102 Int. J. Vehicle Design, Vol. 63, No.

1, 2013
Copyright 2013 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.











Heat transfer effects on the performance of an
air-standard irreversible dual cycle
Yasin Ust* and Bahri Sahin
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering,
Yildiz Technical University,
Besiktas, 34349, Istanbul, Turkey
Fax: +90 2123832989
E-mail: yust@yildiz.edu.tr
E-mail: bsahin@yildiz.edu.tr
*Corresponding author
Hasan Kayhan Kayadelen
Department of Marine Engineering Operations,
Yildiz Technical University,
Barbaros Bulvar, Gemi Insaati ve Denizcilik Fakultesi
Dekanligi YT Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
Fax: +90 212 383 2989
E-mail: hkayhan@yildiz.edu.tr
Guven Gonca
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering,
Yildiz Technical University,
Barbaros Bulvar, Gemi Insaati ve Denizcilik Fakultesi
Dekanligi YT Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
Fax: +90 212 383 2989
E-mail: ggonca@yildiz.edu.tr
Abstract: The objective of this study is to analyse the effects of heat transfer
loss and internal irreversibilites, resulting from adiabatic processes, on an
irreversible diesel heat engine. Thermodynamic optimisation has been carried
out based on the Maximum Power (MP), Maximum Thermal Efficiency (MEF)
and Maximum mean Effective Pressure (MEP) criteria for the dual cycle.
Power output, thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure are obtained
by introducing variable compression ratio, inlet temperature, combustion and
heat transfer constants, and compression and expansion efficiencies. Optimal
performance and design parameters of the dual cycle are obtained numerically
for the MP, MEF and MEP conditions. The optimal compression ratio and
pressure ratio at MEP conditions are compared with those results obtained
by using the MP and MEF criteria for different constants of heat transfer and
combustion in the characteristic grid curves. The results obtained in this paper
may provide a guide to the performance and improvement of practical diesel
engines.
Keywords: dual cycle; optimal performance; performance analysis;
thermodynamic optimisation; combustion; heat transfer.









Heat transfer effects on the performance of an air-standard irreversible 103












Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Ust, Y., Sahin, B.,
Kayadelen, H.K. and Gonca, G. (2013) Heat transfer effects on the
performance of an air-standard irreversible dual cycle, Int. J. Vehicle Design,
Vol. 63, No. 1, pp.102116.
Biographical notes: Yasin Ust graduated from Naval Architecture and Marine
Engineering Department at Yildiz Technical University with PhD Degree in
2005. He is working as the Vise Dean of the Naval Architecture and Maritime
Faculty, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul. His main research areas are
thermodynamic simulation of energy conversion systems, ship machinery and
cogeneration systems.
Bahri Sahin graduated from Nuclear Technology programme at Istanbul
Technical University with PhD Degree in 1985. He is working as the Dean of
the Naval Architecture and Maritime Faculty, Yildiz Technical University,
Istanbul. His main research areas are performance analysis and optimisation of
energy conversion systems, energy economics and nuclear energy.
Hasan Kayhan Kayadelen graduated as an appreciated student from the only
Turkish high-school supported by German Government with distinguished
education and alumni, Istanbul Lisesi in 2003. He graduated from both Civil
Engineering and Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Departments of
Yildiz Technical University (YTU) in 2008 and took his MSc Degree from
YTU Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Department in 2009. He also
completed one year in Dearsan shipyard as a Design Engineer of Patrol Boats
for the National Army and two study-abroad semester in Portsmouth, United
Kingdom. Then he started his academic career as a research assistant in YTU
and currently working on gas turbines in his PhD.
Gven Gonca graduated from Yildiz Technical University (YTU), Naval
Architecture and Marine Engineering Department in 2007 and took his MSc.
Degree from YTU Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering Department in
2009. He worked as a outfitting design engineer of Chemical Tankers and
Coast Guard Ships in RMK Marine shipyard for two years then he started his
academic career as a research assistant in YTU. He is studying on internal
combustion engines his PhD.

1 Introduction
Several studies have been carried out since finite-time thermodynamics was used to
analyse and optimise real heat-engines (Bejan, 1996; Chen et al., 1999; Chen and Sun,
2004a, 2004b; Curzon and Ahlborn, 1975; Andresen et al., 1984; Sieniutycz and
Salamon, 1990; Durmayaz et al., 2004). Diesel or Compression Ignition (CI) engines
have historically been the most popular and efficient type of reciprocating engine on the
market for both small and large power generation applications.
Diesel engines are more efficient than Spark Ignition (SI) engines because they
operate with a much higher compression ratio. In CI engines, dual cycle is used in which
the heat input process of combustion is represented by a dual process of constant volume
followed by constant pressure. The dual cycle is a better approximation to the modern
high speed CI engine than either the diesel or the Otto cycle.









104 Y. Ust et al.












Optimisation studies for air-standard reciprocating cycles, i.e., Otto, diesel and dual
cycles, with rate-dependent loss mechanisms have appeared as early as in the 1980s
physics literature. Mozurkewich and Berry (1982) and Hoffman et al. (1985)
incorporated major loss terms such as friction loss, heat leak and incomplete combustion
in a simple model based on an air-standard cycle. Then using optimal control theory, the
piston trajectory which yields MP output was computed. Aizenbud et al. (1982)
determined the optimal motion of a piston fitted to a cylinder, which contained a gas
pumped with a given heating rate and coupled to a heat bath for finite periods.
Klein (1991) considered the ideal Otto and diesel cycles and compared their volumetric
compression ratios and thermal efficiencies at maximum work per cycle conditions.
He studied the effect of heat transfer through the cylinder wall on the work output of
an Otto cycle assuming the heat transfer to the cylinder walls to be a linear function
of the difference between the average gas and cylinder-wall temperatures during the heat
addition process. Apart from these, many authors have worked on the Otto cycle to
determine the optimal cycle parameters (Wu and Blank, 1992, 1993; Angulo-Brown
et al., 1996; Chen et al., 1998, 2006; Ge et al., 2005a, 2005b, 2007; Hou, 2007; Lin and
Hou, 2008).
Sahin et al. (2002) introduced and optimised a new combined dual and JouleBrayton
(JB) power-cycle model. They considered a reciprocating heat engine with a gas-turbine
system in which the JB cycle utilises the waste heat from the dual cycle and then they
obtained the optimal performance and design parameters analytically in terms of thermal
efficiency, power output and engine sizes for the MP-density conditions. Sahin et al.
(2002) also carried out a performance analysis and optimisation based on ecological
criterion for an air-standard dual cycle coupled to constant-temperature thermal
reservoirs. The optimal performances and design parameters such as compression ratio,
pressure ratio, cut-off ratio and thermal conductance allocation ratio which maximise
the ecological objective function are investigated. Parlak (2005) carried out a
comparative performance analysis and optimisation based on MP and MEF criteria for
irreversible dual and diesel cycles. He determined optimal performance and design
parameters and investigated the effects of the internal irreversibilities of the cycles on
overall performance in terms of isentropic efficiencies for the compression and expansion
processes. Ozsoysal (2006) studied characterisation of the amount of heat leakage as
a percentage of the fuels energy. He presented the valid ranges of heat transfer
parameters of Otto and diesel cycles in graphs and basic equations. Ust et al. (2005)
studied an ecological performance analysis for an irreversible dual cycle by employing
the new thermo-ecological criterion and showed advantageous results in terms of entropy
generation at maximum considered objective-function conditions, Ust et al. (2007) also
performed an ecological performance analysis for an irreversible dual-cycle cogeneration
system based on a new exergetic performance criterion.
Blank and Wu (1994) determined the effect of combustion on the performance of an
endoreversible dual cycle. They considered the effect of heat transfer through a cylinder
wall on the work output of the cycle. Lin et al. (1999) considered the effect of heat
transfer through a cylinder wall on the work output of a dual cycle. Wang et al. (2002)
studied the effect of the friction-like term loss on cycle performance by modelling the
dual cycle. Chen and Sun (2004a, 2004b) carried out a thermodynamic performance
analysis of an air-standard dual cycle with heat-transfer and friction-like loss terms. Hou
(2004) studied the effects of heat transfer loss on the performance of the dual cycle and
determined the performance characteristics of the cycle based on the heat transfer loss.









Heat transfer effects on the performance of an air-standard irreversible 105












Al-Hinti et al. (2008) made an alternative approach to evaluate net power output and
cycle thermal efficiency from more realistic parameters such as airfuel ratio, fuel mass
flow rate, intake temperature, engine design parameters, etc.
In this paper, the effects of heat transfer performed by Hou (2004) for the reversible
dual cycle model is extended to an irreversible dual cycle model by considering internal
irreversibilities resulting from the adiabatic compression and expansion processes. In this
context, the optimal performance and design parameters under MP, MEF and MEP
conditions are investigated. Additionally, the effects of inlet temperature and the
constants of heat transfer and combustion will also be examined.
2 Thermodynamic analysis of the air standard irreversible dual cycle
P-v (pressure-specific volume) and T-S (temperature-entropy) diagrams for the
thermodynamic processes of a standard irreversible dual cycle with air is shown
in Figures 1(a) and (b) seen below. In the diagram, the process 12s is an isentropic
(reversible adiabatic) compression, while process 12 is an irreversible adiabatic process
that takes into account the internal irreversibilities in the real compression process. The
heat addition occurs in two steps: Processes 23 and 34 are heat additions at constant
volume and constant pressure, respectively. Process 34 also includes the first part
of the power stroke. The process 45s is an isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion
process, while process 45 takes into account the irreversible adiabatic process that
occurs in the real expansion process. A constant volume heat rejection process, 51,
completes the cycle.
Figure 1 P-V and T-s diagrams of irreversible dual cycle

(a) (b)
The heat added during the constant volume process 23 is
23 3 2
( )
v
Q mC T T =

(1)









106 Y. Ust et al.












and the heat added during the constant pressure process 34 is
34 4 3
( ).
P
Q mC T T =

(2)
The total heat added to the
in 23 34 V 3 2 P 4 3
( ) ( ) Q Q Q mC T T mC T T = + = +

(3)
and the heat rejected by the working fluid during the process 51 is
out 51 V 5 1
( ). Q Q mC T T = =

(4)
The power output of the cycle can be written in the form
( ) ( )
in out V 3 2 5 1 P 4 3
( ) W Q Q m C T T T T C T T ( = = + + (


(5)
and the thermal efficiency can be written as
5 1
3 2 4 3
( )
1 1
( ) ( )
out
in
Q T T
T T k T T Q

= =
+

(6)
where /
P V
k C C = is the isentropic exponent, m is the cycle mass times the number
of cycles per second,
V 1 2 3 4 5
, , , , and
p
C C T T T T T are the constant volume specific heat,
constant pressure specific heat and temperatures at states 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively.
The stroke volume of the cycle, v
d
, can be written as
d max min 1 2
. v v v v v = = (7)
The mean effective pressure defined as the ratio of power output to the stroke volume
in the cycle then takes the form
( ) ( )
V 3 2 5 1 P 4 3
ME d
1 2
( )
P W/v .
m C T T T T C T T
v v
( + + (

= =

(8)
Let us define the compression ratio r, the cut-off ratio and the pressure ratio as
follows:
max 1
min 2
v v
r
v v
= = (9)
4 4
3 3
v T
v T
= = (10)
3 3
2 2
.
P T
P T
= = (11)
For the two isentropic processes, the compression and expansion efficiencies
2S 1
C
2 1
T T
T T

(12)










Heat transfer effects on the performance of an air-standard irreversible 107












and
4 5
E
4 5S
T T
T T

(13)
can be used to describe the irreversibility of the adiabatic processes. The cycle
temperatures can be found by re-arranging the design parameters of the irreversible dual
cycle as follows. By using equations (12) and (13), we obtain
1
2 1
C
1
1
k
r
T T

(
= +
(

(14)
and
1
5 4 E
1 1 .
k
T T
r

(
| |
=
( `
|
\ .
( )
(15)
For an ideal dual cycle, there are no irreversible losses, all the processes are considered
reversible and heat losses do not occur. However, to make best approximation to the
thermodynamic analysis of a real dual cycle, the occurrence of heat transfer irreversibility
between the working fluid and the cylinder wall and internal process irreversibilities is to
be taken into account. It is assumed that the heat loss through the cylinder wall
is proportional to the average temperature of both working fluid and cylinder wall (Klein,
1991). According to Mozurkewich and Berry (1982), the wall temperature
is assumed to be constant. The heat added to the working fluid by combustion during the
constant volume and constant pressure process may be, respectively, written in the
following linear expression (Klein, 1991).
23 2 3
( ) Q a b T T = +

(16)
34 3 4
( ) Q c d T T = +

(17)
where a and c are heat release constants of combustion processes 23 (isocoric
combustion) and 34 (isobaric combustion) respectively and b and d represent the heat
loss from the cylinder wall during the isocoric and isobaric combustion processes
respectively.
Combining equations (1), (16) and (2), (17) gives
2
3
( )
V
V
a C b T
T
C b
+
=
+
(18)
3
4 max
( )
.
P
P
c C d T
T T
C d
+
= =
+
(19)
By substituting equation (14) into equation (18), we get
-1
1
3
1
( ) 1
k
V
C
V
r
a C b T
T
C b

| |
+ +
|
\ .
=
+
(20)









108 Y. Ust et al.












and by using equation (20) into equation (19), we have
1
1
4
1
( ) ( ) 1
.
( ) ( )( )
k
P V
C
P V P
r
C d a C b T
c
T
C d C b C d

( | |
+ +
( |
\ .
= +
+ + +
(21)
Substituting equation (21) into equation (15) gives
1
1 1
5
1
( ) ( ) 1
1 1 .
( ) ( )( )
k
P V k
C
E
P V P
r
C d a C b T
c
T
C d C b C d r

( | |
+ +
( |
(
| | \ .
= +
( ` `
|
+ + +
\ .
( )

)
(22)
In terms of these parameters, the dimensionless power output, thermal efficiency, and
dimensionless mean effective pressure can be found by substituting equations (14), (20),
(21) and (22) into equations (5), (6) and (8), respectively as
( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 3 1 4 2 1
1 1
1
/
V
C
W
W
m
k z z z z
C T
z z T
T
+ + (

= =

(23)
( )
4 2 1
4 3 3 1
1
/
C
z z T
k z z z z

+ +
=

(24)
and
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4 3 3 1 4 2 1
1 1 1
1
/
(1 1/ ) (1 1 / / )
ME
ME
V
C
k z z
P W
P z z z
mC T
z T
r T v r
+ (


= = =

(25)
where
1
1 1
(1 ),
k
z T r

= (26)
1
2
1 1 ,
k
E
z
r

(
| |
=
(
|
\ .
(

(27)
( )
1
3
( )
/ ,
V
V
C
C b z
z a b C

| |
= +
|
\ .
(28)
3
4
( )
.
P
P
c C d z
z
C d
+
=
+
(29)
The optimum compression ratios at MP output ( ),
mp
r at MEF ( )
mef
r and at MEP ( )
mef
r
can be found by differentiating the objective functions given in equations (23)(25) with
respect to r and seeking a MP output,
max
W , MEF
max

and MEP
( )
max
P
ME
by setting
W
0
r

(30)









Heat transfer effects on the performance of an air-standard irreversible 109












0

(31)
and
P
0.
ME
r

(32)
3 Results and discussion
In terms of power output, thermal efficiency, and mean effective pressure, a performance
analysis has been carried out to investigate heat transfer effects on the performance of an
irreversible dual cycle. In the numerical analysis, the ranges for a = c, b = d and T
1
are
taken as 2500 3800 kJ/kg, 0.4 0.7 kJ/kgK and 300 400 K, respectively, in
accordance with formers studies. Additionally, the parameters are C
p
= 1.005 kJ/kgK,
C
v
= 0.718 kJ/kgK and k = 1.4.
The curves in Figures 27 are all in loop form, and thus, they have two different
maxima for both axes, which are powerefficiency and mean effective pressure-
efficiency respectively. The performances in terms of W

and
ME
P decrease as a = c
decreases. Of course, the power output and mean effective pressure at the maximum
efficiency conditions
( )
( )
W and P
mef
mef
ME

are lower than the MP output and MEP

conditions
( ) ( ) max
max
W and P
ME
.

But also, the efficiencies at W

max

and ( )
max
ME
P
conditions are lower than the MEF condition. So it is needed to make an evaluation
between the power output and thermal efficiency, mean effective pressure and thermal
efficiency for the optimal design ranges. The effect of decreasing T
1
and b = d is vice
versa.
Figure 2 Variation of dimensionless power output with respect to thermal efficiency for different
heat transfer coefficients a and c. (T
1
= 300 K, b = d = 0.4 kJ/kgK, C
P
= 1.005 kJ/kgK,
C
V
= 0.718 kJ/kgK, = 1.8,
C
= 0.85
E
= 0.9)

The effects of a c = on the W

and
me
P characteristic curves for
0.4 kJ / kgK b d = = and
1
300 K T = are indicated in Figures 2 and 3. Increasing a c =
increases the amount of heat added to the working fluid due to combustion.









110 Y. Ust et al.












The dimensionless power output, mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency increase
with increasing a c = .
The effect of b d = on the W

and
me
P characteristic curves for
2500 kJ / kgK a c = = and
1
300 K T = are depicted in Figures 4 and 5. Increasing b d =
corresponds to an increase on the heat loss and so decreases the amount of heat added to
the working fluid. Thus, W

and
ME
P reduce with increasing b d. = Accordingly,
b= d has an opposite effect on the characteristic curves to that of a c. = Figures 6 and 7
show the effect of inlet temperature, T
1
, on the W

and
ME
P characteristic curves
for 2500 kJ / kgK a c = = and 0.4 kJ / kgK b d = = . It is found that the dimensionless
power output, mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency decrease as inlet
temperature increases.
Figure 3 Variation of mean effective pressure with respect to thermal efficiency for different
heat transfer coefficients a and c. (T
1
=300 K, b = d = 0.4 kJ/kgK, C
P
= 1.005 kJ/kgK,
C
V
= 0.718 kJ/kgK, =1.8,
C
= 0.85
E
= 0.9)

Figure 4 Variation of dimensionless power output with respect to thermal efficiency for different
heat transfer coefficients b and d. (T
1
= 300 K, a = c = 2500 kJ/kg, C
P
= 1.005 kJ/kgK,
C
V
= 0.718 kJ/kgK, = 1.8,
C
= 0.85
E
= 0.9)










Heat transfer effects on the performance of an air-standard irreversible 111












Figure 5 Variation of mean effective pressure with respect to thermal efficiency for different
heat transfer coefficients b and d. (T
1
= 300 K, a = c = 2500 kJ/kg, C
P
= 1.005 kJ/kgK,
C
V
= 0.718 kJ/kgK, = 1.8,
C
= 0.85
E
= 0.9)

Figure 6 Variation of dimensionless power output with respect to thermal efficiency for different
inlet temperatures T
1
(a = c = 2500 kJ/kg, b = d = 0.4 kJ/kgK, C
P
= 1.005 kJ/kgK,
C
V
= 0.718 kJ/kgK, = 1.8,
C
= 0.85
E
= 0.9)

The effects of a c = and b d = on the optimal compression ratios
( )
mp mef mep
r , r , r and
pressure ratios
( )
mp mef mep
, , for the MP, MEF and MEP conditions are shown
in Figures 810, respectively. As can be seen from the figures, the optimal compression
ratios increase for increasing a c = and decreasing b d. = Also the optimal pressure
ratios increase for increasing a c, = while increasing b d = decreases
mp
and
mep
and
slightly increases
mef
. It is obvious from Figures 810 that the optimal compression
ratios and pressure ratios can symbolically be ordered as
> >
mef mp mep
r r r (33)
and
> .
mep mp mef
> (34)









112 Y. Ust et al.












Figure 7 Variation of mean effective pressure with respect to thermal efficiency for different
inlet temperatures T
1
(a = c = 2500 kJ/kg, b = d = 0.4, C
P
= 1.005 kJ/kgK,
C
V
= 0.718 kJ/kgK, = 1.8,
C
= 0.85
E
= 0.9)

Figure 8 The effects of a=c and b=d on the optimal compression ratios and pressure ratios
for the MP conditions. (T
1
= 300 K, C
P
= 1.005 kJ/kgK, C
V
= 0.718 kJ/kgK, = 1.8,

C
= 0.85
E
= 0.9)













Heat transfer effects on the performance of an air-standard irreversible 113












Figure 9 The effects of a = c and b = d on the optimal compression ratios and pressure ratios
for the MEP conditions. (T
1
= 300 K, C
P
= 1.005 kJ/kgK, C
V
= 0.718 kJ/kgK, = 1.8,

C
= 0.85
E
= 0.9)

Figure 10 The effects of a = c and b = d on the optimal compression ratios and pressure ratios
for the MEF conditions. (T
1
= 300 K, C
P
= 1.005 kJ/kgK, C
V
= 0.718 kJ/kgK, = 1.8,

C
= 0.85
E
= 0.9)










114 Y. Ust et al.












4 Conclusion
In this paper, the effects of heat transfer through the cylinder wall on the performance
of an irreversible dual cycle are investigated. The relation between dimensionless power
output, mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency with compression ratio are derived
taking into account internal irreversibilities and heat transfer effect. In the analyses,
the influence of important parameters, namely the inlet temperature, heat transfer and
combustion constants, on the power output versus efficiency and mean effective pressure
versus efficiency characteristics are examined. The optimal compression ratio and
pressure ratio at MEP conditions are compared with those results obtained by using the
MP and MEF criteria for different constants of heat transfer and combustion in the
characteristic grid curves. The analyses help us to understand the effects of internal
irreversibilities and heat loss through the cylinder wall during combustion. The results are
of importance to provide guidance for the design of real diesel heat engines.
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Nomenclature
C
P
Specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg.K)
C
V
Specific heat at constant volume (kJ/kg.K)

E

Isentropic efficiency of expansion

C

Isentropic efficiency of compression
k Isentropic exponent
MEF Maximum efficiency
MEP Maximum mean effective pressure
MP Maximum power
P Pressure (kPa)
Q

Heat rate (kW)

r Compression ratio
S Entropy (kJ/kg.K)
T Temperature (K)
v Specific volume (m
3
/kg)
V Volume (m
3
)
W

Power output (kW)
Greek letters

Pressure ratio (P
3
/P
2
)

Thermal efficiency

Cut off ratio (V
4
/V
3
)

Derivative
Subscripts
1,2,3,4,5 State conditions
a Constant related to the combustion
b Constant related to the heat transfer
c Constant related to the combustion
d Constant related to the heat transfer
max Maximum
min Minimum
mef Maximum thermal efficiency
mep Mean effective pressure
mp Maximum power
Superscripts
. Derivative upon time
__
Dimensionless