 26.76% during 1981-91.
Decadal Grow th Rate-Im phal
1 00.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 1 0.00 0.00
gr owt h r at e
1 961
1 971
1 981
Ye a r
1 991
2001
Table : 3.2 Decadal Growth
22
Decadal growth of the various districts is presented in the graph below.

Decadal Growth Rate (2001-1991)
70.00 60.00 50.00
30.00
29.24
29.36
23.87
17.94
15.26
10.00 0.00
16.69
19.49
26.04
20.00
28.83
66.41
Imphal West Ukhrul Churachandpur Imphal East * Tamenglong Bishnupur Chandel Manipur Thoubal
40.00
Sources: Census 2001 and Individual district website
Figure 3.1: Decadal Growth 1991-2001
3.4 Population Density

The population density in Imphal recorded at 7,202 persons per sq. km as compared to the states density of 97 persons per sq.km of area. With only 0.13% of the total area, Imphal Municipal Corporation area contributes to more than 10% of the states population. The density has been significantly and sharply growing over the last few decades as shown in the figure below.
Population Density
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
Senapati (Excluding 3 Sub-Divisions)
Imphal Munipal Corporation
density
7203
3000
6456 5093
2000
3924 2689
1000
0 1961 1971 1981 Year 1991 2001
Table 3.3 Trend of Decadal Growth
23
Region India West Bengal Manipur District Imphal Municipal Corporation Area
Density 2001 (Persons per Sqkm) 324 904 97 7202
Table 3.4: Population Density Comparative Scenario Source: Census 2001
The population density in the Imphal city has already crossed 7202, comparable with much larger municipal area. In addition, the density is likely to cross 9500 persons per sq.km of area if the population grows as estimated. The forecasted population density in Imphal is given below (Fig 3.4.1)
12000
10000
9587 8716 7923
8000
7203 6456
6000 Density Predicted Density
4000
2000
1991
2001
2011
2021
2031
Figure 3.5: Predicted Population Density Source: Based on forecasted population
3.5 Population Projections

In the last five decade, the North Eastern Region has witnessed drastic demographic change due to several historic and economic reasons. On one hand, certain states have witnessed decline in population growth rate whereas on the other hand, for certain states urban population growth rate has gone up drastically. This clearly indicates that the growth trend has not stabilized over the years.
24
State Arunachal Pradesh Assam Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Sikkim Tripura
U NA
1951-61 R T NA NA 2.7 2.2 1.8 2.9 5.3 1.4 5.7
U 0
1961-71 R T 3 3.3
U 9.1
1971-81 R T 2.7 3.1
1981-91 U R T 10.3 2.5 3.2 2.1 2.4 2.8 0.0 4.3 3.4 2.5 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.4 4.6 2.5 3.0
U 7.2 3.1 1.2 3.2 3.3 5.4 5.0 2.6
1991-01 R T 1.4 2.4 1.6 3.2 2.5 1.9 5.0 2.7 1.3 1.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 5.1 2.9 1.5
8.5 37.2 7.2 7.4 16.6 9.6 9.2
3.0 5.1 2.9 3 3.3 2 2.1 3.4 3.0 7.6 2.7 3.2 10.3 1.2 2.9 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.9 2.8 5.1 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.1 10.2 1.6 2.3 12.4 2.4 4.0 10.1 5.7 10.4 2.9 3.4 8.9 3.5 4.1 5.6 1.6 11.1 2.0 2.6 10.0 3.4 4.2 -3.2 6.0 4.7 3.0 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.8 6.5 Table 3.6: Population Density Comparative Scenario Source: NERUSP Project report
In a similar fashion, Imphal, the capital city of Manipur has also experienced growth in population due to a mix of factors including annexation, natural growth and migration but the change in the growth rate has been declining significantly. The decadal growth rate has declined during 19912001 from 45.94% during 1961-71. In the meantime, the density in the Imphal city had already crossed 7202 persons per sq.km of area in 2001. Considering relevant factors including Imphal remaining the only major urban centre in Manipur, high population density, urban migration, amongst others, it has been estimated that the population will continue to grow in the Municipal corporation area with the decadal growth rate stabilizing at around 10% for the next few decades. Based on the estimation, the projected population is given below.
Year
1961 79510
1971 116034
1981 156622
1991 198535
2001 250234
2011 275257
2021 302783
2031 333061
Table 3.7. Population Trends for Imphal Municipal Corporation Area

Source: Prediction based on Census Data
The population in the Municipal Corporation area is estimated to cross 3.33 lakh within 2031. Though the figure is not extremely high but considering the area under the corporation and expected growth in business development, it would create huge pressure on the city.
25
Actual & Predicted Population

350000
300000
250000
200000 333061.454 Population Predicted Population 302783.14 2021
150000 250234
0 1961 1971 1981 1991 Year 2001 2011 2031
79510
50000
116034
156622
100000
Fig 3.8: Projected Population Source: Census 2001
3.6 Population Distribution

The growth pattern of Imphal city is highly influenced by its physiographic character. The major growth of the city has taken place towards the South, particularly along the highways. The growth in North, East and North West is restricted by hills. Low-lying areas restrict the growth on the east. The existing population density of Imphal is pyramidal. The density is higher in the central area, especially on South, and hence major population density is in the southern part.
3.7 Migration
The North East Urban cities have been experiencing significant in-migrant population. The table below shows that cities like Guwahati; Agartala has witnessed huge in-migrant population in 1991. In Imphal, the in-migrant population figure was 1,98,535 accounting for 8.05% of the total population in 1991.
Agartala In Migrants Total Pop (1991) % of migrants to total pop 47042 157358 29.89
Aizawl 26568 155240 17.11
Gangtok 1104 25024 4.41
198535
Guwahati 140885 584342 24.11
275257.4
Imphal 15991 198535 8.05
Itanagar 4745 16545 28.68
Kohima 9576 51418 18.62
Shillong 26172 131719 19.87
Table 3.8: In-Migrant Population in 1991
Source: NERUSP Project report
26
3.8 Urbanization
Urbanisation in Manipur district has been skewed. In several districts including Senapati (excluding 3 sub divisions), Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul, the entire population resides in rural areas. Meanwhile, share of urban population in the Manipur state in 2001 was around 26.58%, clearly indicating that the urban population was concentrated in the remaining districts. Out of the two districts among which the Imphal Municipal Corporation area is divided, share of urban population in Imphal West was highest at 55.51% whereas the corresponding figure for Imphal East was relatively higher at 27.43%.
% o f Urba n P o pula t io n
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
35.87
20.00
36.05
55.51
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Figure 3.9: Urban Population Share

Source: Census 2001
Data further shows, the level of urbanisation in Imphal West is much higher as compared to Imphal East. Urban/Rural ratio in Imphal West stood at 1.24:1 against Imphal Easts comparable figure of 0.37:1.
27
0.00
12.64
10.00
26.58
27.43
Urbanisation Scenario
2500000 2166788 2000000
1590820 1500000 Population 1000000
575968 500000 444382 197699 246683 394876 286566 108310 0 Total Rural Manipur Urban Total Rural Imphal West Urban Total Rural Imphal East Urban Urban Imphal Muni. Corp 250234
Figure 3.10: Urban Population Scenario Manipur
The level of urbanisation in the Imphal city has been significantly and steadily growing over the past few decades.
28
3.9 Sex Ratio

The following figure provides details of the Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) of Manipur State and the districts since 1971. The Sex Ratio for Imphal district (i.e. Imphal East and Imphal West) stood at 998, higher than the state corresponding figure of 978. The Sex Ratio in the district has recorded significant growth over the previous decade, 973 (1991). The Sex Ratio of the Imphal Municipal Corporation area is significantly higher than the district and state average at 1017.
Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)
1050
998 998 1017 978 951 944 981
1000
993
950
922
2001
916
1991 1981 1971
900
850
800 Churachandpur Tamenglong MANIPUR (Excl. 3 Sub-divisions) Senapati (Excluding 3 Sub-Divisions) Imphal Municipal Corporation Bishnupur Chandel Thoubal Imphal Ukhrul
Figure 3.11: Sex ratio Source: SRS Website and Census 2001 data
29
City Development Plan: Imphal 3.10 Literacy Rate
The following table represents a brief picture of the general educational standards of people in the Imphal Municipal Council area. Over 78% of the population in the Imphal Municipal Area is literate which is significantly higher than the state average of 60%. Following similar trend, 83% of the male population and 73% of female population are literate in the Imphal Municipal Council area as compared to state average figure of 68% and 52% respectively.
Total Literate Imphal Municipal Council (%) Manipur (%) 78.43 60.48
Total Illiterate 21.56 39.51
Male Literate 83.94 68.76
Male Illiterate 16.05 31.23
Female Literate 73.02 52.00
Female Illiterate 26.97 47.99
Table 3.10: Literacy Scenario in Manipur and Imphal
Source: Census 2001
3.11
Workforce Variance
Census 2001 shows that the ratio of working to dependent population comes out to be 1:1.3 for the state. The ratio though is higher in case of the Municipal Council area recording around 1:1.97.
Work force distribution

1000000 900000 800000 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0
945213
TOT_WORK_P MAINWORK_P MARGWORK_P
659364
285849
74370
64807
Manipur Total
Imphal M Corp. Urban
Fig : 3.12 Source: Census 2001
30
9563

The following figure further shows, that only 1% of the main working population are involved in casual and agricultural sectors whereas 8% is involved in household sector.
Main Workers Profile-Imphal
1% 1%
8%
MAIN_CL_P MAIN_AL_P MAIN_HH_P MAIN_OT_P
90%
.
Figure 3.12: Distribution of Main Work Force
Source: Census 2001
3.11 Expenditure Variance

The following tables show the monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) for urban and rural areas of Manipur. MPCE provides a signal of the purchasing capacity of the population residing in Manipur state. Urban Manipur - Monthly per capita expenditure MPCE (Rs) 261-451 451-521 521-601 Group ST 16.82 11.21 14.02 SC 23.08 7.69 7.69 OBC 9.56 12.97 13.31 OTHERS 19.05 20.24 15.48 Rural Manipur - Monthly per capita expenditure MPCE (Rs) <352 352-412 412-471 Group ST 27.78 13.33 12.73 SC 0 19.44 27.78 OBC 4.73 11.49 11.49 OTHERS 4.64 15.46 13.92
Source: NSS Data & State Government Website
601-682 13.08 15.38 20.14 10.71
682-751 751-942 9.35 15.38 20.14 12.7 14.95 7.69 16.72 14.68
>942 20.56 23.08 7.17 7.14
471-521 14.72 19.44 19.59 9.28
521-591 591-702 9.72 22.22 24.32 18.04 12.5 8.33 14.19 20.1
>702 4.17 2.78 14.19 18.56
31
4.1
Background
Chapter 4 Economic & Industrial Base
The North Eastern Region is characterized by low level of economic and industrial activities. Majority of the urban population in the region is engaged in service, both Government and Private (as depicted in the following table); Imphal does not produce any significant consumer goods. Most of the items are imported from other states by roadways.
City
Service
Shop Owners
Labour & Daily Wage Earners
Business
Others
Agartala Aizawl Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima Shillong Total
58.5 51.9 68.6 72.2 56.9 65.5 66.2 54.5 64.3
25.2 11.5 8.6 9.7 13.7 10.7 6.6 14 11.5
0.6 16.7 7.1 3.7 15.4 1.7 2.4 4.7 5.8
5.9 10.4 4.3 6.2 9.5 3.7 9.7 3.9 6.8
9.9 9.6 11.4 8.3 4.6 18.5 15.2 23.0 11.6
Table 4.1: Distribution of Employees by Category in major urban cities

4.2
Industry
The industries are not a major economic driver of any of the major urban centres in the region, with Imphal not being an exception
32
Factories and Industrial Units Agartala Aizawl Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima Shillong 36 1439 115 507 177 27 80 321
Total Units in the state 2884 4668 385 45193 5779 4750 1119 4599
% to total state units 1.2 30.8 29.8 1.1 3.1 0.6 7.1 7
Figure 4.2 Registered Factories and Industrial Units in NE urban cities

Handloom weaving is a traditional household industry with female work participation rate of over 65%. Traditional skilled artisans, especially in silk spinning and weaving are mainly concentrated in Chingmeirong, Singjamei and Chingamakha area. Skilled artisans in trades of imitation jewellery and silver works are concentrated around Keisampat, Kwakeithel and Singjamei Bazar area. The area has one industrial estate set up at Takyelpat. The industries in the region are mainly producing plastic items, paper and surgical equipment.
In order to facilitate rapid and substantial industrial development in the State through enhanced investment, an investor-friendly environment, provision for infrastructure and institutional support, attractive incentive package and optimum utilisation of existing resources amongst others, the state government formulated the New Industrial Policy of Manipur in 2002.
The aim is to achieve the desired goal by providing industry access to high quality infrastructure, extending institutional support for technology up-gradation, deregulating the business environment for an efficient, proactive and transparent administrative frame-work and catalyzing the entrepreneurial as well as creative capabilities of the human resources. Some of the major goals are to create gainful employment for local population, promote export-oriented industries, encourage large and medium industries in public, private, joint and assisted sectors, develop food processing industry by facilitating forward and backward linkages.
33
4.3
Trade & Commerce
General trade establishments comprise over 90% of trade and commerce activity in the region. In Imphal, there are more than 3389 Registered Commercial Establishment, out of which 80% are located in the core area. Retail shops are located along the Thangal Road, Raona Road, Bir Tikendrajit Road and Gandhi Avenue. There are few local shopping areas around the municipal area such as Kwakeithel, Singjamei, Kongba, Checkon, Lamlong, Naoremthong and Tera bazaar. There are Nuphi Keithals (Womens Markets) in the core area and the periphery of the city.
General Trade % share Agartala Aizwal Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima 2768 3475 1056 55000 3212 1362 2384 94.6 91.2 96.8 96.5 94.8 96.9 94.6
Hotel/Restaurant/ Confectionery shop/ tea shop % share 159 335 35 2000 177 44 135 5.4 8.8 3.2 3.5 5.2 3.1 5.4
Shillong 2489 94.5 144 5.5 Table 4.3. Registered Trade Establishments in 2001-01
34
City Development Plan: Imphal 4.4 Agriculture

Manipur state is predominantly an agricultural economy. As per data available with State Government, the share of agriculture in the state income has declined from 45.6% in 1980-81 to 24.7% in 2003-04 and is a serious concern.
Over 57% of the states working population is comprised of cultivators and agricultural labourers.
Meanwhile, the four valley districts, which cover 10.02% of total geographical area, include 73.18% of total agricultural land. But due to swelling population, it is becoming more and more difficult to expand agricultural area. Paddy is by far the most important crop in the region followed by maize and different type of millets, pulses and beans, mustard and seasum, sugarcane, cotton, yams and sweet potatoes, pineapples and many other kinds of fruits and vegetables.
4.5
Tourism
Tourism is one of the most important sectors in this region with immense potential. Table 4.7.1 shows that Imphal city received a significant number of tourists during 2001-02. Data further showed that there were 49 hotels in Imphal with average rent ranging between Rs 150-300 per day. The hotels experienced average occupancy between 65% and 70%.
35
A comparative table of occupancy of major hotels in the major northeast cities are given below:
Domestic Agartala Aizwal Gangtok Guwahati Imphal Itanagar Kohima Shillong 156475 25000 146923 1000000 73482 8452 29952 178697 International 1280 7757 6000 131 106 920 2390
Table 4.4 : Tourist inflow in the major cities in the NE Region in 2001-02 Source: NERUSP Project report
At present the places open to foreign tourists are: Loktak Lake, Moirang; INA Memorial, Moirang; Keibul Lamjao Wildlife Sanctuary, Waithou Lake, Thoubal; and the Khongjom War Memorial, Thoubal. The places open to foreign tourists in groups are: (a) Imphal-Bishnupur-PhubalaMoirang-Sendra-Keibullamjao-Imphal. (b) Imphal-Moirang-Loktak Lake-Keibullamjao-
Churachandpur-Khuga Imphal, (c) Imphal-Ukhrul-Siroi-Sangsak-Imphal, (d) Imphal-ThoubalWaithou Lake-Khongjom-Kakching- Thonjao-Waikhong-Sugnu-Imphal, (e) Imphal-KhonghampatKanglatombi-Kangpokpi-Senapati-Karong-Mao Khongshang- Nungba- Jiribam- Imphal Gate-Imphal, and (f) ImphalNoney-
4.6
Workforce
Majority of the population in Imphal city is engaged in administrative and other related services. Census 2001 data shows that the ratio of working to dependent population comes out to be 1:1.3 for the state. The ratio though is higher in case of the Municipal Council area recording around 1:1.97.
Data further reveals that 87% of the working population in Imphal city area belongs to the category of main workers whereas the remaining are marginal workers. Share of main workers category in the city is higher than state corresponding figure of around 70%.
Table 4.6.1: Working Population Details

Population Imphal 250234 Total Working Pop 84785 Male Working Pop 52116 Female Working Pop 32669
Table 4.5 Workforce Source: Census 2001
36
Chapter 5 Environment & Disaster Recovery Plan

5.1 Background
Rapid urbanization can create enormous stresses on the natural environment. These stresses extend far beyond the land that urban areas actually occupy to affect the land that provides the resources to sustain urban life. Urban areas claim the ecological output and life support functions of both nearby areas and distant regions.
The growing rate of population in the townships of the Planning Area is a prime example of the effect of urbanization. Environmental impact of urban areas is often invisible to urban residents themselves because the ecosystems that support them are far away. Thus as urban areas expand, so does their environmental impact.
The number of urban households is growing at a faster rate than the population on account of the trend for having nuclear families with a decline in the average number of people per household. More households increase the amount of land and materials needed for housing construction.
Economic growth is accompanied by the commensurate increase in amount of waste generated per person. In many cases, the waste is dumped in open sites, including wetlands that are not able to contain seepage into local waters.
With the growing population density in urban areas and steep growth in the population trends, the ULBs are likely to face major challenges in maintaining the ecological balance and sustaining the development processes at the same time. The effect of this would lead to impacting of: Public Health: Unclean water, poor sanitation, air pollution, heavy metals and other contaminants will cause widespread health problems; Food Supply: Population pressures degrade considerable areas of arable land; Freshwater: The supply of freshwater deteriorates with population growth; Biodiversity: Economic growth affects biodiversity and pushes animal and plant species towards extinction; Global Climate change: Global warming has become a serious problem
37
5.2
Situation Appraisal and Action Taken
As there are no major industrial activities in Imphal, the level of pollution is lower than that of other centers. However, it has been noted that urban planning and land use regulation are not followed in several cases and this has an adverse affect on the environment. There is a need to develop an environmental management plan for improving the environment of the city.
The specific objectives of the study are:
Mapping of characteristic and environmental profile of the project cities and identification of environmental pollution and hot spots.
Preparation of an environmental management plan that includes rehabilitation and mitigation measures; and
Recommendation of guidelines for environmentally compatible land use planning.
The ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY WING came into exist during 1997 under the Environment and Forests Department of the Govt. of Manipur. The wing acts as a nodal agency in the state for planning, co-ordination and promotion of environmental sustainable development & its ecology in the state. Simply, the office deals with all the matter pertaining to environment & ecology of the state. The wing also acts as the state nodal agency for National Bio-diversity Strategy and Action Plan, preparation of State of Environment (SoE) report of Manipur, preparation of Health & Environment Mapping of Manipur, regional resource agency of Manipur for National Environmental Awareness Campaign, etc. The wing has also been successfully enforcing / implementing the various Acts and Rules laid down by the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt of India.
38
Policy Planning: To evolve a State Environment Policy Resolution for adoption by the Government and its periodic views thereafter To promote and catalyze other Ministries / Departments to incorporate environmental concerns in their spectral policies Review of existing sectoral policies with a view to synthesize environmental component with them To ensure incorporation of environmental dimensions in future legislative enactment Conservation: To conserve the genetic diversity of different biogeographically provinces of the State To conserve the natural resources specially water bodies, flora & fauna, etc. To establish and manage State Botanical Garden and Environmental/Ecological Parks To conserve Biological diversity, identify endangered species and to undertake effective conservation measures for their protection and habitat restoration To promote and expand community based biodiversity conservation network in the State To protect and conserve sacred Groves/places/ sites/zones To carry out mapping of strategic and ecologically fragile areas with a view in involving rational land use plan to manage the natural resources To carry out eco-development work and restoration of fragile ecosystem
Regulatory: To ensure the effective implementation of the following legislation : The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and Rules 1978 The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977 and Rules 1978 The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Rules 1982 The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 and Rules 1998
Co-ordination: Co-ordinate various activities of the State Government in the areas of Environmental management Co-ordinate programmes of different agencies on Environmental Education, Training and
39

Conservation of Eco-system Co-ordinate the work of various agencies other than Pollution Control Board relating to pollution monitoring and control Co-ordinate relevant activities of Non-Governmental Organisations/Institutions in Environmental protection Promotion: To promote all activities necessary to execute the nodal co-ordination work, regulatory and other conservation functions of different Departments To promote environmental awareness at all levels To promote environmental information dissemination network To promote multidisciplinary environmental and ecological research and studies To promote the aspect of human ecology for sustainable development To promote a State of experts on ecology and environment concerned, where services could be freely available to all State Government Departments and NGOs/Institutions Some of the ongoing approved schemes (as on 2006 07): Scheme Eco Development Programme Environmental Information & Dissemination Objective This scheme seeks to prevent damage of the ecosystem in the state This aims to build up public awareness about environmental issues and concerns This imparts specific environment training to individuals and other stakeholders Monitoring the quality of soil, air, water & human including lakes, rivers, community ponds, etc Improvement of major river basins and the catchment areas Prevention of pollution by monitoring activities of small industries and motor vehicles Scientific management of wastes
Environment Education / Awareness programme Environment Monitoring, Research & Development Study of catchment areas of major basins Prevention and Control of pollution
Waste Management
Table 5.1 Ongoing approved Schemes
40
Some of the key targets during the 10th Five Year Plan period include: Improvement of State Environment monitoring, Research & Development Plan Augmentation of existing Environment Monitoring, R & D Laboratory of the office Nambul river Pollution abatement project Studies on Jhum cultivation Project on wasteland management, wetland management and conservation Implementation of Bio-diversity conservation programme including afforestation activities Expansion of Environment Information activities Setting up of Eco Clubs Ecological impact assessment programme Formulation of Environmental Action Plan for the state of Manipur Expansion of Community Biodiversity Conservation network
5.3
Status of Environment of Manipur
A soft-state on the North-Eastern border between India and Myanmar, Manipur has a total geographical area of 22,327 Sq. Km. of which 61.54% of the total population(2001) is in the valley while 38.46% in the hill districts. The state shares with a length of international border of 352 kms with Myanmar (Burma), accounting for 41.21% of the total length of the border. It is noted that Manipur is lies in one of the most severe seismic vulnerable zones in India. Other natural hazards such as
land slides and floods are also common in most parts of the region. Recognising the peculiarities of the region, a Natural Disaster Management
Program is being worked out covering the entire North-East. The entire state of Manipur falls in Seismic Zone V.
41
Fig 5.1: Seismic Zone Natural Resources:
a)
WATER Resources:
The water resources in Manipur are from both the surface water (like Lake, River, Ponds, etc) & sub surface (underground) water. As per land use data, total water bodies of the state is about 1.65% of the total land coverage.
9.45 % Submerged Cropped Land 23.34 % Biomass
others 1.280% Land with or without scrub 38.725% Water Bodies 1.649%
31.30 % Waterlogged / Marshy / Swampy land
Forests 49.249%
Settlement 2.442% Agricultureal Land 6.654%
35.90 % Lake / Reservoir / Tank / Canal
Fig : 5.2 : Land Cover
Land Use Pattern

SURFACE WATER of the region includes all the water resources from wetland, lakes, ponds & rivers. Wetland is one of the major characters of the State. However, the nature and demographic pattern over the last 1 or 2 centuries showed spectacular change and numerous
42

wetlands had been lost. They are having wide variation in water spread during pre monsoons and post monsoons showing distinct hydro periods (exception for Loktak Lake in which water level is kept constant to run the existing hydro-electric project).
Drainage & River System : Manipur lies in the catchment area of two river system, namely Ganga - Brahamaputra and Chindwin Irrawaddi river system.. The main rivers including Barak, the biggest river of the state drain into Ganga Brahamaputra river system. Imphal River, Nambul River, Iril River, Thoubal River, etc are some of the major rivers in the state.
Profile of Basins
Wetlands & Lakes : No. Wetland Area ( in Ha ) Aquatic Vegetation ( in Ha ) PostPre-monsoon PostPre-monsoon monsoon monsoon 14,548 35 8,563 100 23,246 Ha 232.5 km
2
Water Spread ( in Ha )
A: Natural : Lake : Ox-bow Lake : Waterlogged : B: Man - Made: Reservoirs : Total 21* 2 130 2 43,358 35 9,466 100 529.6 km
2
105,84 20 57 10,661 Ha 106.6 km

2
295,32 35 8,726 38,293 Ha 382.9 km

2
33,708 35 9,466 43 43,252 Ha 432.5 km2
155 52,959 Ha
Source : Wetlands of Manipur (1997) : Space application Centre (ISRO) & Manipur Repote Sensing Application Centre 2 Ha = Hacter (100 Ha = 1 k m )
Table 5.2: Wetlands and Lake Out of these identified natural fresh water lakes, only the Loktak Lake (24,672 Ha) has been identified for taking up conservation urgently so far & also being one of the Ramsar Site for International Importance since 1996. Further, 12 Lakes more are also proposed for further identification under NLCP, as described below.
Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05.
Name of the propose Lakes Pumlen / Khoidum Pat Ikop /Kharung Pat Loushi Pat Waithou / PunnemPat Aongbikhong Pat
District Thoubal Thoubal Thoubal Thoubal Thoubal
Area 8,022 Ha 6,520 Ha 1,064 Ha 455 Ha 225 Ha
43
06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11.
Ushoipokpi Pat Sanapat Utrapat Tankha Pat Karam Pat Lamphel Pat
Thoubal Bishnupur Bishnupur Imphal West Imphal West Imphal West Table 5.3: Wetlands and Lake
65 Ha 282 Ha 185 Ha 65 Ha 185 Ha 5 Ha
GROUND WATER table data of Manipur varies as per its geological formation i.e. for the plan areas (Central Valley districts) the ground water table is reported at 2 4 meter bgl (below ground level), whereas, for the hill & foothill areas (Hill districts) reported as 4 5 meter bgl (below ground level). Groundwater is mostly exploited through open wells, occurs under sub-artesian and artesian conditions in the deeper aquifers. Through tube-wells, the underground water are targeted to exploit the valley areas with the yields ranging from 0.6 to 4 cu.m./hr and an estimated annual recharge of 44 M cum has been estimated. Considering the clayey nature of formation in the top acuifer, development of this resource is not considered promising on a large scale either in irrigation of water supply. However, it can be exploited for local water supplied through open wells dug-cum-bore wells and tube wells. Recently, the North Eastern Regional Institute of Water and Land Management (NERIWALAM) and the Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi have reported the presence of arsenic in some of the existing underground water (Tube Well) in Kakching, Thoubal districts of the state.
44
Fig 5.3: Profile of Ground Basins
Water Quality Problems : Water quality for both the surface & sub surface has been monitoring by the Environment Monitoring, R & D Laboratory of the Environment & Ecology Office, Govt. of Manipur regularly. Environmental Pollution Status of Manipur Pollution Status Pollution Level Surface Water - Lake : Moderate Eutrophic Surface Water - River : Surface Water - Pond : Underground Water : Air Pollution : Soil Pollution : Wastes Disposal : Noise Pollution : Moderate Eutrophic
Problems & Pollution Sources Domestic Sewage & Agriculture runoff Domestic Sewage & Agriculture runoff Domestic Sewage Host Rock, Solid Wastes Disposal
Moderate Eutrophic Contamination Low, but considerable Medium Ambient Air Smoke from Vehicles / Transport Contamination Solid Wastes Disposal Low, but considerable High Non Segregation Urban, Domestic & Hospital Low -Table 5.4: Wetlands and Lake
45

Some of the hot spots for water quality resources & its problems have been identified as below:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Nambul River, in the urban area of Imphal City; Loktak Lake and its periphery lakes; Underground water at Kakching Town; Community ponds namely Ningthem Pukhri, Thangmeiband Pukhri, Bijoy Govinda Moat, Kangla Moat, etc. at Imphal City;
b)
Forest Resources : District wise forests coverage of Manipur (2003) (area in Sq. km)
Table 5.5 : Forest Resources c) Biodiversity: Manipur, physically adorned with microclimatic & monsoonic climate. The elevation of the state varies from 400 msl (Jiribam) to 2,994.36 msl (Tenipu Hill at western region of the state). Adapted to these, there are different types of forest ranging, say from tropical to sub-alpine. Hence, the state has a large number of flora and fauna considerably. Moreover, the north-eastern Himalyan region including Manipur happens to be one of the two mega biodiversity hotspots in India. The state has a number of proposed biosphere reserves, like Yangoupokpi, Siroi, Kailam. Khonghotenepu-Dzuko, Jial lake & Keibul Lamjao National Park where there are a number of wild palnts and animals (resident migrant), including the much talked brow antlered deer, locally called SANGAI (cervus eldi eldi). However, a major threat for rapid great losing / diminishing of
biological diversity has been facing by the state. Some of the major Biodiversity statistics may be highlighted as
46

Reported varieties A. Flora : Tree species Bamboo Species Orchid Edible Wild Plants Plant / Herb Spices Indigenous Medicinal plants Endemic Rice B . Fauna : Fish Amphibian Snakes Lizard Birds Wild animal
Table 5.6 : Biodiveresity
153 54 500 50 73 430 40 160 13 34 18 79 34
e)
Westland of Manipur:
WASTELANDS CATEGORY OF 5 HILL DISTRICTS OF MANIPUR (2003) District Chandel Wast-Land Categories Land with Scrub Shifting Cultivation (Abandoned) Shifting Cultivation (Current) Total Land with Scrub Shifting Cultivation (Abandoned) Shifting Cultivation (Current) Total Land with Scrub Shifting Cultivation (Abandoned) Shifting Cultivation (Current) Total Land with Scrub Shifting Cultivation (Abandoned) Shifting Cultivation (Current) Total Land with Scrub Shifting Cultivation (Abandoned) Shifting Cultivation (Current) Total Area (in Sq.Kms) 1290.6 679.1 287.5 2257.2 689.61 1345 493 2527.61 2319 989.6 172.6 3481.2 1827.17 324.89 113.1 2265.16 1600.35 313.87 51.32 1965.54 % of TGA 38.96 20.50 8.68 68.13 29.43 10.79 55.31 51.03 21.78 3.80 76.61 2.55 7.40 2.58 51.59 48.93 9.60 1.57 60.09
Churachandpur
Ukhrul
Tamenglong
Senapati
Table 5.7 : Wetlands
47

Area of Jhum cultivation in 4 hill districts of Manipur
80 70 60 50
Sq. Km.
40 30 20 10 0
1987
1994
1987
1994 Forest Land 53 75 65.17 45.4 48.27 61.06 25.84 44.88 Churachandpur
1987
1994 Scrub waste land 0.04 0.04 11.1 12.44 0.01 0.08 20.64 16.1
Area of Jhum cultivation including abundant Jhum Senapati Ukhrul Churachandpur Tamenglong 39.83 21.82 18.36 37.94 44.56 35.77 48.14 34.74 Senapati
Ukhrul
Tamenglong
e) Environment Quality Statistics: Report on Physio-Chemical Analysis of surface water samples : Sl. No. Spot Name of River 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Nilakuthi Koirengei Langjing Do Manipur College Lamsang Pangei Lilong Yairipok Bishnupur Moirang Do Do Manipur University Do Kakching Sugunu Kumbi Andro Mayang Imphal Swombung Jiribam Imphal Do Langjing-I Langjing - II Nambul Lamsang Pangei Lilong Yairipok Posangbam Stream Posangbam Ningthoukhong MU - I pH 8.00 7.00 7.40 7.20 7.50 8.00 7.40 7.60 7.60 7.60 7.20 7.30 7.70 7.60 Parameter DO( mg/l) BDO ( mg/l) 8.40 2.40 8.40 7.70 5.60 5.88 7.70 7.30 7.70 6.80 7.50 6.80 6.80 7.30 2.40 10.30 3.60 4.30 9.32 6.08 5.20 6.88 5.01 8.11 5.68 8.11 8.50 4.80 5.20 7.72 8.90 3.26 4.04 3.66 2.44 4.20 Conductivity ( ohms/cm) 100 320 140 110 130 280 130 130 170 100 70 100 800 360 100 189 190 190 130 250 270 200
MU-II 7.70 7.90 Kakching 7.10 7.50 Sugunu 7.00 5.70 Khuga 7.00 7.70 Andro 7.00 8.30 Stream 6.90 7.10 Iril 7.10 7.30 Jiri 7.60 7.80 Table 5.8: Environmental Quality
48

Physico- characteristics of some selected community ponds Characteristics pH Dissolve oxygen Biological oxygen demand Chemical oxygen demand Total hardness Nitrate Calcium Chloride Magnesium Phosphate Sulphate P1 6.5 5.6 9.4 31.8 P2 7.5 8.9 8.8 12.66 Sampling sites P3 8.5 8.2 8.2 25.33 P4 7.0 8.8 8.2 14.13
400 146 82 112 0.43 3.45 0.77 2.90 25.65 12.02 16.83 21.64 44.02 44.02 51.12 66.74 31.8 25.33 12.66 14.13 0.38 0.25 0.50 0.49 0.75 0.20 0.11 0.08 Table 5.9: Physio Characteristic of community ponds
All the characteristic are expressed in ppm except the pH P1= Langthabal Community pond, Imphal(Drinking & domestic use ) P2 = Khurai Heikru Makhong Community pond (Drinking & domestic use ) P3 = Ningthem pukhri Community pond, Imphal ( Drinking & domestic use ) P4 = Thangmeiband Community pond, D.M. College gate, Imphal ( Drinking & domestic use)
Table : Ground Water Quality of Imphal-west district, Manipur

Sl. Location No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Manahingol Conductiv Total Calcium District pH ity m Alkalinity mg/l S/Cm mg/l 155 385 240 350 175 155 130 175 155 230 485 350 620 215 180 315 190 6.00 20.84 21.64 29.66 15.23 6.41 6.41 9.62 10.42 16.83 41.68 20.84 30.46 15.23 12.02 36.87 15.23 Chloride Hardness Iron Potassium Sodium mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 8.78 35.2 21.3 32.6 11.36 17.04 9.94 9.94 11.36 17.04 21.3 65.32 24.14 50.88 1.42 19.88 15.62 60.00 224.00 150.00 270.00 74 54 62 78 104 96 222 150 290 122 48 200 116 5.10 2.00 0.55 7.00 0.10 2.00 0.40 5.00 0.2 4.3 5.0 3.2 5.5 2.9 3.2 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.0 1.5 2 1 1 3 7 4 4 4 2 4.5 1.5 1.5 1 41.00 61.00 34.00 46.00 39 41 29 36 12 54 99.5 100.5 106.5 48 43 29.5 23
Imphal 6.6 285.12 West Yaingangpok -do6.2 836.00 pi Champhai -do6.6 315.90 Nungoi Mayai -doLeikai Koirengei -doNilakuthi Keikol -do-do6.7 585.00 6.8 376.2 6.7 274.54 6.8 268.9 6.6 291.5 6.6 232.2 6.2 485
Potsangbam -doKhurkhul -do-do-
10 Phayeng
11 Irom Meijrao Imphal 6.8 790.9 East 12 Hitangthang 13 Konthousam 14 Keithelmanbi Bazar 15 Leimaram 16 Angtha 17 Andro -do-do-do-do-do-do7.2 1027.14 7.2 1027.14 5.2 394.2 6.5 175.5 7.1 530.4 6.8 329.4
Table 5.10: Ground Water Quality
49
Table :Water Quality Report on some Lakes of Manipur (as on March 2005) Parameters Loktak Lake pH Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand COD) mg/l Nitrogen mg/l Phosphorus mg/l Potassium mg/l Total Coliform per 100 ml Feacal Coliform oer 100 ml 6.80 3.45 Ikop pat 8.0 4.26 Waithou Angoubikhong Kharungpat Pat Pat 8.32 4.26 7.22 5.18 6.9 3.46 Pumlen Lamphel Pat Pat 6.82 3.82 7.1 5.48
18.73
16.45
12.00
16.40
12.98
9.62
15.40
2.21 1.17 7 570 370
3.47 1.62 12 350 210
2.80 1.40 11 150 80
3.64 1.60 13 203 100
2.86 1.46 8 240 190
1.86 1.08 10 220 170
1.68 1.62 5 140 90
Table 5.11: Water Quality on selected lakes
Table : Water Quality Report on some major ponds of Manipur (as on March 2005)
Parameters pH Total Dissolved Solids mg/l Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand COD) mg/l Nitrogen mg/l Phosphorus mg/l Potassium mg/l Total Coliform per 100 ml Feacal Coliform oer 100 ml Kangla Pat 7.70 100 3.96 10.92 0.90 0.98 4 470 260 Bijoy Govind 6.92 130 3.35 11.46 1.81 1.26 6 620 280 Wangkhei Thanga Pat 7.6 340 3.65 9.87 1.56 1.41 6 3.40 210 Ningthem Pukhri 7.8 98 2.76 7.21 0.86 0.87 3 120 58
Table 5.12: Water Quality on selected ponds Ambient Air Quality in the Valley Districts ; 1997
50

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Nilakuthi Koirengei Nagamapal Keisamthong Langing MU Manipur College Lamsang Kwakeithel Lamlong Pangei Thoubal Yairipok Bisnupur Kakching Sugunu Kumbi Singda Andro Mayang imphal Swombung Jiribam 10.00 13.30 18.80 18.90 10.80 18.70 18.60 10.50 18.70 10.30 10.40 10.50 10.60 10.70 28.00 20.47 28.75 25.70 20.00 23.02 28.75 30.80 2.04 7.08 5.06 5.01 3.10 3.20 3.10 3.00 5.03 6.08 3.08 2.00 3.08 2.00 6.61 6.83 6.83 5.70 5.21 5.66 6.50 8.02 100 128 138 128 100 100 128 100 158 180 150 110 120 110 160 145 150 100 100 151 145 200 Location SO2 (g/m3 ) NO2 (g/m3 ) SPM(g/m3 )
Table : Ambient Air Quality Report (August 2005)
Table 5.13: Ambient Air Quality
Parameter
Suspended particulate Matter (SPM) Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM)
Unit CMs Gate, Civil Secretariat Road, Imphal City Standard as per Sample - 1 Sample - 2 Sample - 3 Sample - 4 MoEF, GoI* 741.72 872.39 769.44 813.92 200 gm/m3 gm/m3
125.31
221.35
161.11
216.55
100
51
Sl.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Location Khwairamband Bazar Keisampat Junction Uripok Junction RIMS Gate Johnstone Hr. Sec. School Gate
Noise Level 67 dB (A) 63 dB (A) 67 dB (A) 67 dB (A) 89 dB (A)
Measured on 02.11.2002 -do03.11.2002 04.11.2002 -doNovember, 2002
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Keishampat Junction Sagolband Traffic Point Singjamei Traffic Point Paona Bazar B.T. Road Thangal Bazar
83 dB (A) 74 dB (A) 71 dB (A) 70 dB (A) 73 dB (A) 80 dB (A)
25.10.2003 -do25.11.2003 -do-do-doOct., Nov., 2003
Table 5.14 : Noise Level of Imphal City
Solid Waste : Maximum Quantity Per day : 100 MT ( Approximately ) Minimum Quantity per day : 85 MT ( Approximately )
Year Population Imphal city Greater Imphal Decadal Growth Rate Imphal city Greater Imphal
1981 1,56,622 2,93,334 28.69% Percentage 60 % 10% 05% 02% 01% 05% 01% 05% 03% 01% 07%
1991 1,99,329 3,69,605 27.27% 26.00 %
2001 2,17,325 4,22,514 9.03% 14.32%
Table 5.15: Characterisation of Waste ( Imphal )
Components Organic Waste Paper Plastic Glass Lather Textile Rubber Wood Porcelain/Stone/Clay Metals Fine Fraction ( < 10 mm )
: : : : : : : : : : :
Table 5.16: Components of Solid Waste
52

Source of Solid waste ( Imphal ): Number of vegetable and fruit Markets Quantity of wastes generated No. of meat and fish markets : : Greater Imphal 15 45-50 MT per day Imphal Municipality area.
Number of Hospitals, Nursing homes, Clinics, etc Total number of beds Number of Hotel and Restaurants ( No five and three star category of Hotel ) Total quantity of waste generated from all sources Main Tourist Spots Number of incineration plant for Bio-medical Waste.
: : :
One fish Market No classification meat Market but about 130150 butcher Houses 16 nos. 1454
One fish Market No classify meat Market but about 20-25 butcher Houses 14 Nos. 1372 144
: : :
80-100 MT per / day 27 Nos.
45-60 MT per/day 25 Nos. One unit at the campus of Regional Institute of Medical Science.( Capacity : 80 Kg. per hour )
Table 5.17: Source of Solid Waste
5.4
Key Action Points
There is considerable public concern about Imphal city being one of the more disorganized cities in the entire North East region. Future environmental programmes should focus on certain issues indicated below which have been deemed to have maximum impact and prioritize their activities accordingly: Loss of forest cover: Unchecked deforestation has led to barren hills, which have led to floods resulting in loss of crops as well as livestock Jhum cultivation: This practice has also led to substantial loss in the vegetation of the region Nambul river cleanup: The lack of a proper garbage and sewage disposal system has turned the Nambul river into a waste dumping centre Use of plastics: It is felt that the use of plastic and polythene bags needs to be severely restricted Planned development: The IMC has to take strong action to stop unplanned construction. Forest, Soil Erosion and Hill Cutting
53

To deal with the alarming situation, forest areas need to be conserved and marked for no further development; cutting of trees and encroachment on hills will have to be stopped. This should help in the protection of topsoil from erosion, which is the main cause for siltation on the riverbeds and consequent damage to the drainage system. Massive a forestation programme should be undertaken. 5.4.1 Development of an Environmental Plan
There is a need to develop an environmental management plan for improving the environment of the city. The specific objectives of the study are:
Mapping of characteristic and environmental profile of the project cities and identification of environmental pollution and hot spots.
Preparation of an environmental management plan that includes rehabilitation and mitigation measures; and
Recommendation of guidelines for environmentally compatible land use planning. Some of the identified major EMPs for the city development plan are : 1. Eco-Development & Eco- parks - Improvement of existing Ecological / Environmental Parks; - Setting up of new eco-parks, gardens, biodiversity parks, etc; - Conservation of heritage / historic places; 2. Pollution buffer zone & green belt Mass plantation at existing sacred grove, urban forests Bishnupur, etc. for habitat rehabilitation;
- Mass plantation at government office complexes / lands as per availability of space; 3. Urban Water Body Conservation - Conservation and Eco-restoration of urban lake, ponds, rivers, etc; 4. Water body Front Development (specially Rivers) Setting up of the river or pond front development for environmental conservation & eco-tourism prospect; 5. Road Median & Road Side Plantation - Landscaping & tree plantation at road median & road side as per availability of space; 6. Synchronization of existing market structure - separation of meat & fish shops with proper hygienic condition & effluent treatment plant; - Proper sitting of commercial units / shops for agro-chemical & toxic chemical products;
54

7. Mini Environment Monitoring Units (only sampling & spot examination) - Air Sampling stations (at least 5 stations per town / city); - Macro meteorological station (temperature, rain fall & Relative humidity); 8. Waste Management as per Environment (Protection) Act 1986; - Scientific management of Municipal Solid Wastes with segregation at the source; - Proper maintenance & treatment of liquid wastes; - Proper management & handling of Hazardous Wastes & Bio-medical wastes; 9. Sanitation & Environment programme; - Provision of low cost toilet / sanitation & community based toilets; 10. Rain Water Harvesting; 11. Urban Women & Environment - Propagation of traditional, economic & herbal medicinal valued plants at homestead garden; - Introduction of domestic based vermin composting practices; 12. Environmental Education & Awareness - Environment & Human Services; - Human resource development; - Capacity Building;
Out of these identified macro EMP components, the following has been incorporated during the city development plan of Imphal city as immediate EMP of Imphal city
5.4.2
CONSERVATION
OF
WATER
BODIES Imphal has very heavy rainfall (1808 mm) during the rainy season (May to October). However rainfall is erratic and almost
negligible in the remaining months. Imphal faces acute shortage of water in the period February to April. The problem is compounded on account of: Imphal not having any significant numbers of big water reservoirs Most of the surface sources of water are dried up during the lean period
In order to supplement the domestic use of water during the lean period, preservation of the existing Natural Water Bodies such as the Pukhris (Ponds / Tanks) in and around Imphal is an
55

imperative. The renovation of these water bodies will facilitate storage of rainwater which can be utilized for domestic purposes during the lean / dry period.
Preservation of these water bodies will also help in flood control, ground water recharge and maintaining eco-system of the city. It has been estimated that after renovation, the existing water bodies (8 nos of moats and 93 nos of ponds/water bodies) in and around Imphal city will be able to preserve raw water.
A summary of the project is as given below: Strategy Conservation of Urban Water Body Action Plan Fencing, desiltation, prevention pollution from point sources; Creation of Parks public participation etc. Development of Eco-tourism place, coordination works with unemployed youths, developing fishing firms etc. Control of pollution of the water Body Timely quality evaluation, research & development, environment education etc for better conservation of lake, Rs 87.26 Crores
Socio-economic Improvement
Pollution Control Monitoring, R&D, Capacity building etc.
Table 5.15: Project Summary for Conservation of Water Bodies
5.4.3
Conservation of Lakes
Objectives To improve, restore & conserve the Lamphelpat Lake To control the frequent flash flood in Imphal city To improve the urban environment condition To provide social (employment) benefits and Eco-tourism prospect.
a.
Lamphelpat Lake (Urban) which has a major impact on the environment of Imphal city.
The total lake area is 450.26 Acres with a catchment area of 4196 Acre
56
Strategy and Management Action Plan Strategy Restoration and Protection Measure Action Plan Fencing, desiltation, prevention pollution from point sources; catchment area treatment, public participation etc. Development of Eco-tourism place, coordination works with unemployed youths, uplifting fishing firms etc. Control of pollution of the lake Timely quality evaluation, research & development, environment education etc for better conservation of lake, Rs.31.79 Crores
Socio-economic improvement
Total Cost b. Nambul River Phase II
Major drain of the Imphal City, which plays a vital role in controlling in flood in the region. The total length proposed for conservation is 3.91 Km.
Strategy Conservation of River
Action Plan Prevention pollution from point sources; Public participation, interception & diversion of polluted inlets, low cost sanitation, river front development, etc. Development of Eco-tourism place, coordination works with unemployed youths, uplifting fishing firms etc. Control of pollution of River Timely quality evaluation, research & development, environment education etc for better conservation of lake, Rs. 12.00Crores
Improvement for Socio-economic
Total Cost 5.5 Summary of Key Investments Name Scheme 1 Development Environmental Plan 2 Conservation Bodies of of the
Activities scheme
under
the
Investment (Rs crs)

2.00
of Environmental Improvement: Preparation of a Plan for future Water Environmental Improvement:

poor condition Conservation
87.26
of identified Water Bodies in
Lake/River Restoration/Rejuvenation
Environmental Improvement: Conservation
43.79
57

Improvement: Conservation of Lake and control of Urban Lake
Total 133.05
58
59
60
Chapter 6 Land Use Plan

6.1 Existing Land use
In Imphal, Land was subjected to various uses irrespective of its compatibility to the area of the surrounding land usage, during the evolution of natural growth. The constraints imposed by the existing land Uses determine to a larger extent the feasibility of the proposed possible land use distribution pattern and the structure of the city.
In order to arrive at a rationale for future spatial structure and Land use pattern, it is necessary to study the existing Land use to identifying the existing spatial structure. As a start, Master Plan was developed in the year 1981 with the objective of stabilizing Urban Development by 2011. The Master Plan aimed at effective utilisation of the urban land provide adequate social infrastructure and public utility services to all and ensured uniform spatial accessibility and equal opportunity to travel for all while ensuring that the environmental and cultural aspects of the city are not compromised.
The Master Plan provided policies on space standards, which was based on analysis of the existing situation and manuals of standards for other similar Indian towns. For the purpose of the plan the area covered was divided in to 6 zones/land use categories as designated below; Residential zone ; Low density, Medium density, high medium density and high density Commercial zones Industrial zones Public and semi-public zones Recreational and open spaces zone Agricultural zone
Clear regulations will laid down for each of the zones
The existing urban form of the city is thus the result of natural growth and it has evolved through the process of accretion. The urban sprawl and its present development pattern is highly guided by the natural features like Hills, Rivers etc, and the Physiography of the city is low rise city.
61
6.2
Land Use Break up
The existing developed area is substantially low in comparison to the planning area. Therefore a detailed Land use study is being presented on the basic of total area. Land use of Imphal (Existing)
Land use Category Residential Commercial Industrial Other uses Special Category/Government Recreational and Parks Public and semi-public Vacant Land Transport Other developed (Green Belt) Unusable (water bodies, Hills etc) TOTAL 8.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.0 50 100 Percentage 34.9 0.6 0.8
Source: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project
As mentioned in the above table it is clear that 50% land out of the total are covered with hills and water bodies. In the Northeastern region maximum amount of land is under forest and hills whereas the commercial and industrial land use is concerned the percentage is quite low like 0.6% and 0.8% respectively.
As far as the special category/ govt. lands are concerned, it is 8%. In terms of recreational land use is concerned it is only 1.6% whereas land for public and semi-public is virtually absent. Transport is one of the important components, which comes under major Land use category. However, 4.1% land is only under the use for transportation. This severely restricts easy accessibility to the region.
Keeping the limited availability of land, it is important that the land use and regulations are clearly laid down and strictly enforced.
62
6.3
Development Strategy
The future desired Urban Form and the development policies are required to be formulated to achieve a rational and efficient structure of the city. An appreciation of the potentialities of the existing urban form and the rationality for conceiving the future desired urban form has been examined here before formulation of development policies for major categories of activities
The Urban form of any settlement or city defines its character, gives an identity and creates an image of the place. The future desired form of the city could be achieved by careful planning and decision-making process and by taking positive unified action within in the overall framework. Decongesting the core area shall be taken up in the right earnest. However, heritage and cultural aspect of Imphal needs to be protected and developed while finalising the plan. The building use policies shall be framed in such a way to encourage the decongestion of the core and include the following components o o o o o Commercial and Mixed Building Norms. FSI Norms & Incentives Parking Norms Specific Regulations-Accommodation and Reservation After the current densities of wards and ecologically sensitivity is taken into consideration categorise the areas into critical and discourage further development through proper Development Control Regulation (DCR)
Improving more road open space on arterial road structure to improve the traffic flow and decongest the core area through shifting of the bus terminals from the city, explore shifting of the wholesale markets. The potential development areas in the peripheral areas need to be linked through an efficient arterial structure within /outside the city. These would provide alternatives to these areas bypassing the core of the city resulting in decongesting the core. The arterial structure is proposed in such a way so as to take care of future vehicular growth and hence PMC shall undertake an exercise to widen these roads and connect the missing links. Building use regulations are the supporting control mechanisms to achieve a well balanced growth structure for the city. These rules help in controlling densities, contributing to the structured urban form for the different types of land uses and also contribute to the quality of the environment. However it has its limitation in conserving
63

sensitive lands and limiting encroachments if the proper land uses are not planned. Structure and Building depicting the culture and heritage of Manipur to be encouraged Area under the open spaces category to be protected Building up awareness among people and setting up a framework for strong Implementation of the Development Control Guidelines
Imphal has a very strong heritage and cultural background. It is recognized that preservation of the unique culture and heritage of the city is important and all projects and development plans need to take into account this background. This aspect has also remained one of the most strong feelings expressed by the citizen at all the consultative meeting and needs to be given due importance.
6.4
Development of a New Master Plan
The present Master Plan has a horizon year of 2011. Keeping the above in mind, the Government of Manipur is developing a New Master Plan, a draft of which shall be placed before the people shortly.
The Government shall take into account the feelings and suggestions emerging out of the consultative process as well as those that shall be expressed by the people in future such mediums while finalising the master plan.
64
Chapter 7 Housing Stock

7. 1 Vision
The city of Imphal through the designated agencies shall strive to provide appropriate housing to all its citizens
7.2
Aims and Objectives

The city of Imphal shall strive to carry out the following actions: Identify adequate sites to facilitate and encourage housing for people of all economic groups including persons with liabilities with a provision of protecting heritage buildings / sites Remove as legally feasible and appropriate, governmental constraints to housing production, maintenance and improvement Assist in the development of adequate housing for low and moderate income households Conserve and improve the condition of the housing facilities
7.3
Background
Good quality Housing is intrinsically linked to good health and nutrition, better employment opportunity, better living and consequently better quality of life.
One of the most important tasks for any Urban body is the provision of Housing to its citizens. Housing also comprises one of the key elements of the civic plan. The key elements of a Housing Plan is provision of housing for poor.
In any urban center with growing demand and increasing prices, the urban poor are deprived of adequate housing. It is thus the imperative of the state to provide Housing to the low-income group. Slum improvement has to be done through an appropriate programme of slum eradication, slum clearance and rehabilitation.
7.4
Situation Appraisal
The increasing population of Imphal has resulted in an immediate need for construction of more houses to meet the needs of the additional population. A shortage of around 70000 houses has been projected by 2011.
65

To augment the shortage of housing, schemes such as the Cash Loan Housing Schemes for advancing housing loans to employees of Govt and local bodies with Financial assistance from HUDCO, New Delhi have been instituted. Around 13 phases have been implemented under the aegis of this scheme involving Rs 48.43 crores which has benefited around 8000 employees out of whom 4000 are in the Greater Imphal area. Another scheme that has also been taken up is the Social Housing with financial assistance from LIC / GIC.
7.5
Action Points
The recommendation made in the Master Plan to meet the shortage of housing within Greater Imphal is as under:
30% to be taken up by the State Govt 15% to be taken up by Co-operative Housing Scheme 65% to be taken up by private entrepreneurs and individuals
The number of houses constructed under various schemes till date is 5300 units which implies that about 15000 houses would need to be constructed by 2011.
The targeted economic grouping as per the Master Plan is as under:
EWS: 6% LIG: 40% MIG: 42% HIG: 12%
This would entail an investment of about Rs 118 crores.
Keeping the above perspective in mind, the following recommendations have been suggested:
Projects may be structured so that townships can be developed covering all sectors with the principles of cross-subsidy The issue of slum Upgradation and rehabilitation would need to be addressed Imphal Municipality would need to develop specialized and dedicated teams to leverage on available land
66

Housing development should be planned as per the overall norms of the city keeping in mind the past historical and cultural legacies of the Manipuri people Housing development projects must also provide for essential infrastructure such as roads, parking space, drains, street lights, water supply, drainage and sewerage network etc as per the Master Plan norms A proper mechanism has to be in place to ensure that there is no misuse of the subsidies provided for LIG housing development
67
Chapter 8 Tourism & Heritage

8.1 Background
The state of Manipur a land wrapped in velvety silence literally means 'the land of jewels'. Manipur boasts of an exotic landscape with gently undulating hills, emerald green valleys, blue lakes and dense forests, is the gateway to the NorthEastern Region.
Imphal, the capital of Manipur looks almost like a painting-clouds hanging low over long stretches of lush green fields and numerous small hills of the greenblue Koubrou and Namaijing ranges forming a garland around the valley. Adding a riot of colours are hundreds of orchids.
Imphal has all the fine, merged, tints of a watercolour. Faiths and traditions and life styles flow into each other with a soft-edged grace so that it is impossible to know where one ends and the other begins. g e n d u lll t u r a lll b a c k g r o u n d ... III t s e c o g n iii s e d h a t T h e iii t y a s e r y t r o n g e r iii t ta a g e a n d c u t u r a b a c k g r o u n d t sr r e c o g n s e d t h a t T h e C t y h a s a v e r y s t r o n g h e r a g ea a n dc c u t u r a b a c k g r o u n d t iii r e c o g n s e dt t h a t T h eC C t yh h a sa av v e r ys s t r o n gh h e r p r e s e r v a t iii o n f h e n iii q u e u lll t u r e e r iii t a g e f h e iii t y s e r y m p o r t a n t n d lll ll p r e s e r v a t o n o f t h e u n q u e c u t u r e & h e r t a g e o f t h e c t y s v e r y m p o r t a n t a n d a p r e s e r v a t o no o ft t h eu u n q u ec c u t u r e & &h h e r t a g eo o ft t h ec c t y iii sv v e r y iii m p o r t a n ta a n da a p r o jjj e c t s n d c t iii o n lll a n s e e d o n s u r e h e a m e p r o e c t s a n d a c t o n p a n s n e e d t o e n s u r e t h e s a m e p r o e c t sa a n da a c t o np p a n sn n e e dt t oe e n s u r et t h es s a m e
68
8.2
Present Scenario
The citizens of Imphal have retained the ancient ritual based dances and folk dances along with the later developed classical Manipuri dance style. Among the classical categories, 'Ras Leela' - a highly evolved dance drama, choreographed on 'Vaishnavite Padavalis' composed by mainly eminent poets and some Gurus, is the highest expression of artistic genius, devotion and excellence of the Manipuris.
Imphal has several places of historical interest, religious and tourist attractions such as Shree Shree Govindajee Temple, Bishnu Temple, Koina Temple, Kangla Fort, Cheirap Panchyat Court, etc. there are various heritage centres which could be developed as places of tourist attraction.
An indicative list of some of the potential places in and around Imphal, which are of tourist interest are as follows:
The Kangla Fort
Located in urban Imphal, has been the focus of many social discontent among the Manipuris ever since its occupation by the British forces in 1891.
For about 2000 years, the Manipur Kings ruled from the Kangla Fort (which the British referred to as the Manipur Fort). In Kangla, the history of Manipur is embedded and the Manipuris love and revere this place. For the citizen of Imphal, the Kangla is not only a historical treasure but an embodiment of the social, cultural and religious life of the people, also.
The entire Fort area is measuring approximately 236,84 acres.
69
Some of the waterfronts in Imphal are as follows:
Loktak Lake :
48 kms. from Imphal, is the largest fresh water lake in eastern India and this lake is like a miniature inland sea. Sendra Island, about 50 odd kilometres from Imphal, offers a bird's eye view of the park and its occupants. One can explore the park by traveling around in tiny small boats and also climb up the watchtower located on the hillock of Pebet Ching.
Singda At an altitude of 921 metres, Singda is a beautiful picnic spot 16kms away from Imphal. The scenery is inviting. There is an Inspection Bunglow to convenience visitors. Greeted by a breeze-ruffled artificial lake, every visitor is tempted to revisit with packed lunch and friends.
Phubala: - A Charming resort on the western fringes of the loktak lake is situated 40kms south of Imphal. It is joined to the mainland by a low causeway. From there, life in and around the gigantic expanse of the loktak lake can be viewed vividly. Some Religious Places Shree Shree Govindajee Temple Manipur's pre-eminent Vaishnavite temple adjoining the palace of the former rulers of Manipur. It is a great historic centre and is a simple and beautiful structure with gold domes and a large raised congregation hall. During Holi, which is known in Manipur as Dolijatra or Yaosong when boys and girls do the Thaba Changba folk dance, all night. In the center of the temple stands the presiding deity, Lord Vishnu flanked by the shrines of Balarama and Krishna on one side and Jagannatha on the other. The temple also has a paved court and a large raised congregation hall The presiding deity, Lord Vishnu in the
70

centre of the temple stands flanked by the shrines of Balarama and Krishna on one side and Jagannatha on the other.
Lord Vishnu Temple

Bishnupur is a quaint town situated at the foot of a hill, to the south west of Imphal. This town has been named after a famous and historical temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu. This Vishnu temple was built in this town in the 15th century by King Kiyamba. Architecturally, this temple has lot of significance since it is belived to have been influenced by the Chinese. This is evident from the fact that very thin bricks were used in its construction. Bishnupur is also well known for its stoneware industry and is located at a distance of 27 Km. from Imphal. Moirang Moirang is located 45 kms away from Imphal city on Tiddim Road. The ancient temple of the pre-Hindu deity, Lord Thangjing stands there. It was from the village of Moirang that the graceful, Khamba Thoibi dance originated. It was also at Moirang that flag of the Indian National Army was first hoisted on Indian soil on April 14, 1944 at Moirang. There is an INA Museum exhibiting letters, photographs, badges of ranks and other articles associated with INA. A bronze statue of Netaji in uniform stands proud in the lawn.
Keibul Lamjao National Park Church in Mantripukuri
Mahabali Temple
It is the only floating National park in the whole world and is 53 kms. from Imphal. This is the last natural habitat of the marsh-dwelling brow-antlered deer of Manipur called "Sangai". Many waterfowl and migratory birds visit the lake during November and March.
71

Andro: - Andro lies 27Kms east of the state capital Imphal. The small town is an ancient Scheduled Caste village of the state. A cultural Complex was established there by the Mutua Museum, Imphal. It exhibits potteries and hadicrafts of the North-eastern region of India. There also is a Doll-house wherein dolls of recognized Tribes of the State are displayed. standing tall in the eastern tall in the eastern side of the Imphal Polo ground of the states capital commemorates the Saheed Minar: - The imposing Minar of Bir Tikendrajit park standing tall in the eastern side of Imphal Polo Ground commemorates indomitable spirit of Manipur martyrs who sacrificed their lives while fighting against the British in 1891. The eye-catching Minar also serves as an ideal background for photo shoots.
Manipur Zoological Gardens 6 kms to west of Imphal city, at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on the Imphal-Kanchup Road are the Zoological Gardens. Not to be missed is an opportunity to see the graceful brow antlered deer (Sangai) one of the rarest species in the world, in sylvan surroundings.
Manipur State Museum This interesting museum near the polo ground has a fairly good display of Manipur's tribal heritage and a collection of portraits of Manipur's former rulers. Particularly interesting items are costumes, arms and weapons, relics, historical documents and ancient Manipuri coins. Nupi-lal Memorial Nupi-lal Memorial is located at the heart of Imphal city next to Imphal Head Post Office. The memorial is constructed to remember the rise of Manipuri women against British rule on 12th December, 1939, and the rise continued for 14 months. The event is still commemorated as Nupi-lal (Women's war).
72
8.3
Vision and Action Plans
Imphal shall be one of the most beautiful and richest eco-friendly spiritual and heritage centres and shall develop its rich culture and heritage in all its actions.
It has been proposed to develop inter and Intra district tourist circuits based on the unique cultural and natural heritage of the area. This can be achieved through formation of an Integrated Tourism Development Plan.
The plan needs to include identification of various packages, schemes and tourism Circuits. Proper structuring of Tourism Projects is critical and the same would enable Public Private Partnership Projects.
Development of river cruises connecting the nearby tourist spots and other areas
Encouraging diversified nature based recreational activities along riverfronts. In addition to revenue generation, these activities will help in maintaining the riverfronts.
Different action plans facilitating package touring of Imphal and the neighboring Capital cities like Guwahati Shillong, Kohima, Meghalaya, Dimapur and other places in Arunachal Pradesh etc would also enhance the Touring culture.
73

From a long-term perspective, to encourage tourism, there is a need to prepare an Integrated Tourism Plan. The Plan will include measures to develop tourist spots on a holistic basis coupled with enhanced connectivity. Steps need to be taken to market Tourist Destinations besides developing and publicizing Tourism Products.
Despite an important place in the tourism map of the region, the citys infrastructure relating to tourist amenities is at best far less than adequate and at worst appalling. There is an absence of quality accommodation in the city and there is a general lack of enthusiasm to cater to this growing tourism segment. Some of the observations in this regard are as follows:
No 5 star hotel facility in the city Switzerland to the northeast Tremendous demand for quality accommodations and facilities; Look east policy of the centre bringing a boom in corporate traffic. Northeast being positioned as paradise unexplored would promote tourism. Paucity of high-end accommodations
8.4
Insufficient Communication from other cities both by Air and Rail
Development of Kangla Fort into the Kangla Fort Heritage Park
Kangla is located at the heart of the city and covers an area of 237.62 acres. Kangla is a wonderful synthesis of unique cultural resources, which include the Manipuri and British periods. Diversity of the two resources ranges from architectural, archaeological, natural and secret. The Fort exemplifies bravery and sacrifice of Manipuris and witnessed many of battles British authorities who wanted to capture and conquer the state. The Fort is presently managed by the Kangla Fort Board under the president ship of Honble Chief Minister, Govt of Manipur.
It is now a protected area under the Manipur Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1976. In addition to the religious
importance of the place, the area also has patriotic significance. It is a vision of the city that Kangla should become one of the most beautiful and richest ecofriendly heritage park of India and it qualifies as a World Heritage Site in the near future.
74

Accordingly, a development plan has been prepared which consists of the following eight important points:
1. Restoration & reconstruction and Development of monuments.
important Historical
2. Development of important sacred places and waterbodies such as Nungjeng Pukuri Achouba & Macha, Chingkhei Pukuri, to develop gardens around holy places like Soraren Wangbren & Koubru, Main Surung, etc; 3. Reusing of important /beautiful European type buildings/bunglows as museums & offices. For example, former A.R. Unit Hospital as Kangla Museum and office of the C.O.A.R. AS natural History Museum, etc; 4. Plantation of trees specially medicinal plants and indigenous trees to transform Kangla a Bio-diversity Centre/Ecological Park and to provide fresh air to the inhabitants of Imphal city; 5. To preserve/protect important historical places and memorials; 6. To convert open spaces in Kangla as recreational Centre since Imphal city does not have any big park; 7. To construct an Aquatic Pond and Unity Park model houses of different ethnic groups of Manipur; 8. Creation of a Team to protect Kangla from encroachment;
Other Identified Heritage Sites for Protection, Restoration and Rejuvenation 1. Hump Bridgekhwairaumb and Thoug 2. Hanuman Thakur & Mungba Hamba Temples 3. Thangal General Temple 4. Leimapokpam Keirungba MSRT Complex 5. Lainingthou Khaba near Cheirap, Uripok 6. Luwang Ningthou, Punshiba 7. Cheirap & Panchai Court 8. Hapta Kangjeibung 9. Sanamahi Temple
The vision for improving the heritage centres particularly the Kangla Fort is a longstanding aspiration of the People of Manipur. This was repeatedly stressed during the consultative workshops.
75
8.5
Summary of Key Investments
Name Scheme 1
of
the
Activities scheme
under
the
Investment (Rs crs)

145.00
Kangla Fort Development
Beautification, Development and Heritage Protection
Protection of Heritage Centre
City
Beautification,
50.00
Development and Heritage Conservation

195.00
76
77
Chapter 9 Urban Poor

9.1 Background
As per 2001 population Census, 283.35 million people reside in Urban Area. It
constitutes 27.8% of the total population of the country. In post independence era, while population of India has grown three times, the urban population grown five times. The rising urban population has also given rise to increase in the number of urban poor. As per 2001 census the slum population is estimated to be 61.8 million the ever increasing number of slum dwellers causes tremendous pressure on urban basic services and infrastructure. The Government of India has defined slum areas as those areas where buildings are unfit for human habitation (Slum Area Act, 1956). Physically, slums consist of clusters of hutment comprising several rooms constructed with building materials where each room is inhabited by a family sharing a common latrine without arrangement for water supply, drains, disposal of solid waste and garbage within the slum boundaries. Apart from degrading environmental conditions, slums in the urban settlements are also characterized by almost total absence of community and recreational facilities.
In any urban area, slums are visible manifestation of urban poverty. These slum pockets develop on their own either near a major employment source like an industry or near a well-established residential area.
Most peri-urban slum areas are not legally part of the cities they encircle and thus not commonly viewed as the responsibility of municipal officials. Many of these areas lack in infrastructure for water supply, sanitation, and solid waste disposal. The resulting environmental pollution creates a situation inimical to the maintenance of good health. Children living in these communities are most at risk. They suffer the highest rates of mortality and morbidity from diarrhea disease as is observed in most developing countries. Inadequate solid waste collection has also led to contamination of surface water and groundwater resources and of the ambient air from waste burning.
78
9.2 Present Scenario

A compilation of poverty estimate of various states of North-East has been carried out by the NERUSP Project. As per the report among the north-eastern states, Imphal and Kohima showed the highest level of the people living below the poverty line.
While there are no notified slum area in the region, it is estimates that as much as 26% of the people live below the poverty line.
As all other centres people living in this condition do not have access to the basic infrastructure services. Brief status of existing infrastructure facilities is as follows:
Sector Water Supply & Sanitation
Status 23% 0f population below poverty line is dependent on stand posts and 3% on tankers water supply;
Health Status
59% of those below poverty line do not have access to toilets;
Housing Gender
66% below poverty line live in Kutchha Houses; 18% of household below poverty line are headed by women;
9.3
Key Interventions
It may be recognized that in order to bring about a meaningful and effective development programme of the urban poor, specific programs need to be developed and implemented. The key areas that will be focused are discussed below:
79

Land, Housing and Infrastructure
Despite poor housing conditions no areas in the city have been identified as slums. However a large number of people (around 26% of the population) in the city live in shanty dwellings without access to basic services. Land ownership and housing are critical for poverty alleviation and slum development. IMC shall thus endeavour to
provide housing facilities to this deprived section of the population.
Community Institutions and Structures

Again the growth of the community institutions and structures, particularly community development societies and self-help groups, is weak in the area compared to other cities in the country. Therefore it will be necessary to create self-help groups in order to educate people and create awareness among them so that they can take help of various government programmes for their economic and social development. Community infrastructure: provision of community centres to be used for pre-school education, non-formal education, adult education, recreational activities etc.
Livelihoods, Employment and Informal Sector

It was observed that a number of programmes are currently under implementation by various agencies for supporting employment and livelihoods but there is no convergence and coordination across them. There are several programmes for promoting livelihood but the people are not aware of these programmes. So a communication strategy should be devised for increasing the awareness among the public. Social amenities like pre-school education, adult education, maternity, child health, and primary health care including immunization etc.
Construction of Community Toilet

Number of people using open space for the purpose of defecation in the region is a major environmental concern apart from being a health hazard. A major initiative like construction of Community Toilet in different areas should be taken so that slum dwellers do not use open space as toilets. Programme for Integrated Low Cost Sanitation for conversion of dry latrine system into water borne low cost sanitation system shall be implemented. Also reduction of the solid waste stream, use of innovative technologies,
80

and health education and social marketing to change community- and house hold level behaviours.
Construction of Child Care Centres
Again health is a prime concern for people living in slum areas. Poverty and ignorance of the people and their less nutritional status aggravate the situation. Ignorance and superstitions continue to hamper scientific approach to health and related problems.
There is no doubt that the public health and medical facilities increased and improved over the years in both rural and urban areas covering a large number of populations, but this has not been able to cover the entire population. Primary Health Centres located in rural areas failed to give proper services due to lack of manpower, transportation, medicine and modern equipments. On the other hand, modern scientific treatments available are concentrated in urban areas and these are beyond the reach of most of rural and urban lower middle class population. Therefore, until the Governments through its institutions provide subsidized medical facilities, the available health care facilities will remain beyond the reach of large part of the population.
The children living in the slums are one of the worst affected due to the lack of availability of basic facilities including access to proper and immediate health care. This has resulted in the mortality rate among the children being very high in the slum areas. So it is necessary to construct child care centres in different areas of the region so that people
81

from the weaker section of the society can have proper care for their children at lowest possible cost.
5.6
Projects
Cost (Rs crore)
Community Hall Health Care & Education Development Programmes Operation & Maintenance Housing Projects
Total
20 20 25 10 50
125
82
Chapter 10 Urban Infrastructure: Situation Appraisal

10.1 Introduction
In order to develop an overall vision for the region as well as to develop sector wise vision it is necessary to carry out a broad appraisal of the existing situation. Accordingly a situation appraisal is carried out and broad results are as follows.
This section profiles the state of infrastructure of the city. It examines the adequacy of the various urban services and attempts or inadequacy services in terms of coverage, quantity, and quality and attempts to identify the factors responsible for inadequate development of infrastructure services. It measures the gap between demand and supply of different infrastructural services, and examines the factor that explains the gap.
10.2
Water Supply
10.2.1 Background
Water supply for Imphal was introduced 70 years back in a skeleton form and initially it was restricted to stand post only. However with growth in population several augmentation schemes was introduced.
At present, the water is supplied from the Singda Dam and some water reservoirs built in and around Greater Imphal areas. But the state of some water reservoirs particularly beyond the Greater Imphal area is very poor. Some reservoirs, which use electric motors do not function due to the want of power supply while some reservoirs, which use diesel engine motors, lay idle for want of fuel. There is a requirement for organized water management system as well as better utilization practices by the public as well.
There is a haphazard flow of water at the pipes resulting in inequitable distribution and water tariff is not linked to utilization, therefore it does not give any incentive to water preservation.
83

The present water supply system is largely gravity fed from the reservoir, which has been located over hills, which are fed by water treatment plant either by gravity or through pumping. However the reservoir have not been able to provide an equitable distribution of water to the various regions. With growth in population and urbanization the water treatment plant have become inadequate to service the growing population. The distribution losses have been found to be large and need to be controlled on a urgent basis.
10.2.2 Gap Analysis of Drinking Water

Particular Population as per census Floating population at 10% Total Present Supply (lpcd) Supply norms (lpcd) Shortfall (lpcd) In MGD 2001 250234 25023 275257 80 135 1376287 0.30 Cummulitative 2031 Shortfall 366368 33306 135 2011 275257 27526 302783 2021 302783 30278 333061 2031 333061 33306 366368
Particular Population including floating population Increase in population in past decade Supply Norms (lpcd) Shortfall (lpcd, considering UFW 15%) In MGD Year Cumulative Shortfall in MGD
2001 275257
2011 302783 27526 135
2021 333061 30278 135
135
0.303 2001 0.303
4371735 0.963 2011 1.266
4808909 1.059 2021 2.325
5289800 1.165 2031 3.490
3.490
Table 10.1 Computation of Water Requirements
84
Cummulitative Shortfall in MGD 4.000 Cummulatative in MGD 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 0.500 0.000 2001 2011 year 2021 2031 Cummulitative Shortfall in MGD
10.2.3 Source
The source of water supply in Imphal city is mainly through the rivers. The major river supplying water through the city is River Imphal, River Iril and the River Leimakhong, the Polak stream is also been tapped. In addition some amount of water is sourced through ground water. The sources of water are reliable and sufficient.
10.2.4 Storage Capacity

The storage capacity of water is one of the key indicators of the level of services. The storage system of water covers the entire Greater Imphal area.
Storage and Distribution Details, (Greater Imphal) 1. Ground Level Storage Reservoir Number Total Capacity 11 6.3 2. Elevated Storage Reservoir Total Number Total Capacity 13 18.81
25.11
Table 10.2: Storage and Distribution Details
85

The above storage capacity works out to be around 34% of the water supply, which is in line with CPHEEO norms. However with expansion of water generation and treatment the storage capacity needs also to be augmented.
10.2.4 Water Treatment Facility

The water treatment facility in Imphal covers the domestic population, institutions, paramilitary/army establishments, and also cover en route other areas of Greater Imphal and fringes. Name of Schemes Kangchup Kangchup (Extension) Minuthong Location Kangchup Hill Kangchup Hill Imphal West Chinga Hilock, Imphal West Kanchipur, Imphal West Porompat, Imphal East Koirengi, Imphal East Imphal East Singda Dam near Kangchup, Imphal West Porompat, Imphal East Kanchipur, Imphal West Porompat, Imphal East Imphal East Imphal East Total
Table 10.3
Installed Capacity (MLD) 14.53 9.08 1.14
Year of commission 1965 2000 1977
Source of water I) Leimakhong ii) Polok river Singda Dam Imphal river Imphal river Imphal river Iril river Imphal river Imphal river Singda Dam Iril river Imphal river Iril river Ground Water Imphal river Total
Present production (MLD) 11.62 6.81 0.57
Chinga
1.14
1978
0.7
Kanchipur Porompat Koirengi Ningthempukhri
2.27 2.27 2.27 4.54
1979 1979 1979 1983
1.1 0.91 2.27
Singda Augmentation of Porompat-I Augmentation of Kanchipur Augmentation of Porompat-II Potsangbam Khuman Lampak
18.16
1983
18.16
6.81 4.54 6.81 6.81 0.45 80.82
1989 1992 1992 1997 1999
4.77 3.1 4.77 2.72 0.45 57.95
Details of existing water treatment plant
86

Installed Capacity (MLD) 6.81
Name of Schemes Irilbung (NLCPR) Kanchipur-II (NLCPR) PostsangbamII
Location
Year of commission Targeted by Dec. 06 Targeted by Dec. 06 Targeted by Dec. 06
Source of water
Imphal East Imphal East Imphal East Grand Total

Table 10.4
Iril river Confluence point of Imphal & Iril river Ground Water
6.81
6.81 20.43
Details of existing water treatment plant
The capacity of the existing water treatment plant is 80.82 MLD. However at present only 57.75 MLD has been produced from the installed capacity. The water is supplied to public at the rate of 80 lpcd on a average 2 to 4 hours per day. Some of the Water Treatment Plants electrical and mechanical machineries are showing machineries are showing sign of ageing and needs immediate renovation for optimisation of capacity installed.
Particular Source Availability Coverage of distribution system
Situation Surface water mainly rivers. 146.23kms of distribution network covering Imphal City including Greater Imphal, en-route inhabitation and urban fringe area. PHED (Planning, Survey, Design, Construction, Operation & Maintenance) 80lpcd (average) 2 to 4 hours per day
Organizational responsibility Per Capita Supply Supply duration
Table 10.5 Summary of present situation
10.2.5
Obsolete and Insufficient distribution network
One of most critical problems being faced in this sector is the present condition as well as management of the existing distribution network, which is well over 40 years old. Both the primary and secondary networks are suffering from heavy corrosion and consequent heavy leakages. At the same time pipes have been designed over 50 years back and therefore are grossly inadequate to handle the present demand. With the expansion of
87

road, most of the pipes are situated right in the middle of roads. Leakages from the distribution of network are not only results in distribution loss but also severely damage the condition of the roads.
One of the clear indicators of the severity of problem is the level of present water loss is over 50%.
Supply levels and connectivity is poor. As per city record the distribution network/ road network is to tune of 0.8 and the ratio of household to number of household connection is 3.5. However, the existing condition of the distribution being very poor, actual coverage is far lower.
It is thus concluded that there is a need for comprehensive upgradation of the existing distribution network on an integrated basis.
10.2.6 Lack of Proper Operation and Maintenances

In the absence of strong a Operation and Maintenance program, there is huge loss of water in transmission/distribution. Water treatment plants are also presently performing at sub-optimal level of efficiency. Moreover the leakages are not identified in time, so there is a loss of revenue.
10.2.7 Sustainability
The present trend of recovery vis a vis the actual cost incurred by the ULB is extremely poor as it is evident from the following table/ graph. Year Cost Incurred for Operation & Maintenance Direct Recoveries Aggregate Investment Percentage of cost recovered
2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 (Rs in Lakhs) 2004-2005 2005-2006
218 58 728
277 69 992
210 69 323
232 76 375
281 80 393
27%
25%
33%
33%
29%
88
Cost & Recoveries

300 250
Rs in Lakhs
200 150 100 50 0 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 Cost Incurred for Operation & Maintenance Direct Recoveries
year
Table 10.6Cost Recovery Profile Source: As per IMC record
As per data available the present water charges is flat Rs75 per month per connection. In such a situation the water tariff is not linked to utilization and dose not provided sufficient for saving water. Water metering is almost non-existent and there is a requirement to install metering.
Access to safe drinking water is a critical factor determining the livability of urban center cost. There is a need of augmentation of water generation, distribution as well to improve the quality of services. At the same time there is need of recovery of cost. These aspects have been dealt in Chapter 11.
89
City Development Plan: Imphal 10.3 Transportation
10.3.1 Background
Imphal is experiencing rapid growth in urban population triggered by growing urbanization. Imphal presently has one of the highest population density among the Urban centers in Northeast region. The growth has been largely characterized by densification of the central core, ribbon development along the main transportation corridor and inadequate internal link roads. The geographical structure of the region makes access difficult.
The Region is connected by a network of pucca and Kutcha roads. The Imphal Dimapur Road (National Highway No. 39), National Highway 150 (Aizwal-Jessami) and Imphal Silchar Road (National Highway No.53) are the three national highways, which connect Imphal the capital of Manipur with neighbouring States of Assam, Nagaland and Mizoram. These roads have an average carriageway of 7mts and grossly overloaded both in terms of commercial as well as passenger traffic.
10.3.2 Hierarchy of Roads

National Highway State Highway Major District Road Other District Roads Inter Village Road TOTAL 20.21km 58.45 km 44.86 km 23.90 km 129.01 km (PWD) + 192 km (IMC)= 321.01 468.43 km
Table 10.7; Hierarchy of Roads
Source: Transport Department, Imphal
Capacity augmentation by means of widening is difficult except some selected stretches in Greater Imphal Area which implies that decongestion needs to be done by shifting some of the conflicting functions from the City core areas where both the National Highways NH 39, NH 150 and NH 53 passes through the city and creates congestion in the core market areas.
90
10.3.3 Assessment of Key Infrastructure and Gaps 10.3.3.1 Congestion of NH-39 and NH-53
National Highway (NH 39) aligned in North-South direction, National Highway (NH 53) coming from West direction (Badarpur-Imphal), and National Highway (NH 150) coming from South direction intersects each other at Kangla Junction, which lies on the core areas of Imphal city. All the major trip destinations are located along this link. The Kangla junction has thus become on of the centre of commercial activities and a major congestion point. This junction houses Kangla fort, which is one of the most Historical and Cultural centers of the region. Decongestion of this region needs to be a major priority area.
Fig 10.1: Road Map
91

The National Highway thus acts also as one of the most important artery of the city transportation system. It is thus important to differentiate intercity and through traffic which can be achived by creation of by pass. NH 39 passes through old Secretariat building, the police headquarters up to CMs Bungalow, and passes through Kangla area up to Assembly Hall via Raj Bhavan and the Museum.
The crossing of Tiddim Road and Mayang Imphal road located just to the west of the Keisampat bridge on the river Nambul is a very busy and caters only 2 lane of traffic. The crossing is a perennial source of Traffic congestion.
In order to ease the traffic situation a fly over along B.T Road has been proposed at Maharani Bridge location, which is already under construction. Further a sub-way has been proposed at this bridge site, which will connect the upcoming Laxmi Market and Thangla Bazar.
The area between Maharani bridge and, the existing pedestrian bridge and Paona bazaar road is in practice working as an interchanging junction for the traffic from New Cachar road and the road in the market area. The second Khwai Bridge will add an excellent relief road and this will act as a part of a rotary in this area.
10.3.3.2 Markets in the heart of the city

Trade and commerce is one of the major economy base of the area. As mentioned in the earlier section Imphal is the only class one city in the region. In view of this the city handles virtually the entire trade and commerce activities of the State. Therefore heavy vehicles are being operated in the city on the National Highway as well as other arterial roads. The National Highway in particular also handles through traffic connecting the rest of the State as well as Nagaland, Mizoram and Myanmar.
Additionally, loading and unloading of goods take place along the National Highway due to the linear urban pattern of the region and high centralization of activities on NH.
The markets such as Thangla Bazar and Pauna Bazar are spread over the cities causing congestion in the roads inside the city. In view of this wherever possible, wholesale market should be shifted out side the CBD area.
92
10.3.3.3 Inadequacy and poor condition of internal roads

The Imphal Municipal area suffers from inadequacy and poor condition of roads. Ideally a city should have at least 20% roads in its total area, the percentage covered by the city is not sufficient. Considering the rapid growth in the population in coming years, the pressure on existing roads will increase causing congestion in the region.
The State of both the State Highways as well as the district highways are quite poor. One of the areas of concern is the state of the IVR which provide connectivity to the adjoining villages. In the absence of good connectivity, the residents of the villages who earn livelihood in the city are required to reside in the city itself causing more pressure to the existing infrastructure, which is already in stress.
In terms of road width is concerned, some of the State Highways crossing through Imphal municipal area are 18mts, 10mts and some are very congested like 5.5 mts etc. The width of Paona Bazar, Thangal Bazar road up to Khoyathang is 14 mts, where as the average width of the Major District roads is 5-7 mts. In case of Other District Roads the average road width is 3-5 mts. The capacity of the road needs to be thus augmented.
One of the critical elements of the transportation plan needs to be identification and resolution of critical bottleneck points that exist in the different nodes and crossings.
It is important to note that Imphal has generally poor accessibility and quality of the roads is most critical for movement of both people and goods. In view of the stress on the relatively small area under the Municipal Council, there is a need to develop the fringe areas and other parts of Greater Imphal, which would not be possible without developing a network of quality roads with smooth traffic movement.
The Government has already taken the initiative of the moving some of the conflicting structures from the Core Area with its decision to move the Secretarial to a new location outside the CBD. These measures to be successful needs to have a strong transportation plan.
93
10.3.3.4 Congestion along major roads

Again the density of population along the major roads is very high as most of the commercial activities takes place on the main road of the city core. This is due to the fact that interior roads are not developed to that extent that they can take load of urban growth. This is causing congestion along the major roads also as is evident from the following table there is an increase in the number of accidents that occurring in the region.
Number of Accidents Occurred Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Average No. of Accidents 409 520 523 468 600 410 No.of Persons Killed 72 119 127 115 137 114
Table 10.8; No of Accidents occured
No.of Persons Injured 713 927 988 1090 1325 1009
Source: Directorate of Transport
In terms of the surface condition of the roads are concerned in Imphal Municipal area, 84.60% of the roads are Black Top/Tar roads and 10.62% roads are Water Bound Macakdom (WBM) roads. Others are concrete roads. There is a need to improve the roads as well as to identify the bottleneck points and resolve the same at the earliest.
10.3.3.5 Inadequate Operation & Maintenance

Lack of adequate maintenance of the roads in the Imphal Municipal Area areas is also quite prominent. Improvement or strengthening is necessary for some of the major corridors in the region. It maybe noted that as Trade and Commerce and Service sector occupies major role in the Imphal city and are concentrated in the Central Business District, the roads attract substantial traffic facilitating movements of goods and other Commercial activities.
94
10.3.3.6
Street Lighting
The number of streetlights in the region is not found to be sufficient and most of them use tube light or bulbs, which is obsolete nowadays and has high power consumption.
The present status of Street Lighting in Imphal City is as follows : Aspects

High Mast Lamps Mercury Vapour Lamps Sodium Vapour Lamps Tube Lights Others
Imphal
1166
Total
1166
Table 10.9 : Status of Street Lighting Source: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project Report
10.3.3.7 Absence of centralized warehousing facilities

As there is no centralized warehousing facilities all the wholesale activities take place inside the city. It causes major problems of loading and unloading along the interior roads. That further narrows the interior roads as all the trucks are parked in the roads. This is a major cause of slow movement of vehicles in the city.
10.3.3.8
Absence of parking areas
With the growth in trade and commerce in the region, the number of vehicles has grown sharply. Both in Imphal East and Imphal West, the commerce and trade facilities are concentrated in specific zones. These zones attract substantial amount of cars, two wheelers and other slow moving vehicles. In the absence of off side parking facilities, the vehicles are parked on the street leading to a major bottleneck in the smooth flow of traffic This problem is further aggravated by high population densities, large number of pavement hawkers, side walk encroachments and heterogeneous nature of traffic and commercial area development along all the major roads. There is a substantial under provision in the parking space as compared to the requirement of the city.
In terms of vehicular population, the maximum number is the two wheelers. Based on the data for the year 2004-05, around 72% is occupied by the two wheelers, which is followed by Cars and
95

Jeeps. The town level auto rickshaw stand and taxi stand are also located along this arterial. At some locations on-street parking is provided for two-wheelers and four wheelers. Off street parking facilities are few and grossly inadequate. All these factors act cumulatively during the peak hours and chokes the major urban arterial of Imphal urban area causing severe congestion in the heart of the city.
10.3.3.9 Bus Terminus at heart of the city

The existing bus terminuses in the region are situated mostly at the heart of the city. Ingress and egress of large buses interfere with the local traffic operations leading to severe congestion. Apart from that the existing bus terminuses do not provide proper amenities to the travelers, bus drivers and conductors.
10.3.3.10 District Connectivity

Connectivity to District and rural areas are through narrow Leikai roads, which are mainly Kutcha in nature and are poorly maintained.
10.3.3.11 Land use Category

It is observed that the Land use category in the Imphal Municipal area is mixed in nature. The impact of this development is clearly visible in the existing haphazard pattern of development. The central area has become a crowded and densely built single or four storied mixed use pucca buildings accommodating all the major state level administrative functions, town level central functions and commercial activities. Therefore commercial activities along the road and
residential activities creates a congestion in those areas. In terms of population density is
96

concerned, it is over 7000 persons per Sq.Km in the Imphal Municipal Area. One more important factor to be noticed is that in these areas lack of parking facilities also creates congestion. The major wholesale trade centres are also located in the central area. The development surroundings the central area is mainly residential and mainly having medium density and lowrise development with single to double storied pitched roof structure. Therefore the future expansion or redevelopment of the central area is practically impossible without shifting some of the major activities
97
Fig : 10.2 Road Network
98
City Development Plan: Imphal 10.4 Drainage
10.4.1 Background
Manipur valley is generally flat, elongated and tapering towards south, surrounded on all sides by hillocks (about 1500 2000 m high) and constituting a closed basin with an outlet to the south. The average elevation of the valley is 763 mtrs above the mean sea level.
The most important physiographic feature is Loktak lake situated in the central part of the valley having a total water spread area of 275 Sq Km during the monsoon and 47 Sq Km during the dry season. The lake has a catchment area of about 6000 Sq Km. The Manipur river, also known as Imphal river flows through the valley in southerly direction with numbers of tributaries joining it from the surrounding hill ranges.
Nambul and Kongba rivers as well as Naga Nullah passes through the center of the town. Iril and Thoubal rivers are other important tributaries of the Manipur river. These rivers have narrow channels with low bed and there is high silting due to accumulation of slush mud. During the rainy season, there is a back flow of water from Loktak lake to the Manipur river. Lampelhat, Porompat, Khuman Lampak, Takyelpat and Akampat are the low lying areas.
The Imphal Master Plan area covers 13,528 Hectares of the Greater Imphal area where its topography is generally flat with a gentle slope from North to South. The rivers Nambul, Kongba, Waishel, Iril and Naga nullah are the principal drainage channels of Imphal town and these drain into the Loktak lake and Manipur river. The average annual rainfall of Manipur is 2050 mm The Greater Imphal area does not have much of a planned drainage system. The coverage of roadside drainage is not considered to be spatially adequate. Small lengths of main drains in Greater Imphal are of open masonry. These are mostly along the National Highways and some State Highways. The rest are kutcha drains mostly in the residential areas. Most of the drains are inadequate in capacity. There is thus frequent overflowing of drains in the rainy season. These drains carrying dirty water from various users pollute the areas through their overflows.
Chronic water logging is a serious problem particularly in the low-lying areas. These results in inconvenience for the people, high possibility for spread of diseases and damage to roads.
99
10.4.2 Current Status

The table below indicates the drainage basins for the entire planned area:
Sl. No.
Basins
Core Area (Hectares)
Non-Core Area (Hectares)
1 2 3 4 5
Nambul River Basin Waishel River Basin Turel Amanbi (Chandranadi Basin) Imphal River Basin Kongba River Basin
2120.52 798.20 180.25 187.51 498.52
3700.93 1647.90 986.78 1237.61 1048.99
A major issue is the improvement of Leikai roads, Leikai drains, construction of culverts etc. The Leikai roads are naturally narrow and the approximate width of these roads is about 3 metres. Many of the Leikai roads are not black topped or cemented. The Leikai roads do not have proper side drains and are prone to waterlogging. The normal course of the drains is from residences to shallow drains to minor drains to medium drains and finally to the main drainage channels.
The table below indicates the ward wise details of the roads and the drains:
Coverage Ward No. 1-27
Total Road Total Drains length (Kms) length (Kms) 144.2 769.5
Note 50% drains are kutcha 80% of the balance 50% require new construction
There is not much of a planned drainage system at present. It is thus necessary to draw up an integrated drainage and sewerage system for the city. Thus the city is designing and implementing an integrated system in a phased manner. The drainage plan shall be worked out on the basis of Master Plan, GIS, Land Use and Control Plans factoring in the existing drainage channels.
100

Drains shall generally be provided along the existing and proposed roads / rails. The cost of the Integrated Drainage System shall be worked out through Detailed Studies and Assessment and will be taken up for implementation thereafter. However the present situation merits urgent attention and requires implementation of immediate improvement schemes. In view of the same, immediate Action Plans have been worked out for implementation.
10.5
Sanitation
10.5.1 Present Status

Imphal town does not have any modern sewerage system. It has been assessed that about 60% of houses have septic tanks and the balance 40% have dry / wet latrines.
The effluent of the septic tank and human excreta from those houses, which do not have septic tanks, are directly discharged to nearby nullahs, which join ultimately with the Naga Nullah, Nambul and Imphal rivers. The outfall of the Nambul river is the Loktak Lake which is the biggest fresh water lake in India. This leads to an ecological imbalance in the main lake of Manipur. This also pollutes water sources and results health hazards for the citizens.
The methods commonly used for disposal of wastewater from households and commercial units are as indicated below: Treatment through septic tanks Disposal into natural streams with / without septic tank treatment Disposal in storm water drainage system with or without treatment Disposal of waste water through open channels or storm water drainage system Open defecation
The table below indicates a baseline assessment of the present sewerage system in Imphal: Present Service delivery Septic tanks and pit latrines used Open defecation by low income groups Effect Proposals for improvement Public sewerage system required in the city Community toilets need to be constructed
Soil and water contamination Septic tanks drained in the natural drainage channels
101
10.5.2 Service Indicators for Sewerage and Sanitation in Project Cities
Component
Sewerage Quantity of Sewerage (MLD) Sewer Length (Km) Treatment Capacity (MLD) No. Of Connections Sanitation % Of Holding Covered by UGD Network % Of Households Using Public Shared Toilet % Of Households Having Individual Toilet % Of Households practicing Open Defecation % Of Households dissatisfied with existing Sanitation System
Imphal
24 0 0 0 0 31.2 64.5 4.2 56.4
102
10.6 Solid Waste Management

10.6.1 Background
Overall the present solid waste management process covering the entire Imphal Region is found to be highly inadequate. The drains on either side of existing roads are overflowing and also are open. Plastic materials have created a nuisance blocking the natural flow of drains, which eventually leads to overflowing of the drains.
10.6.2 Present Institutional Structure of Solid Waste Management at Imphal

The responsibility of managing solid waste generated within the city is vested on the engineering division of IMC. No separate solid waste management department exist in the city, the whole process is controlled and supervised by the engineering division directly. The engineering department address major programmes such as Construction and maintenance, Building licensing, and SWM activities including drain cleaning.
10.6.3 Service Level Indicators for Solid Waste Management in North Eastern States:
Indicators Total waste Generated per day (Tons) Waste Generated per capita(Gms) Waste collected (Tons) No of Collection Bins Vehicle adequacy ratio % of waste collected Number of vehicles Number of Trips/ Day Dust bin spacing (m) Agartala 137 Aizawal 104 Gangtok 59 Guwahati 373 Imphal 100 Itanagar 38 Kohima 33
350
400
250
460
450
457
414
114
40
16
314
73
10
52
NA
65
220
55
90
65
75 80 29 3 133
136 40 15 3 NA
81 30 7 3 2240
169 80 75 3 190
50 70 14 3 290
55 20 4 3 900
84 30 7 3 650
103

One (15 Kms ) Open dumping 1100 Twice a week GMC One (10 Km s) Open dumping Na Daily UDHD Two (810Km s) Open dumping 38 Twice a week Town committee
Disposal sites
One (7K ms) Open dumping & composting 203 Daily Municipalty & NGOs
One 20Kms)
One (15Kms)
One (2K ms) Open dumping Na Twice a week Municipalt y & NGOs
Type of Disposal Conservancy staff Frequency of collection Agencies involved
Open dumping 209 Twice a week LAD
Open dumping 50 nce in 2 3 days UDHD
Source: ADB report.
10.6.4 Sources of Solid Waste in Imphal

The major sources of waste generation in Imphal are Domestic(79.65%), Construction(14.03%) and Agriculture(5.26%) activities. The Bio-medical waste contribute to less than 1%. The sources of waste generation in Imphal are given below table: Sl No. 1 2 3 4 Total Waste Source Domestic Construction Agriculture Bio-medical % Generation 79.65 14.03 5.26 0.06 100
10.6.5 Composition of Waste

The compostable waste constitute about 60% whereas non-compostable constitute 40%. The break up of the composition is given below: Sl No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Type Organic Waste Paper Plastic Glass Leather Textile Rubber Wood Porcelain, Stone, Clay Metals Fine Fraction (<10mm) Total 60 10 5 2 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 100 % By weight
104
City Development Plan: Imphal 10.6.6 Quantity of Waste Generation
Based on the survey conducted by National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited- NBCC, the present quantity of waste generation of Imphal, with a per capita contribution of 0.300 kg/person/day is estimated to 70.20 tonnes per day. The waste generation per day from other sources such as markets, hotels, lodges, restaurants and other commercial areas is estimated at 25.66 tonne per day. The cumulative total waste generation thus works out to 95.86 tonnes per day. The assessment is based on analysis carried out by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute.
10.6.7 Present System

The Imphal Municipal Counclis responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste.
An analysis of the present situation is as follows:

Functional element Segregation & Storage at source Primary collection Waste storage depot Transportati on Frequency of removal Processing Disposal Manual loading in open trucks Regular along major roads. In by-lanes and other areas-Irregular No processing is carried out Site available however large scale Instances of dumping of water into drains and rivers seen Very unscientific. Waste is stored on open sites/masonry enclosures Collected through street masonry corner bins. Generally absent. Waste is deposited in community bins /thrown on the streets/drains / rivers
Details
105
Chapter 11 Action Plan: Water

11.1 Vision
The City of Imphal shall provide safe and sustainable water to all its citizens at a competitive and affordable price with the ultimate goal of reaching a 24/7 situation in a phased manner within the scheme period.
11.2
`Action Plans
It will be thus the endeavor of the City to ensure that the people in the region have access to efficient, responsive, and sustainable water and sanitation services. In achieving the objectives, the City shall provide resources and support to encourage and implement approaches that are people-centered, market-based, and environment-friendly. Emphasis will be made on creating facilities, which are self-sustaining.
The following components constitute the Proposed Plan:
11.3
Creation of Water Treatment Plants
The supply is presently insufficient to meet the full drinking water demand and there is a gap between demand and supply. However, with the increase in demand, creation of a new water treatment plants are necessary.
The existing plants supplying water to the Imphal, is primarily situated in the Greater Imphal Area. The new Water Treatment Plant will be situated in the Greater Imphal Area due to technical feasibility as well as fact that the land is not available in the Imphal area. In view of this, the proposed plant will require to take in account a part of additional water requirement of en route area. The Gap identified for Imphal as detailed out works out to 3.5 MGD.
Based on discussion with the Government Department, the same is estimated at 1.5 MGD and hence the total plant under this head is at 5 MGD.
106
Particular Population including floating population Increase in population in past decade Supply Norms (lpcd) Shortfall (lpcd, considering UFW 15%) In MGD Demand for en route area Total (in MGD)
2001 275257
2011 302783 27526 135
2021 333061 30278 135
2031 366368 33306 135
Cumliative Shortfall
135
0.303
4371735 0.963
4808909 1.059
5289800 1.165
3.490 1.500 5
11.4
New Water Supply Schemes for pipelines and taps
Construction of collector well, reservoir, overhauling and adding new pipelines to the areas, which are presently not being served, and also to the areas where there is a huge amount of transmission loss. The network to supply water should be increased to cover all the required areas.
11.5
Operation and Maintenance
It is noted from the available statistic that the cost incurred by the Government department is low in many years. One of the reasons for the same is that expenditure in maintaining plants have been kept at very low levels. As a result of this the assets created are not well maintained and gradually loose their efficiency.
Operation and maintenance of water supply pipes and water treatment plant is necessary to meet the future demand of water. The above strategy will fail if there is no proper operation and maintenance. All the pipelines leakages are need to be identified to prevent loss of water. While the ULBs shall enhance the tariff base over a period time to ensure that O&M is payable from the revenues, there is an immediate requirement of O&M funds so as to ensure that the assets created under this scheme are properly maintained. A reserve is proposed to be created till the point the projects are self-sustaining.
107
11.6
Upgradation Of Distribution Network
People of the area are forced to experience shortage of water, for which they have to depend partly on deep masonry wells, which unfortunately get dried up during summer. Due to geological condition, ground water is scarce in the area.
Based on the location of the water treatment plant, zonal reservoir and to ensure an implementable and seamless distribution of the network the supply area has been divided into 25 zones. The distribution network improvement program for each of the zone has been prepared accordingly. Implementation of the project could go a long way in reducing the distribution losses that are presently affecting the sector.
11.7
Capacity Building & Workshop
A program and a series of definite measures would be drawn up to improve the overall management performance of the existing agencies through capacity building, induction of professional expertise, introduction of IT enabled tools, and induction of HR techniques. In nutshell, approach has to be more scientifically and technically oriented.
11.8
Reduction of Losses in Water Supply by Public Awareness
A series of workshops should be organized across the region to create public awareness on the importance of water as a national resource and the severe consequences of wasting and polluting of water.
The low level of cost recovery should be taken care and the following steps need to be taken. Rationalization of User charges so that revenues exceeds cash O&M expenses over the period of the mission; Reach full cost recovery (O&M, depreciation and financing costs) through a realistic and sequential approach through a combination of efficiency gains and increased revenues; 100% metering of commercial and industrial users and different slab of water charges need to be maintained. For drinking purposes the charges have to be minimum and for industrial use the charges have to be maximum; Water connection to be made a compulsory requirement for approval of Building Plans
108
11.9

Affordability
Reduce O&M Cost through a program of renovation and modernization
Design a tariff structure that meets simplicity and equity criteria in addition to financial objectives;
Implement specific projects for supplying affordable water to the urban poor. Poverty targeted projects shall be given due attention.
11.10 Improvement in Performance and Reliability:

It is essential to improve the reliability of the Water Services. Apart from the reliability the performance in Water Services must also be improved. It is this performance and reliability which will bring confidence among the citizens and which will induce them to pay more.
11.11 Structured Public Private Participation

Private Sector Participation is desirable in the PPP format in the sector so that there is a balance between the risks and responsibilities between the Government Agencies and the Private Sector.
In view of the same, Private Sector Participants shall be invited to leverage on the following possible benefits: Reduction of involvements of Public finance or redirecting them to the poor; Induction of greater technical and management expertise; Provision of a more responsive service to the customers; Sourcing of additional financing;
Initially outsourcing of Operation & Maintenances and some of the commercial activities through Management Contracts to professional and reliable operator shall be done This would greatly facilitate induction of technical and system knowledge and pave the way for future larger private Sector Involvement. At the same time it is recognized that while private investment and management shall play, a growing role, the same must be coupled with a strong legal, contractual and regulatory framework, which would be carried out simultaneously.
109
11.12 Summary of Key Investments
Sl. No. Name of the Scheme Cost in crores 5 MGD Water Treatment Plant 1 40.00 Pipelines for fringe area 2 11.00 Augmentation of existing Water Treatment Plant 3 12.00 Operation & Maintenance of existing and new Water Supply Scheme 4 5.40 Upgradation of Distribution network including metering 5 120.00 Construction of overhead tanks, ground sumps, zonal reservoir at various zone for equitable distribution 6 46.00 Community awareness project for all region and capacity building. 7 2.00 Total 236.40
110
Chapter 12 Action Plan: Transportation

12.1 Vision
The City aims to provide its citizens a integrated pro-active transportation system and infrastructure which would provide comfortable, reliable and affordable transportation options covering the felt needs of the various strata of the society. One of the critical requirements of the system shall be to facilitate de-congestion in the Central Business District and provide equitable growth in the entire Imphal Urban Area.
12.2
.
Background
It is recognized that an efficient and easily accessible transport system is necessary for both social and economic development for the region. It is not only the key infrastructural input for the growth process but also plays a significant role in promoting social and economic integration with the rest of the country, which is particularly important in a large country like India. Imphal being the only class one city in the region plays an important role in the development of the entire state. Additionally Imphal provides a critical connectivity to Myanmar.
The transport system plays an important role of promoting the development of the backward regions and integrating them with the mainstream economy by opening them to trade and investment. In a liberalized set- up, an efficient transport network becomes all the more important in order to increase productivity and enhance the competitive efficiency of the economy in the world market.
2 Route Length (km) and Route density (Per 100 km ) in North Eastern Region
States Manipur North Eastern Region All India
Route length 1.4 2435.2 63140
Route Density 1.1 2
Table Source 12.1: North Eastern Region Urban Sector Profile Project Report
111
12.3
Action Plan & Strategic Options
12.3.1 Overall Plan

The Plan shall address the requirements in three phases, Short Term, Medium Term and Long Term. The following table represents the strategy:
Short term measures including bringing about immediate improvement and developing and implementing a Transportation System Management (TSM). Components of TSM include actions such as junction improvements, signalisation, lane markings, delineators and signs to be taken up regularly. These measures shall be taken up on a continuous basis as the travel characteristics and loading of different links, intersections etc. change very frequently owing to natural growth and changes in land use. Further, planning development of access areas to public transportation systems and Intermediate Public Transport (IPTs) need to be looked at under this head. Enforcement of lane discipline and traffic rules needs to be addressed urgently.
Medium term action plan is aimed at development of transport infrastructure over the perspective plan period to bring about coordinated development among different components and enhance carrying capacity of entire system. These measures include development and implementation of various infrastructure projects, which will be directed at network improvements such as By passes, parallel roads, link roads, slip roads, corridors for cycle moovment, Grade separations, alternate transport systems, restructuring of bus based transportation systems to a direction based strategy in the place of multiple destination based approach.
Long-term action plan is aimed at development of structure plan for the Urban Area with Transit as one of the lead components, which will direct the Urban Growth so as to bring about a structural fit between transit infrastructure and Urban Growth. This will examine a comprehensive multi-modal public transit system to bring about the most optimal mix of commuting within the Urban Area and thus providing a sustainable transit solution. New facilities will be created to improve level of service and to cater to the increased population growth.
The above plans needs to be translated implementable action points which needs to be taken up during the mission period so as to translate the vision of the city in to reality. Keeping this in mind a package of action plans has been identified and enlisted below. It is envisaged that these action plans shall be taken up for implementation and completion within the mission period.
112

12.3.2 Key Individual Priority Components 12.3.2.1 Improvement along NH-39, NH-53
One of the critical focal point for any transportation needs to address decongestion of the NH-39 and NH-53. NH39 and NH53 is virtually acting as internal Road and presently caters to both local and through traffic. One of the critical areas of congestion is NH39, NH53 and NH150. Similarly NH150 is facing a sever congestion. The steps proposed to be taken up in this regard to resolve the severe congestion are follows: Creation of Ring Road Development of Bridge and Flyovers over critical Bottleneck on NH Relocation of commercial establishments Proper development and implementation of Traffic Management System on the highways Improving Accessibility to NH39, NH 150 and NH53 by improving and augmenting the existing roads and construction of missing links.
12.3.2.2
Improvement of Roads and Resolution of Bottlenecks on Crossings
Roads need to be improved so that traffic can move smoothly and the number of accidents can be reduced. Steps recommended to be implemented are as follows: Improvement of quality of existing roads Identification and resolutions of bottlenecks and accident points In this connection the following points have been identified for implementing Traffic Management/Improvement Projects NH 39 crossing leading to Old Thumbuthong Thangmeiband Road crossing leading to Watham Leirak Krishna Premi oil city crossing Pandon, Khuman Lampak, Minuthong crossing Lamlong bazaar crossing Palac Gate Crossing leading to Govindjee Temple Singjamei Chinga crossing Kwakeithel Bazar crossing Khoyathong Traffic Point connecting Thangmeiband Road Khoyathong Traffic Point leading to North AOC In front of Directorate of Transport and Imphal West District Police HQ Wahengbam Leikai/Nupa Keithel Traffic Point MinuthongHatta crossing
113

Sangakpham Bazar/NH 39 Maharani Bridge Crossing IM road from 0-2 k.m RIMS road connecting Nagampal road Paona Bazaar road & Thangal bazaar road MG Avenue Khoyathong crossing from Nagampal road to NH-150 North AOC Junction of NH 150 and NH 39
Some of the identified critical projects which needs to be implemented on a priority basis so as to resolve the severe bottlenecks are as follows:
4-Lane Flyover At Keishampat,
Keishampet junction is one of the important intersections in Imphal city. At this intersection road coming from Raj Bhavan side and going towards Kwakeithel meets the State highway No 1. As two important arterial roads are meeting at this intersection, traffic going to different directions is conflicting here. In order to solve the traffic problem, Government. of Manipur proposed to construct a 4-Lane Fly over to divert the traffic. For this the survey was conducted in the peak hours to study the traffic volume and the project has been designed on the basis of the assessed needs.
Fig 11.1 Proposed Flyover at Keshampet
114
Ring Road
NH39 and NH53 has also started as internal arterial roads and presently catering to both local and through traffic. This is resulting in thru traffic moving through the city and creating bottleneck. In view of this, a Ring Road has been proposed. The alignment of the proposed ring road is as given below:
Fig 11.1 Proposed Ring Road
115

Other projects include development of 2nd Khwai Bridge other wise called as B T Road Flyover, which is accessible to Kangla West gate, and Khuyathon.
12.3.2.3
Construction of Bus Terminal and Truck Terminals
The major problem of the region is the mixing of intercity and intra city vehicles, which causes various traffic problems in the area. Constructing new logistic hubs outside the cities can solve this problem.
The logistic hub will include both truck and bus terminal for inter city vehicles. This will ensure that the inter city vehicles do not enter the city causing trouble for intra city vehicles. A logistic centre is proposed on both ends of the city on the Highway.
The present bus terminals handles both inter city and intra city bus routes affecting traffic movement in the cities. So it is better to have separate bus terminals for inter city and intra city bus terminals. The inter city bus terminal can be constructed in the logistic hub only. On the other hand the bus terminals inside the cities should handle only intra city routes. Also options of Bus bays shall be explored at appropriate locations.
11.3.2.4 Creation of Parking Facilities

Parking lots are be proposed to be constructed in Imphal city at identified locations. 10 Off-street parking sites have been identified so as to eliminate parking on the roads which have been a major obstacles for free movement.
An Appropriate parking pricing methodology shall be developed so as to enable the projects to be implemented with Private Sector Participation.
For Imphal, the existing bus terminus can be converted into parking cum commercial complex, taking care of illegal parking and small time traders on pavement in the vicinity to some extent.
Entry of Trucks may be banned from 8 a.m to 8 p.m, with strict enforcement will assist in solving the problem of congestion in the daytime in the core areas of Imphal city.
116
12.3.2.5
Proposal for Cycle track
It is observed that bicycles are used in large number in Imphal city of which substantially used by women and children. Cycle track can be proposed in side the city level and in those areas entry and exist of heavy vehicles may be restricted, to maintain an eco-friendly transportation and maintain a clean and green environment. Plantation of trees can be proposed along with the cycle track in terms of environmental point of view. A pro bicycle policy will not only access decongestion in the city, but also help in preserving the ecological balance in the city. The project has been strongly appreciated by the consultative workshops.
12.3.2.6
Pedestrian Facility in City Core
As mentioned above earlier that Pedestrian facility is not adequate enough the cater the demand in the Imphal municipal area. Therefore this facility needs to be provided in the Central Business District areas of the city where entry and exist of heavy vehicles needs to be restricted
12.3.2.7
Traffic Management Plan
Above all an effective Traffic Management Plan needs to be implemented for smooth and free flow of Traffic. One-way entry and exist of Traffic could solve the problem. Proper signalling facilities needs to implemented for functional flow of traffic. Computerised Traffic signals needs to be provided in all the major Junctions of the city. Training of traffic personnel is one of the important components of an effective Traffic Management Plan.
12.3.2.8
Improved rural connectivity
To improve the connectivity with the rural areas of the region the following measures can be considered.
Conversion of LTM roads to Black Top Roads
In the region most of the roads are of LTM (Light Transport Modal) construction. So it is an urgent need to develop the roads to black top so that the roads can handle the pressure of increasing number of heavy vehicles in the region.
117

Developing Roads Linking to Villages
In this region the density of roads is not same in all the areas. This is a major reason for under development in the villages of the region. This plan aims at constructing roads linking major villages of the region with concrete roads of at least two lanes. This will help farmers to sell their produce in the city markets, which will ultimately help the economy of the villages.
Given the complexity of the problem, it is evident that isolated solutions directed at one or two facets, such as building flyovers, road widening etc., will at best assuage the problem temporarily but will not be able tackle the problem comprehensively. Only a multifaceted approach duly integrating land use with transportation at the planning stage as a long-term measure to structurally integrate this sector with the overall growth of the urban area will be able to give best benefits at least possible cost. It is felt that a concerted and sustained campaign duly addressing issues as under will be able to address transportation related problems comprehensively.
12.3.2.9
Other Important Measures

Intersection improvements
One of the major contributors for reducing the efficiency of free flow of traffic is the performance of intersections. This is an area of immediate intervention that can be implemented with marginal investments and where improvement in the performance can be felt. It is observed that several intersections in Imphal do not have road markings or dividers to direct merging, crossing and diverging flows into specific channels. At these locations considerable delays are occurring due to in disciplined behaviour of 2- wheeler traffic not obeying the yield principle.
Since junction improvement is a constant process, and also loading at intersection depend to a great extent on the land use along the corridor, it would be difficult to pin point those intersections, which would require improvement in the coming years. However based on the available information and observing the delays, major intersections will be identified, that would need immediate attentions.
Street Lights
Minimum spacing required between successive lampposts is dependent on the road width, traffic volume and land use on a particular road. For formal 2-lane road, preferred spacing is about 30mt. The existing fixtures in all the project towns are mainly restricted to major spines. In many cases the streetlights are malfunctioning.
118

As far as study made by LASA in 2003 the additional street lightning requirements are as follows Particulars Tube light Sodium Vapour Light Units 5024 90
Isolated Traffic Signals and Traffic Management Measures
While channelization of approaches to intersections reduces the conflict area, they function only when the volume are low in nature and has large time and space headways in the cross traffic, sufficient for merging. These gaps decrease the volumes of flows thereby necessitating physical stoppage of one of the conflicting flows to facilitate the movement of the other. In view of this Signal system optimization and Area traffic control measures needs to be identified and implemented commensurate to the growth of traffic.
The traffic in the city being mixed in nature and the carriageway being a non-standard format, all the carriageways need adequate traffic signs and road markings to provide guidance for disciplined and safe driving. It is necessary to standardize the lane markings, edge markings, median markings, pedestrian crossings, parking zones, traffic delineators, and traffic signs and implemented on all important travel corridors.
As a significant proportion of the trips of up to 2 km in length are performed on foot and since pedestrians are more vulnerable in being in being involved in accidents, it is necessary to protect them through provision of Guard Rails, Zebra Crossings, Pelican Signals or through Grade separations. Warrants for pedestrian crossings are as follows:
119
12.4
Summary of Key Investment Requirements
Sl.No
Name of the Scheme Improvement Highway) of Road
Activities Under Scheme Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 45.85 kms incl (State 0.3 km for rigid pavement under Sate Highway has been identified for Improvement Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 54.07 kms Under MDR and ODR has been identified for Improvement Improvement of Sub-Arterial Roads; A stretch of 360.13 kms under Internal Village Roads has been identified for immediate attention A stretch of 17.40 kms has been identified for construction of Outer Ring road to decongest the City Road
Cost Cr.
64.56
Improvement of MDR and ODR
69.96
Improvement of IVR
115.93
4 5 6 7 8 9
Ring road Constructing of BT Flyover at Keshampat junction is an important intersection of roads where to decongest, fly over is necessary Keshampat Development around Maharani Development around Maharani Bridge is also one of the important junction for decongestion Bridge and Khwai Bridg Cycle track and Pedestrian facilities encourages Cycle Track for 10 kms decongestion, environment friendly atmosphere and Pedestrian for 10kms keeps away from slow moving vehicles. Street lightning can be a major component of city beautification and safety of the citizens. Street Lighting 7 Nos of important junctions has been identified, which needs to be improved for decongestion This is one of the major component of public transport system which needs to be improved for inter and intra regional connectivity.
17.40 42.42 24.44 1.00 0.40 3.10
10
Junction Improvement (7 Nos)
2.10
11 12 13 14
Bus Terminus (10) Truck Terminus cum Logistic Centre This helps in controlling the entry and exist of heavy vehicles which creates traffic congection (1 Nos) This is a major activity under which traffic system can be improved and accidents can be controlled. Traffic Management System Sub way is necessary for decongestion and safety movement. Sub-way TOTAL
10.00 5.00 5.00 8.00 379.31
120
Chapter 13 Action Plan: Drainage & Sanitation

13.1 Vision
Universal access to healthy and hygienic conditions of sanitation and drainage to all citizens of Imphal with a special focus on provision of safe sanitation to the urban poor through accessible household and community models keeping in view the special conditions of the North Eastern region in general and Manipur in particular.
13.2
Background
Imphal, the capital city of Manipur is a rapidly growing urban area and a bustling town. It is the center of all cultural, commercial and political activities. It is a small and picturesque city and is a tourist attraction.
121
Imphal lies in the valley of the Manipur river and is surrounded by the northeastern hills. Manipur, also known as the land of jewels is naturally divided into two parts namely the hills and plains.
The town is in an alluvial plain at an altitude of 785 mtrs above the mean sea level. The cardinal location of the place is 24o 48.5 N and 93o 57 E. It is the biggest urban area in the state and is also the focal point of the road network in Manipur. The valley around Imphal town constitutes the central region of the Manipur state.
The Greater Imphal area is about 33,429 acres, out of which the existing developed area is about 11,773 acres (35%). The Municipal area is around 4,320 acres which constitutes 12.9% of the total area of Greater Imphal. Residential area constitutes about 63% of the total land area of the town.
Agricultural and hilly land constitutes about 65% of the total area of Greater Imphal while residential area is about 22%. The central area of the town comprises of the commercial / market area and areas for public and semi=public buildings. Small scale industries are located along the major roads outside the municipal limits.
Imphal has a salubrious climate with temperatures ranging from 1oC to 41oC. The coldest month is January while May and June are the hottest months. The annual rainfall in the town ranges from 825 mm (minimum) to 1808 mm (maximum) with average rainfall being 1309 mm. The humidity varies from 28.3% to 100%.
Imphal became the capital with the declaration of statehood for Manipur in 1972. It has grown tremendously but much of this growth has been haphazard. In Imphal, the open pucca drains are mainly along the major roads such as NH-30, NH 150. State Highways and other town roads. The residential areas of the town are having kutcha drains or in many case the road itself is acting as the drain. A few areas in the Core Area have open masonry drains, while most of the city has kutcha drains. The drainage system is extremely inadequate and the limited drainage that the city has is silted due to accumulation of slush mucks. Due to lack of proper drainage system, there is a chronic problem of water logging in the city. This creates a severe health hazard for the people.
Many of the stakeholders expressed their severe concern on the health hazards that are faced by the citizens due to coked drains and water logging/flooded city areas. Absence of
122

proper drainage carries serious water borne diseases, inconvenience to traffic and pedestrian movement and also severely damages the road condition.
In respect to the views of the citizens a comprehensive action plan comprising of the following key action points have been proposed:
Construction of new pucca drains Upgradation of kutcha drains to pucca drains Protection of natural drains Conservation / Protection of Natural drains Repair damaged drains
123
13.3
Sl Name of Basin No
Name of Main Drains
Total Total Cost Length in (Rs in Rm Crores) 7000 8383 6500 4300 2240 2930 5960 2880 12500 8500 19500 7.00 10.00 4.00 5.00 3.25 3.50 75.00 11.00 23.88 6.30 19.50 168.43 151.80 42.02 5 198.82 5.00 372.25
IFCD-PHE Area 1 Imphal River Basin Sangaipar & Wangkhei Drainage 1) Turel Amansi 2 Chandranadi Basin 2) Chandranadi 1) Porompat Road 3 Kongba Basin 2) Takhelkhong 3) Pemikhong 1) Nambul River 2) Naga Nullah 4 Nambul Basin 3)Lamphelpat & National Village Area 5 Waishel Basin Total IMC Area 1. Road side drains of IVRs 2.Drains which are passing through the household area 1) Waishel Main Drain 2) Waishel Arteries Drain
690000 191000 5000
IMC
Total Land Acquisition
124
Chapter 14 Action Plan: Sanitation

14.1 Sanitation Schemes: Action Plan
Imphal does not have an underground sewerage system at present. The actions required to address the issues pertaining to the provision of a sewerage system are indicated below:
Vision
Environmentally safe sanitation systems in Imphal
Issues
Imphal city does not have sewerage system. The existing methods are through septic tanks and soak pits
Action required
Introduce underground sewerage system Expand sewer connections to households Launch a community awareness and information dissemination programme to make people aware about the benefits of sewerage system Laying of primary and secondary sewer networks in various parts of the city Construction of sewage treatment plants
Most of the sewage from the septic tanks and toilets is disposed off directly into streams and drains polluting the streams
Increased risk of pollution of ground water, which is a major source of drinking water in the city People living in the downstream areas are under the threat of serious health hazard as the water is used for household works
Provide adequate disposal systems for septic tank and conservancy wastes Provide public toilets particularly for low income people
125
Three sewerage zones (Zone1, Zone2 and Zone3) have been demarcated for the Imphal Municipal Corporation area as indicated in the diagram below based on the land use patterns, topography and natural barriers:
ZONE 1
The surface area of Zone1 is 1552 Hectares. Zone1 in turn has been sub-divided into 11 Subzones. The rate of water supply in Zone1 is around 135 lpcd. The present project is to provide sewerage facilities to Zone1 of Imphal city covering the areas of Municipal Ward Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 24, 25 and 26. This is expected to benefit a population of 173,245 by treating 27 MLD of waste water. The sewer system will be of separate type.
In the first phase, the sewage of the above areas will be carried to Lamphelpat for treatment. The type of sewage plant is Extended Aeration process with sludge dewatering using belt filters.
There are two kinds of sewer networks. One is the primary and the other the Secondary network. The following is the synthesis of the sewer network:
Dia (mm) 200 300 400 500 600 700 1000
Primary pipes (mtrs) 6048 6571 2087 1327 4058 4903
Secondary pipes (mtrs) 86,399 5849 303 647 339 -
RCC pipes will be provided for sewer lines of 700 mm and 1000 mm dia. The others will be of PVC. DI pipes will be used for pressure mains and river crossings.
The estimated cost of the project is Rs 135 crores. The project implementation timeframe is 5 years.
126
ZONE 2
The surface area of considered for Zone2 is 932 Hectares. The restitution rate of water consumed has been assumed as 80%. The daily flow rate has been calculated as 38,000 m3 per day assuming a 135 litres average per capita water supply. Zone2 in turn has been sub-divided into 6 Sub-zones. The sewer system will be of separate type. The proposed sewerage treatment site is located at the eastern side of Imphal Airport which is only 5 Kms from the heart of Imphal city. The characteristics of the raw sewage is 225 ppm BOD at 20oC. The characteristics of the treated sewage effluent are: Suspended solids: 30 mg BOD: 20 mg
The sewage treatment is through water stabilization ponds. The effluent after treatment will be discharged to Waishel river through an open channel drainage system.
The estimated cost of the project is Rs 126 crores and it is expected to be implemented over a timeframe of 3 years. It is expected to provide around 15000 connections.
ZONE 3
The surface area of considered for Zone3 is 1291 Hectares. The restitution rate of water consumed has been assumed as 80%. The daily flow rate has been calculated as 39,000 m3 per day assuming a 135 litres average per capita water supply. Zone3 in turn has been sub-divided into 7 Sub-zones. The sewer system will be of separate type. The proposed sewerage treatment site is located at Kyamgei makha Leisangkhong which is around 6 Kms from the Imphal city center. The characteristics of the raw sewage is 225 ppm BOD at 20oC. The characteristics of the treated sewage effluent are: Suspended solids: 30 mg / litre BOD: 20 mg / litre
The sewage treatment is through water stabilization ponds. The effluent after treatment will be discharged to Imphal river through an open channel drainage system.
The estimated cost of the project is Rs 134 crores and it is expected to be implemented over a timeframe of 3 years. It is expected to provide around 15000 connections.
127
14.2
Sl. No. 1 2 3 Zone-I Zone-II Zone-III Total
Component
Cost in crores 50 126 134 310
128
Chapter 15 Action Plan: Solid Waste Management

15.1 Background
In, India municipal wastes have to be managed as per the provisions of Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 promulgated under Environment Protection Act, 1986. As per these rules, all the biodegradable municipal solid wastes shall be required to be processed by appropriate biological processing method.
Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 has made MSWM the Litigation responsibility of urban local bodies (city corporations and municipal corporations), which asks for source segregation of waste for cleaner composting and recycling. Further, the Supreme Court of India, acting on Public interest Litigation directed all urban local governments to install scientific solid waste treatment plants before a set deadline. Thus the installation of a scientific solid waste management system, though a costly proposition for most of the urban bodies, has become a necessity. Also the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MOEF), Government of India, has issued the Municipal Solid Wastes (management and handling) Rules in the year 2000, which identify the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) as the agency to monitor the implementation of these rules.
Another serious concern pertaining to solid waste in an urban area relates to the generation of bio-medical waste. These wastes, though are generated in small quantities, pose a great risk to the community due to their potential biohazard.
The disposal of non hazardous industrial waste is also another problem area and is taken care of through the Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules. Though these wastes have low components of hazardous components, the environment is threatened due to the volume of such waste generated in a city.
With rapid industrialization and urbanization, waste generation has become inevitable. The tremendous increase in population and sustained drive for economic progress and development has resulted in a remarkable increase in the quantity of solid wastes from different processes for example domestic waste, industrial waste etc.
129

Keeping in mind that as of now, there is virtually no solid waste management system capable of handling the overall generation, it is necessary to design a system capable of handling the entire SWM generated by the area. The components of the strategy to handle the Solid Waste shall thus comprise of the following: Integrated Solid Waste
Awareness Campaign
Solid Waste
Common Landfill facility
Strengthening of Institutions
15.2
Setting up a Integrated Solid Waste Management
Since there is no preferred method, every community must create its own best approach to dealing with its waste. However, all communities have the same alternatives.
The strategy identified by the region is the development of an integrated waste management system to identify the level or levels at which the highest values of individual and collective materials can be recovered. For this reason, the list starts with reduction using less and reusing more, thereby saving material production, resource cost, and energy. At the bottom of the list is ultimate disposal the final resting place for waste. Integrated solid waste management includes all the process shown in the diagram
Figure 12.1 : Hierarchy of integrated SWM
130

Managing Municipal Solid Waste
Existing municipal solid waste management system needs to follow the following strategies for efficient management in the future.
1.
Collection of waste: Increasing the coverage and efficiency of collection mechanism.
Would help in better management and in reducing the formation of unhygienic and Open dumpsites. Segregation of waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable Components are also required at source or at primary collection centers.
2.
Treatment and disposal: On the basis of availability of land and financial resources with
the service provider, either of the methods aerobic composting, anaerobic Digestion or sanitary land filling could be adopted for treatment and disposal of waste. However, since it appears that land filling would continue to be the most widely Adopted practice in India in the coming few years, in which case certain Improvements need to be done to ensure sanitary land filling and not mere dumping of Waste.
3.
Managing the industrial waste: To ensure scientific management of hazardous waste
generated in the country, the strategy should encompass all the aspects of waste management cycle starting from the generation of waste to its handling, segregation, transportation, treatment and disposal, in addition to a primary focus on waste minimization/reduction.
Thus keeping in mind that as of now, there is virtually no solid waste management system capable of handling the overall generation, it is necessary to design a system capable of handling the entire SWM generated by the area. The components of the strategy to handle the Solid Waste shall thus comprise of the following:
The Integrated Solid Waste Management Scheme shall be implemented with the following components. A Project Report based on present costs and requirements have been already prepared.
131
Based on a project report prepared for NBCC a Integrated Solid Waste Management Schemes proposed, which has been designed in line with the Municipal waste (Management and Handling Rule, 1999). The scheme has the following components. Sl No Component MSW Collection and Transportation System Sub-components Tri cycle bin Tri cycle Mobile bins at secondary collection points Refuse collector with compacting arrangement Wheel barrow Replacement of equipment in future years MSW Handling, Treatment and Final Disposal at SWDF Site MSW Composting facility with equipment/ machinery for processing composting MSW Sanitary Landfill Unit Bio-medical Waste Handling Unit Carcass Handling Unit Site Infrastructures Site Infrastructures
15.3

Projects Cost (Rs crore)
Integrated Solid Waste Management

Land Acquisition Total
34
3 37
The project is proposed to be implemented under a PPP format on a self-sustainable basis where the Private sector shall be responsible for meeting the O&M Costs and running the unit efficiently.
132
Chapter 16 Other Activities Envisaged under JNNURM

16.1 Urban Renewal
In conformity with the overall vision of decongestion of the central core city of Imphal, it is necessary to shift commercial establishment from non-confirming (inner city areas to confirming outer city areas). Imphal being a old city has developed in a unplanned manner, in order to decongest the city in a planned manner, certain commercial establishment in the core city have been identified for shifting outside the city area.
The identified areas for shifting are as follows.
Particular Rejuvenation of Identified area
Rejuvenation of CBD Area 45.31
A study is being made to identify other measures for implementing effective Urban Renewal Measure. 16.2 Setting of a Crematorium
During the consultative process many of the participants informed that because of want of fund, several traditional manual crematorium have been operating on the River Bank. These were not only polluting the environment and destroying the beauty of the riverbanks. The absence of electrical crematorium was creating hardships for the people. In view of this, they proposed setting up of electrical crematoriums at suitable location. In line with this it has been proposed that two crematorium at the city
Particular Setting up of two Crematorium Total
Cost of Crematorium (in crores) 10 10
16.3
Development of Working Woman Hostel
A substantial number of women are working in the city. Imphal being only class one city in the state offers employment opportunity in the region. In order to enable women living
133
City Development Plan: Imphal outside the city the opportunity to avail such employment, its necessary to create workingwomens hostel in the city. Accordingly it is proposed to construct twoworkingwomen hostel in the city.
Particular Working Women Hostel ( Two units Total Cost of Hostel (in crores) 10 10
134
Chapter 17 Profile of Imphal Municipal Council
17.1
Background
The Imphal Municipal Board came into existence in the year 1956 where the Board was formed with 12 members representing 12 wards. The area originally under its jurisdiction was Babupura Area, Secretariat Area and Khawai bazaar Area.
n the year 1992 the Manipur Board was converted into Manipur Imphal Council under the Manipur Municipality Act of 1994.
135
17.2
Organization Structure
The Organization structure of the Imphal Municipal Council is indicated below:
IMPHAL MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

CHAIRPERSON
VICE CHAIRPERSON
COUNCIL 27 COUNCILLORS
STANDING COMMITTEE 8 COMMITTEES
EXECUTIVE OFFICER
ESTABLISHMENT
ENGINEERING
ACCOUNTS
REVENUE
ASSESSMENT
HEALTH & SANITATION
PROJECTS
DY. EXEC. OFFICER
EXEC. ENGINEER
A/Cs OFFICER
REVENUE OFFICER
ASSMT.. OFFICER
HEALTH OFFICER
PROJECTS OFFICER
S/O ESTABLISHMENT
ASST. ENGRS
ACCOUNTANT
ADDN. REV OFFICERS
CLERKS
SANITARY OFFICER
ASST. PROJ. OFFICERS
SECTION OFFICER
SECTION OFFICERS
CLERKS
INSPECTORS
136
City Development Plan: Imphal 17.3 Assessment of Functions carried our by the Council
The table below indicates suggested functions of Municipal Councils and the current work being carried out by the Imphal Municipal Council: Suggested Functions Carried out by Imphal Municipal Council Carried out by
MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONS Urban Planning including Town Planning Regulation of Land Use Regulation of construction of Buildings Planning for economic and social development Roads and Bridges Water Supply domestic, industrial and commercial Public Health, Sanitation, Conservancy and Solid Waste Management Fire Services Urban Forestry Preventive Health Care Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens and playgrounds Burial and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats / grounds and electric crematoria Cattle Ponds Prevention of cruelty to animals Registration of births and deaths Slum improvement and upgradation Street lighting Parking lots Bus Stops and Public conveniences Regulation of Slaughter Houses and Tanneries Protection of Environment and promotion of ecological aspects Safeguarding the interests of No No No No Partly (Leikai roads) No Yes Town Planning Dept. Town Planning Dept. Town Planning Dept. State Planning Dept State PWD PHED Dept. -------------------
No No No No
Fire Services Dept (under Home Dept) Dept of Forests Directorate of Health Planning and Development Authority People of locality
No
Yes No Yes N/A No Yes No No No
-----------------------State veterinary department -------------------------No notified slums at present Planning and Dev. Authority and Power Dept ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Environment wing and State Pollution Control Board Social Welfare Dept
No
137

Suggested Functions weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retarded Urban Poverty Alleviation Promotion of cultural, education and aesthetic aspects Primary Education Primary Healthcare Carried out by Imphal Municipal Council Carried out by
No No
Social Welfare Dept Directorate of Art and Culture
No No
Directorate of Education Directorate of Health
It is thus evident that Imphal Municipal Council is not carrying out most of the functions indicated in the table.
138
17.4
Financial Analysis of IMC
Financial Analysis of Imphal Municipal Council

(Rs in lakhs) 2003 - 04
Receipt Own Sources (Tax) Rent from Revenue Taxes Sub Total (A) 242.28 242.28 235.44 235.44 179.79 179.79
2004-05
2005-06
Own Sources (Non-Taxes) Rent from shops Rent from stalls Rent from vendor Receipt from other charges Interest from Bank Sub Total (B) State Transfer and Grants Grant-in-aid for payment of Honorarium Grant-in-aid from 11th Finance Comission Award Grant-in-aid from NSDP Grant-in-aid thru UBI Grant-in-aid thru URIF Grant-in-aid from Dumping Grant-in-aid from Vehicle Repair Sub Total (C)
0.84 5.67 10.06 5.23 21.8
2.75 17.86 4.27 9.24 0.001 34.121
3.72 7.38 5.18 9.13 0.007 25.417
3.82 39.80
2.97 55.00 8.11 2.46
2.82
28.54 16.83 27.05 18.85 94.09
43.62
68.54
Total Receipts EXPENDITURE Maintenance of Roads / Buildings Office Expenses Staff Expenses Other Suspense Payment Grant for payment of Honorariumn Grant for 11th Finance Comission
307.70
338.10
299.30
3.85 16.09 270.68 4.75 3.82 23.99
24.09 31.13 204 0.5 14.11 46.05
50.82 58.39 180.48 11.78 16.89
Total Expenditure Surplus
323.18 -15.48
319.88 18.22
318.36 -19.06
139
City Development Plan: Imphal 17,5 State of Readiness of the Council and need for Capacity Building
As per the 74th Constitutional Amendment, all urban services are to be provided by the Imphal Municipal Council. However it has been assessed that the Council in its present form lacks the capabilities to execute projects of the scale envisaged by JNNURM. This has also been pointed out by many of the participants in the two consultative workshops.
The following are some of the pertinent issues that would hinder IMCs efforts to implement JNNURM projects:
IMC presently has substantial resource crunch
There is virtually no computerization of its operations and accounts are still maintained manually
Cash based single entry system of accounting is still being followed
There are no capabilities for E Governance / GIS as envisaged for Municipal Corporations
Reform of Property Tax with GIS has not been done
Levying of reasonable user charges for recovery of O & M charges has not been instituted
Budgets for basic services to the urban poor have not been earmarked
No significant training initiatives have been taken for the employees
There is a need to augment the office and other infrastructure facilities
140
Capability concerns
Financial Status
The table below indicates the Financials of the Imphal Municipal Council for the last 3 years:
Assessment of past financial performance
Rent from Revenue Taxes 300 250 Rs in lakhs 200 150 100 50 0 2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06
Analysis of the past 3 years financial performance indicates that:
Rent from revenue taxes has been declining in the last three years
Rent from non-tax sources has been exhibiting fluctuations in the last three year
Revnue from Non-tax sources 40 35 Rs in lakhs 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06
141

State Transfers and Grants have been exhibiting increasing trends in the last 3 years.
State Transfer and Grants 100 80 Rs in lakhs 60 40 20 0 2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06
The total receipts have been exhibiting fluctuating trends in the last 3 years:
Total Recipts 350.00 340.00 330.00 Rs in lakhs 320.00 310.00 300.00 290.00 280.00 270.00 2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06
The expenditure on Roads / Buildings have been increasing in the last three years:
Maintenance of Roads / Buildings 60.00 50.00 Rs in lakhs 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06
142
Office Expenses have been increasing in the last three years:
Office Expenses 70.00 60.00 Rs in lakhs 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06
Staff Expenses have been exhibiting decreasing trends in the last three years
Staff Expenses 300.00 250.00
Rs in lakhs
200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 2003 - 04 2004-05 2005-06
143
17.6
Profile of Institutions Planning and design Construction Operation and Maintenance PHED PHED IFCD IMC IMC/PWD
Urban Infrastructure Water Supply Sewerage Drainage Storm Water Drainage Solid Waste Disposal Municipal Roads (incldg. Fly Overs) Street Lighting PHED IMC PDA IFCD
PHED PHED PHED PHED PHED/PWD/IMC/PDA PHED/PWD/IMC/PDA IFCD/PHED IFCD/PHED IMC IMC/PWD IMC IMC/PWD
: Public Health Engineering DepartmentPWD : Imphal Municipal Council : Planning & Development Authority : Imphal Flood Control Department
Public Works Department
There is a multiplicity of organization in Drainage and Municipal Roads. In line with the Constitutional Amendment, the responsibility of the services shall be handed over the IMC. However, as mentioned earlier, this shall required substantial Capacity Building of IMC.
17.7
Action Plan
In view of the above, the following action plan is suggested for the Imphal Municipal Council:
IMC should formulate an action plan for increasing tax based revenue through conducting detailed surveys and streamlining tax collection procedures
IMC should formulate an Action Plan for increasing non-tax revenues by conducting detailed surveys, creating computer databases and streamlining non-tax based revenue collection procedures for
144

IMC may consider the options of utilizing the services of private agencies for enhanced revenue collection
IMC should adopt an action plan for rationalization of expenses
IMC should explore the options for additional sources of revenue
17.8
Provision for IMC
In view of the above, it is suggested that a sum of Rs 200,000,000 (Rs Twenty crores) be provisioned for strengthening and capacity building of Imphal Municipal Council.
The component wise break-up of this amount is indicated in the table below:
Development Initiative Accounting System Changeover Installation of GIS /. MIS Property Tax with GIS Hardware / Software Computerisation of Land and Property Records Training and Development Technical Capability Development Cost of Administrative / Structural Reforms Procurement of Office/Assets
Assigned Amount Rs 1.00 crore Rs 1.00 crore Rs 1.00 crore Rs 1.00crore Rs 1.00 crore
Rs 1.00 crore Rs 1.00 crore Rs 3.00 crores Rs 10.00 crores Rs. 20.00 crores
Total
145
Chapter 18 Reform Process

18.1 Background
The thrust of the JNNURM is to ensure improvement in urban governance and service delivery so that ULBs become financially sound and sustainable for undertaking new Programmes. It is also envisaged that, with the charter of reforms that are followed by the State governments and ULBs, a stage will be set for PPPs.
The agenda of reforms is given in the section below. The National Steering Group (NSG) may add additional reforms to identified reforms. A Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) between States/ULBs/Parastatal agencies and the Government of India, a prerequisite for accessing the Central assistance, would spell out specific milestones to be achieved for each item of reform. All mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission period.
All mandatory and optional reforms shall be completed within the Mission Period.
18.2
Reform Agenda
Mandatory Reforms
1. Mandatory Reforms at the Level of ULBs, and Parastatal Agencies
Adoption of modern accrual-based double entry system of accounting in ULBs and parastatal agencies.
Introduction of a system of e-governance using IT applications, such GIS and MIS for various services provided by ULBs and parastatal agencies.
Reform of property tax with GIS. It becomes a major source of revenue for ULBs an arrangement for its effective implementation so that collection efficiency reaches at least 85 per cent within next seven years.
Levy of reasonable user charges by ULBs and Parastatals with the objective that the full cost of O&M or recurring cost is collected within the next seven years. However, cities and towns in the North East and other special category States may recover only
146

50 percent of O&M charges initially. These cities and towns should graduate to full O&M cost recovery in a phased manner.
Internal earmarking, within local bodies, budgets for basic services to the urban poor.
Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices, improved housing, water supply and sanitation. Delivery of other existing universal services of the government for education, health and social security is ensured.
2. Optional Reforms (common to States, ULBs and Parastatal Agencies)
The following optional reforms are expected to be undertaken by ULBs, parastatal agencies and State governments:
Revision of byelaws to streamline the approval process for construction of buildings, development of site etc.
Simplification of legal and procedural frameworks for conversion of land from agricultural to non-agricultural purposes.
Introduction of Property Title Certification System in ULBs.
Earmarking at least 20-25 per cent of developed land in all housing projects (both public and private agencies) for EWS and LIG category with a system of cross subsidisation.
Introduction of computerised process of registration of land and property.
Revision of byelaws to make rain-water harvesting mandatory in all buildings and adoption of water conservation measures.
Byelaws for reuse of recycled water.
Administrative reforms i.e. reduction in establishment costs by adopting the Voluntary Retirement Scheme (VRS), not filling posts falling vacant due to retirement etc., and achieving specified milestones in this regard.
147

Structural reforms.
Encouraging PPP.
148
Chapter 19 City Investment Plan

19.1 Background
The city investment plan for the Imphal Municipal area has been formed, keeping in mind the following assumptions: The project cost is proposed to be funded in the following manner: Central Government will be providing 90% of the project cost as grants. The balance project cost will be funded by the ULBs own finances, project on PPP, Funding through State Govt & other funding mechanisms wherever possible.
19.2
Sustainability & Financial Options
It is recognized that the NURM Mission is an important landmark in making the Urban Local Bodies self-sufficient and financially independent. It is also important to ensure that the assets being created are adequately maintained and adequate resources are allocated for the same.
As mentioned earlier, comprehensive steps are being taken to identify opportunities to strengthen the financial health of IMC. A range of short term and medium term interventions are being taken up with the objective of generating adequate resources within IMC so it is able to operate and maintain the projects. The measures include levy of surcharge on holdings used for commercial purposes, conducting provisional assessment, enforcing collection drives and gradually increasing tariffs so as to ensure that user charges are adequate to recover at least the operation and maintenance costs of individual projects. This is particularly relevant for water projects where present collection is far below the cost.
19.3
Summary of cost Investments in different sectors

Cost (in crores) 133 195 125 236 379 372 310 37 20 66 1872
Sector Projects Environment Refer-Table A (17.6) Tourism & Heritage Refer-Table B(17.6) Basic Services to Urban Poor Refer-Table C(17.6) Water Supply Refer-Table D(17.6) Transportation Refer-Table E(17.6) Drainage Refer-Table F(17.6) Sanitation Refer-Table G(17.6) Solid Waste Management Refer-Table H(17.6) Capacity Building of IMC Refer-Table I(17.6) Other Activities Refer-Table J(17.6) GRAND TOTAL
149
19.4Means of Funding
Sl.No Mode of Financing Source Amount (Rs. Crores) 1873 1685 186 % of Total Investment 100% 90% 10%
Identified Investments 1 Grants 2 Loan / ULBs
JNNURM Open Market/ FIs
19.5
Investment Pattern
Investment Requirement
195 37 100 66 20 142 237
236 395
447
Capacity Building of IMC Water Supply Drainage Basic Services to Urban Poor Tourism & Heritage
Enviroment Transportation Sanitation Solid Waste Management Other Activities
19.6 Break up of Investment Requirement

Table A- Environment
Name of the Scheme

1 Development of Environmental Plan 2 Conservation of Water Bodies
Activities under the scheme

Environmental Improvement: Preparation of a Plan for future Environmental Improvement: Conservation of identified Water Bodies in poor condition
Investment (Rs crs)

2.00 87.26 43.79
Lake/River Restoration/Rejuvenation
Environmental Improvement: Conservation of Lake and control of Urban Lake
Total
133.05
150

Table B- Tourism
Name of the Scheme Activities under the scheme Investment (Rs crs)
1 Kangla Fort Development Beautification, Development and Heritage Protection 2 Protects for protection of Heritage Centre
Total
145.00
City Beautification, Development and Heritage Conservation
50.00
195.00
Table C- Basic services to urban poor

Community Hall Health Care & Education Development Programmes Operation & Maintenance Housing Projects
Total
20 20 25 10 50
125
Table D- Water Supply

Sl. No. Name of the Scheme Cost in crores
1 2 3
5 MGD Water Treatment Plant Pipelines for fringe area Augmentation of existing Water Treatment Plant Operation & Maintenance of existing and new Water
40.00 11.00 12.00
4 5
Supply Scheme Upgradation of Distribution network including metering Construction of overhead tanks, ground sumps, zonal
5.40 120.00
reservoir at various zone for equitable distribution Community awareness project for all region and capacity
46.00
building. Total
2.00 236.40
151
Table E- Transportation
Sl.No Name of the Scheme Activities Under Scheme Cost Cr.
Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 45.85 incl 0.3 km for rigid 1 Improvement of Road (State Highway) pavement under Sate Highway has been identified for Improvement Improvement of Arterial Roads; A stretch of 54.07 kms Under MDR and 2 Improvement of MDR and ODR ODR has been identified for Improvement Improvement of Sub-Arterial Roads; A stretch of 360.13 kms Under 3 Improvement of IVR Internal Village Roads has been identified for immediate attention A stretch of 17.40 kms has been identified for construction of Outer Ring 4 Ring road road to decongest the City Road Keshampat junction is an important intersection of roads where to 5 Constructing of BT Flyover at Keshampat Development around Maharani Bridge and 6 7 Khwai Bridg Cycle Track for 10 kms decongest, fly over is necessary Development around Maharani Bridge is also one of the important junction for decongestion Cycle track and Pedestrian facilities encourages decongestion, environment friendly atmosphere and keeps away from slow moving 8 Pedestrian for 10kms vehicles. Street lightning can be a major component of city beautification and 9 Street Lighting safety of the citizens. There are 7 Nos of important junctions has been identified, which needs 10 Junction Improvement (7 Nos) to be improved for decongestion This is one of the major component of public transport system which 11 Bus Terminus (10) needs to be improved for inter and intra regional connectivity. This helps in controlling the entry and exist of heavy vehicles which 12 Truck Terminus cum Logistic Centre (1 Nos) creates traffic congestion This is a major activity under which traffic system can be improved and 13 14 15 Traffic Management System Sub-way Land Acquisition
TOTAL
64.56
60.96
115.93
17.40
42.42
24.44 1.00
0.40
3.10
2.10
10.00
5.00
accidents can be controlled. Sub way is necessary for decongestion and safety movement.
5.00 8.00 10.00

379.31
152
Table F- Drainage
Sl Name of Basin No Name of Main Drains Total Total Cost Length in (Rs in Rm Crores) 7000 8383 6500 4300 2240 2930 5960 2880 12500 8500 19500 7.00 10.00 4.00 5.00 3.25 3.50 75.00 11.00 23.88 6.30 19.50 168.43 151.80 42.02 5 198.82 5.00 372.25
IFCD-PHE Area 1 Imphal River Basin Sangaipar & Wangkhei Drainage 1) Turel Amansi 2 Chandranadi Basin 2) Chandranadi 1) Porompat Road 3 Kongba Basin 2) Takhelkhong 3) Pemikhong 1) Nambul River 2) Naga Nullah 4 Nambul Basin 3)Lamphelpat & National Village Area 5 Waishel Basin Total IMC Area 1. Road side drains of IVRs 2.Drains which are passing through the household area 1) Waishel Main Drain 2) Waishel Arteries Drain
690000 191000 5000
IMC
Total Land Acquisition
Table G- Sanitation
Sl. No. 1 2 3 Zone-I Zone-II Zone-III Total Component Cost in crores 50 126 134 310
Table H- Solid Waste management

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Land Acquisition Total
34
3 37
153
Table I- Capacity Building of IMC

Development Initiative Accounting System Changeover Installation of GIS /. MIS Property Tax with GIS Hardware / Software Computerization of Land and Property Records Training and Development Technical Capability Development Cost of Administrative / Structural Reforms Procurement of Assets/Ofice Rs 1 crore Rs 1 crore Rs 3 crores Rs 10 crores 20 Assigned Amount Rs 1 crore Rs 1 crore Rs 1 crore Rs 1crore Rs 1 crore
Total
19.7 Public Private Partnership Projects

The region recognizes the importance of PPP not only as a funding mechanism but also as an important tool for bringing in efficiencies as well as ensuring proper operation and maintenance of the assets being created herein. This was also agreed as a priority during the consultative process as well as by the State Level Nodal Committee during finalization of the CDP. A spectrum of PPP options ranging from agreeing frameworks (such as community contracts) to full privatization has been thought about. Five partnership options which are most common are: Service Contracts Build Operate Transfer (BOT) Concessions Joint Venture Community Based Provisions
However the choice of option in a given situation will depend on factors such as degree of control desired by the ULBs, legal framework for Private Investment, regulatory mechanism and potential of attracting financial resources form both the public and private sectors.
154

For example Service contract option of PPP has been considered for improving solid waste management practices. PPP options in sectors such as Water supply, Sewerage and drainage has been generally found difficult because of large investment requirement; long gestation period and poor cost recovery. However with the JNURM funding and proper structuring, PPP is possible.
One of the major goals of JNURM is to encourage PPP participation and also to make the ULBs self - sufficient. Also the ULBs with the help of JNURM may be able to source funds to restructure their balance sheet. ULBs Fund Raising: Presently it is difficult for the ULBs to raise resources independently. In view of the above, the following steps are required to be taken in a phase wise manner for strengthening their financial structure:
Phase I:
Balance Sheet Restructuring: Balance sheet restructuring will involve activities which will aim to enhance the financial strength of the Imphal Municipal Council (IMC) Revaluation of Assets: In municipalities, the assets are generally not revalued for a long time and are recorded in the books of accounts at the price at which it was purchased or bought. So if the assets are revalued at a realistic price, this is expected to have a sound impact on the balance sheet of the ULB. Leveraging Idle Assets: The ULBs need to identify idle assets that they can leverage and earn sufficient revenues. Escrowable Receivables: Structured Financing against Escrowing of receivables can also be a good mechanism to attract private players. The private players will feel confident if the receivables are escrowed.
Phase II: If the above activities are implemented properly, it will enhance the financial strength of the Imphal Municipal Council. After the strengthening of the Balance sheet the following activities can be resorted to:
155

Balance Sheet Funding: If the above mentioned factors are properly implemented, the balance sheet of Imphal Municipal Council will become stronger which will help it to raise funds by leveraging its strengthened balance sheet. Stock & Bond issues: Only the larger municipalities raise loans in this way. A municipality must be credit worthy to conclude deals of this nature successfully. On completion of the restructuring, balance sheets are expected to be strong to raise resources.
Phase III:
User Group Fund: ULBs can raise funds from the common usage groups, by showing them what benefits they will derive if the project is executed. The benefits can be expressed in monetary terms with the help of cost benefit analysis.
Creation of infrastructure fund: It is recognized that the above measures shall take some time for development and implementation. In the meantime in order to ensure that the assets are properly operated and maintained, a fund shall be created. The fund shall be taken as a part of project cost.
The above principles shall be taken into account while preparing individual project proposals and shall be reflected in the respective DPRs.
Keeping in mind the above factors financing pattern for all the sectors have been provided below: Sources of Finance
The City plans to give the highest priority to provision of Water Services to its citizens, followed by provision of services to urban poor, provision of drainage and sewerage. The following is the summary of the sectors identified for implementation. While the individual projects will be prioritized according the the urgency of the requirements, the following also generally reflects the sector prioritization.
156
Chapter 20 Financial Operating Plan

20.1 Background
Financial Operating Plan (FOP) is a multi-year forecast of finances of the local body for a medium term. The investment has been phased out over the mission period according to the priorities as well as construction period.
The finances of the Imphal Municipal Council has been computed over two scenarios as follows :
Business as Usual: In this scenario, the financial has been computed on the basis that the council is running as per the earlier trend and there is no major improvement in the collections or tariff. The scenario shows that IMC shall be in a massive deficit and it underscores the requirement for IMC to take immediate action to resolve the same. This can be achieved through a mix of rationalising User Charges, improving collection and coverage.
Improved Case Scenario: In this scenario, the performance of the council is improved though better collection and tariff regime and higher efficiencies. It is then checked whether the surplus can improved and utilised for the additional O&M expenses for the new assets being procured under the JNNURM.
It will be observed that given the poor condition of the Municipal Council, low per capita of the local people and the extent of investment required for developing the infrastructure as the present level is very low, the Council will still require support from the State Government for covering the O&M Expenses. However, the Council will have surplus on its own without taking into account the O&M of the new assets.
The Government of Imphal & Imphal Municipal Councl shall be executing the Memorandum of Understanding with the Government of India confirming rationalisation of the user charges, improving organisation and developing institutional capacity to achieve self-sufficiency..
157
Projections: Business as Usual

F in a n c ia l O p e r a tin g P la n o f Im p h a l M u n ic ip a l C o u n c il
(R s in la k h s ) P R O J E C T IO N S 2003 - 04 R e c e ip t O w n S o u rc e s (T a x ) R e n t fro m R e v e n u e T a x e s S u b T o ta l (A ) 2 4 2 .2 8 2 4 2 .2 8 2 3 5 .4 4 2 3 5 .4 4 1 7 9 .7 9 1 7 9 .7 9 1 8 5 .1 8 1 8 5 .1 8 1 9 0 .7 4 1 9 0 .7 4 1 9 6 .4 6 1 9 6 .4 6 2 0 2 .3 6 2 0 2 .3 6 2 0 8 .4 3 2 0 8 .4 3 2 1 4 .6 8 2 1 4 .6 8 2 2 1 .1 2 2 2 1 .1 2 2 0 0 4 -0 5 2 0 0 5 -0 6 2 0 0 6 -0 7 2 0 0 7 -0 8 2 0 0 8 -0 9 2 0 0 9 -1 0 2 0 1 0 -1 1 2 0 1 1 -1 2 2 0 1 2 -1 3
O w n S o u rc e s (N o n -T a x e s ) R e n t fro m s h o p s R e n t f r o m s t a lls R e n t fro m v e n d o r R e c e ip t f r o m o t h e r c h a r g e s In te re s t fro m B a n k S u b T o ta l (B ) S ta te T ra n s fe r a n d G ra n ts G r a n t - in - a id f o r p a y m e n t o f H o n o r a r iu m G r a n t - in - a id f r o m 1 1 t h F in a n c e C o m is s io n A w a r d G r a n t - in - a id f r o m N S D P G r a n t - in - a id t h r u U B I G r a n t - in - a id t h r u U R I F G r a n t - in - a id f r o m D u m p in g G r a n t - in - a id f r o m V e h ic le R e p a ir S u b T o ta l (C )
0 .8 4 5 .6 7 1 0 .0 6 5 .2 3 2 1 .8 0
2 .7 5 1 7 .8 6 4 .2 7 9 .2 4 0 .0 0 1 3 4 .1 2
3 .7 2 7 .3 8 5 .1 8 9 .1 3 0 .0 0 7 2 5 .4 2
3 .8 3 7 .6 0 5 .3 4 9 .4 0 0 .0 0 7 2 6 .1 8
3 .9 5 7 .8 3 5 .5 0 9 .6 9 0 .0 0 7 2 6 .9 6
4 .0 6 8 .0 6 5 .6 6 9 .9 8 0 .0 0 7 2 7 .7 7
4 .1 9 8 .3 1 5 .8 3 1 0 .2 8 0 .0 0 7 2 8 .6 1
4 .3 1 8 .5 6 6 .0 1 1 0 .5 8 0 .0 0 7 2 9 .4 6
4 .4 4 8 .8 1 6 .1 9 1 0 .9 0 0 .0 0 7 3 0 .3 5
4 .5 8 9 .0 8 6 .3 7 1 1 .2 3 0 .0 0 7 3 1 .2 6
3 .8 2 3 9 .8 0
2 .9 7 5 5 .0 0 8 .1 1 2 .4 6
2 .8 2
2 .9 0
2 .9 9
3 .0 8
3 .1 7
3 .2 7
3 .3 7
3 .4 7
2 8 .5 4 1 2 1 9 6 .8 7 .0 8 .8 4 .0 3 5 5 9 17 27 19 67 .3 3 .8 6 .4 2 .5 2 17 28 20 69 .8 5 .7 0 .0 0 .5 4 18 29 20 71 .3 9 .5 6 .6 0 .6 3 18 30 21 73 .9 4 .4 5 .2 2 .7 8 19 31 21 75 .5 1 .3 6 .8 5 .9 9 20 32 22 78 .1 .3 .5 .2 0 0 1 7 20 33 23 80 .7 .2 .1 .6 0 7 8 2
4 3 .6 2
6 8 .5 4
T o ta l R e c e ip ts E X P E N D IT U R E M a in t e n a n c e o f R o a d s / B u ild in g s O f f ic e E x p e n s e s S ta ff E x p e n s e s O th e r S u s p e n s e P a y m e n t G r a n t f o r p a y m e n t o f H o n o r a r iu m n G r a n t f o r 1 1 t h F in a n c e C o m is s io n
3 0 7 .7 0
3 3 8 .1 0
2 9 9 .3 0
2 7 8 .8 8
2 8 7 .2 5
2 9 5 .8 6
3 0 4 .7 4
3 1 3 .8 8
3 2 3 .3 0
3 3 3 .0 0
3 .8 5 1 6 .0 9 2 7 0 .6 8 4 .7 5 3 .8 2 2 3 .9 9
2 4 .0 9 3 1 .1 3 204 0 .5 1 4 .1 1 4 6 .0 5
5 0 .8 2 5 8 .3 9 1 8 0 .4 8 1 1 .7 8 1 6 .8 9
5 2 .3 4 6 5 .4 0 2 0 2 .1 4 1 8 .9 2
5 3 .9 1 7 3 .2 4 2 2 6 .3 9 2 1 .1 9
5 5 .5 3 8 2 .0 3 2 5 3 .5 6 2 3 .7 3
5 7 .2 0 9 1 .8 8 2 8 3 .9 9 2 6 .5 8
5 8 .9 1 1 0 2 .9 0 3 1 8 .0 7 2 9 .7 7
6 0 .6 8 1 1 5 .2 5 3 5 6 .2 4 3 3 .3 4
6 2 .5 0 1 2 9 .0 8 3 9 8 .9 8 3 7 .3 4
T o ta l E x p e n d itu r e S u r p lu s
3 2 3 .1 8 -1 5 .4 8
3 1 9 .8 8 1 8 .2 2
3 1 8 .3 6 -1 9 .0 6
3 3 8 .8 0 -5 9 .9 2
3 7 4 .7 4 -8 7 .4 9
4 1 4 .8 6 -1 1 8 .9 9
4 5 9 .6 4 -1 5 4 .9 0
5 0 9 .6 5 -1 9 5 .7 7
5 6 5 .5 1 -2 4 2 .2 1
6 2 7 .9 1 -2 9 4 .9 1
158
2003 - 04 Receipt Revenue Taxes Sub Total (A) Own Sources (Non-Taxes) Rent from shops Rent from stalls Rent from vendor Receipt from other charges Interest from Bank Sub Total (B) 242.28 242.28
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
Rs lacs 2010-11
235.44 235.44
247.21 247.21
259.57 259.57
272.55 272.55
286.18 286.18
300.49 300.49
315.51 315.51
0.84 5.67 10.06 5.23 0.00 21.80
2.75 17.86 4.27 9.24 0.00 34.12
2.89 18.75 4.48 9.70 0.00 35.83
3.03 19.69 4.71 10.19 5.00 42.62
3.18 20.68 4.94 10.70 5.25 44.75
3.34 21.71 5.19 11.23 5.51 46.99
3.51 22.79 5.45 11.79 5.79 49.33
3.69 23.93 5.72 12.38 6.08 51.80
Grant in Aid Grant in Aid from Finance Commission Sun Total ( C) Total Income (A+B+C) Expenses Cash Flow before JNNURM Projects O&M Costs (JNNURM Projects) User Charge Recovery (JNNURM Projects) O & M Funding/Addl Govt Support
43.62 43.62 307.70 323.18 -15.48
68.54 68.54 338.10 319.88 18.22
27.01 33.76 60.76 343.80 318.36 25.44
26.50 33.12 59.62 361.81 337.46 24.34 `
26.75 33.44 60.19 377.49 357.71 19.78
27.01 33.76 60.76 393.93 379.17 14.76 2142.27 798.39 1343.88
27.26 34.08 61.35 411.17 401.92 9.25 4199.01 1707.78 2491.24
27.53 34.41 61.93 429.25 426.04 3.21 5548.35 2977.66 2570.70
Financial Operating Plan with JNNURM Assets and State Govt. Support
159
2007 Income State Grants General Transfer Grant in aid Finance Commision Grant 15% Rs 10 per capita Rs 12.50 per captia
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
User Charges Recovery Water Supply Drainage Sanitation Solid Waste
10% 10% 10% 100%
15% 15% 15% 100%
25% 25% 25% 100%
45% 45% 45% 100%
50% 50% 50% 100%
60% 60% 60% 100%
O&M Charges Water Supply Drainage Sanitation Solid Waste Urban Poor Other Income Growth p.a.
4% 4% 4% 12% 3% 5%
4% 4% 4% 12% 3%
4% 4% 4% 12% 3%
4% 4% 4% 12% 3%
4% 4% 4% 12% 3%
4% 4% 4% 12% 3%
Expenses Growth p.a.
6%
Projected Population
264961
267498
270060
272646
275257
277393
160
161

CDP Imphal

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

CDP Imphal

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

City Development Plan: Imphal

C h ap t e r 1 I nt r o duc t i o n t o C i t y D e ve l o pme nt P l an & A p p r o ac h

Map 1.1: Location of Manipur

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

Map 1.2: Location of Imphal

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

Population 150595 70897 11711 17031 250234

Overall Urbanisation in India and Trends

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

820 700 583 473 372 159 217 285

109 62.4 78.9

Table 1.2: Projected Urbanisation

(a) (b) (c)

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal (d) (e) (f) (g)

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

City Development Plan

City Development Plan for Imphal

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

Process Followed for CDP Preparation

APPROACH TO FORMULATION OF CITY DEVELOPMENT

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

Stakeholders Views and Concerns

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

J JN NN NU UR RM M s t s t s t Consultative Workshop 1 1 Consultative Workshop I IM MP PH HA AL L

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

J JN NN NU UR RM M n d n d n d Consultative Workshop 2 2 Consultative Workshop I IM MP PH HA AL L

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

J JN NN NU UR RM M r d r d r d Consultative Workshop 3 3 Consultative Workshop I IM MP PH HA AL L

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

Some of the Speakers of the Workshops

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

Objectives and Overall Goals

Development; Addressing Vital Issues of Urban Sociology in a multi-ethnic city.

Strategic Aims & Implementation Programme

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

City Investment Plan (CIP)

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

Population 150595 70897 11711 17031 250234

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

Map: 2.1: Imphal City Map

Table 2.1: Break-up of Population Source: Census 2001

Imphal Municipal Council

City Development Plan: Imphal

Climate of the Region