Unit Unit Unit Unit - -- -1 11 1- -- -

Unit Associated With Basic Electrical Quantities Unit Associated With Basic Electrical Quantities Unit Associated With Basic Electrical Quantities Unit Associated With Basic Electrical Quantities
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 S! Unit S! Unit S! Unit S! Unit

Unit Unit Unit Unit oo5o55go. oog5 o55goo5t coooo5g o o o_oooot
Ooo5 oooo_oc oog aoo5o ooooot t_o_oo5 Unit Unit Unit Unit
S! S! S! S! Unit Unit Unit Unit _oc Netric System Netric System Netric System Netric System oo`o_oo O5t_ot_oc ot S! Unit System S! Unit System S! Unit System S! Unit System o 1960
oaco cot_o_ o _o_ot ooo`o aoo5t oto5 cc_oc o_o_ to_o
_o_oc

S! System S! System S! System S! System o oo o o_oo o_oo o_oo o_oo Unit Unit Unit Unit o5to o5to o5to o5to oo o oo o oo o oo o a a a a oo oo oo oo oo5_oO5t oo5_oO5t oo5_oO5t oo5_oO5t
(table (table (table (table - -- -1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1- -- - o_o o_o o_o o_o g g g g ) )) )
Table Table Table Table - -- -1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1- -- -
Basic S! Unit Basic S! Unit Basic S! Unit Basic S! Unit
Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Unit Unit Unit Unit
Length meter, m
Nass kilogram, kg
Time second, s
Electric Current ampere, A
Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin, K
Luminous !ntensity candela, cd
Amount of Substance mole, mol




Derived S! Unit Derived S! Unit Derived S! Unit Derived S! Unit
o_oo S! Unit o5to oo`tco. o ooo_ot 5t_o Derived S! Unit o5tO ooo`o5
_oo5 5t_o - -- - velocity (meters per second mfs) velocity (meters per second mfs) velocity (meters per second mfs) velocity (meters per second mfs)
Acceleration (meters per second squared mfs) Acceleration (meters per second squared mfs) Acceleration (meters per second squared mfs) Acceleration (meters per second squared mfs) co_oc
Table -1.2- o S! Unit o5t o otott o5to oo5_oooto5 o_o5ooo5oto5to oooa
oo oo5_oO5t S! Unit o oot to5t oo5 _oo5 5t_o 1000 meter (1m) o 1 km
1kilometer _o c5tOtoo5_o a 1 kilo 1000 ao to5toto5 o_o5ooo5ot
oco_o ooo a oooo5_oO5t
Table Table Table Table - -- -1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2- -- -
Prefix Prefix Prefix Prefix Name Name Name Name Neaning Neaning Neaning Neaning
N mega multiply by 1 000 000 (i.e x 10
6
)
k kilo multiply by 1 000 (i.e x 10
3
)
m milli divide by 1 000 (i.e x 10
-3
)
micro divide by 1 000 000 (i.e x 10
-6
)
n nano divide by 1 000 000 000 (i.e x 10
-9
)
p pico divide by 1 000 000 000 000 (i.e x 10
-12
)

1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Charge Charge Charge Charge

The Unit of Charge The Unit of Charge The Unit of Charge The Unit of Charge is the Coulomb (C) Coulomb (C) Coulomb (C) Coulomb (C) where one coulomb is one ampere second.
The Coulomb is defined as the quantity of electricity which flows past a given point in an electric
circuit when a current of one ampere is maintained for one second. (1 Coulomb = 6.2+ x 10 (1 Coulomb = 6.2+ x 10 (1 Coulomb = 6.2+ x 10 (1 Coulomb = 6.2+ x 10
18 18 18 18

electrons) electrons) electrons) electrons)

Electric Charge o Unit o Coulomb (C) a oo5_oo`
Coulomb oo5 oocco o _ooct 5to5 current 1A g oocc oo5 o
oo Electron oo5o oo_otot _oc


Charge Charge Charge Charge o o o o g5 g5 g5 g5 Formula Formula Formula Formula

Q QQ Q = == = !t !t !t !t


o

Q QQ Q Charge o oo5_oo5 oo o_oc Unit 5t_o C (coulomb)
! !! ! current o ooo_oc Unit 5t_o A (ampere)
t tt t time o oo5_oo5 ooo _oc Unit 5t_o s (second)

Example Example Example Example - -- -1 11 1- -- -
!f a current of 5 A flows for 2 minutes, find the quantity of electricity transferred.
Solution, Solution, Solution, Solution,
Quantity of electricity Q QQ Q = == = !t !t !t !t coulomb
!= 5 A, t= 2 x 60 = 120s.
Hence Q = 5 x 120 = 600 C 600 C 600 C 600 C

1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Force Force Force Force

The unit of force The unit of force The unit of force The unit of force is the N NN Newton (N) ewton (N) ewton (N) ewton (N) where one Newton is one kilogram meter per second squared.
The Newton is defined as the force which, when applied to a mass of one kilogram, gives it an
acceleration of one meter per second squared.

Force Force Force Force o Unit Unit Unit Unit o Newton Newton Newton Newton (N) (N) (N) (N) _ooo5_oo` One Newton oo5 _ooO 1 kg a acceleration
1 mfs
2
o o o_o5oooo _oc


Formula of Force Formula of Force Formula of Force Formula of Force

F = m x F = m x F = m x F = m x a aa a



o

F FF F Force o oo5_oo5 ooo _oc Unit 5t_o N (Newton)
m mm m Nass o oo5_oo5 ooo _oc Unit 5t_o kg (kilogram)
a aa a Acceleration o oo5_oo5 oo o _oc Unit 5t_o mfs
2
(meter per second
squared)

Gravitational Force Gravitational Force Gravitational Force Gravitational Force (oo5o 5t) Weight Weight Weight Weight (ooto) o m x g m x g m x g m x g o o
g (gravity) g (gravity) g (gravity) g (gravity) o ooto (9.81 mfs (9.81 mfs (9.81 mfs (9.81 mfs
2 22 2
) )) )_o otooO5t


Example Example Example Example - -- -2 22 2- -- -
A mass of 5000 g is accelerated at 2 mfs
2
by a force. Determine the force needed.
Solution, Solution, Solution, Solution,
Force = mass x acceleration
= 5 kg x 2 mfs
2
= 10 kg mfs
2
= 10 N 10 N 10 N 10 N

Example Example Example Example - -- -3 33 3- -- -
Find the force acting vertically downwards on a mass of 200g attached to a wire.
Solution, Solution, Solution, Solution,
Nass = 200 g = 0.2 kg, Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 mfs
2

Force acting downwards = Weight = mass x acceleration
= 0.2 kg x 9.81 mfs
2
= 1.962 N 1.962 N 1.962 N 1.962 N

1.+ 1.+ 1.+ 1.+ Work Work Work Work

The unit of work or energy The unit of work or energy The unit of work or energy The unit of work or energy is the joule joule joule joule ( (( (J JJ J) )) ) where one joule is one Newton meter. The joule is
defined as the work done or energy transferred when a force of one Newton is exerted through a
distance of one meter in the direction of the force.

Work (or) Energy o Unit o Joule Joule Joule Joule ( (( (J JJ J) )) ) _o oo`_o x%y2z? 219. 7*. %073x%7 { [#02
x%219. *.` 3x|` 313%9J 4.( MWorTO 219. 8;13(C4%< $0 4.(MWorTO 7*. Unit %0
8;5 woule woule woule woule M MM Mw ww wO OO O 8;5 2*.02%<

morBula oY morBula oY morBula oY morBula oY WorT done WorT done WorT done WorT done

W h m c s W h m c s W h m c s W h m c s
n26
W WW W I(#038/%73% 4.(7*. 3;%8(3% 37L 2 8;1< Unit %08;5 w MwouleO
m mm m morce 7*. 3;%8(3% 37L2 8;1< Unit %08;5 d MdegtonO
s ss s 73x%7 %0 K 4%0x%*.` 3x|`6 %03% 76 %3y0 8;1< Unit %08;5 B MBeterO

1.o 1.o 1.o 1.o boger boger boger boger

Phe unit oY boger Phe unit oY boger Phe unit oY boger Phe unit oY boger is the Watt MWO ghere one Watt is one woule Ver second.
boger boger boger boger is deYined as the rate oY doinR gorT or transYerrinR enerRA.

Power o o5 oooo ao5 at o oo Unit 5t_o Watt (W) a oo5_o

Formula of Formula of Formula of Formula of Power Power Power Power

P = W f t P = W f t P = W f t P = W f t

o

P PP P oooo ao5 at Power o oo5_o o5 ooo _oc Unit 5t_o W (Watt).
W WW W _oto_o5oo5 ooo oo5_oo5 oo o _oc Unit 5t_o J (Joule)
t t t t o o oo5_oo5 ooo _oc Unit 5t_o s (second)

Work Done or Energy o Power a ooco @ o5oo` oot ot o oa

Formula of Formula of Formula of Formula of Energy Energy Energy Energy

W = P x t W = P x t W = P x t W = P x t

Unit 5t_o J (Joule) _oc


Example Example Example Example - -- -+ ++ +- -- -
A portable machine requires a force of 200 N to move it. How much work is done if the machine is
moved 20 m and what average power is utilized if the movement takes 25 s
Solution, Solution, Solution, Solution,
W = F x s , therefore W = 200 N x 20 m = +000 Nm +000 Nm +000 Nm +000 Nm or +000 J +000 J +000 J +000 J or + ++ + kJ. kJ. kJ. kJ.
P = W f t , therefore P = +000 J f 25 s = 160 Jfs 160 Jfs 160 Jfs 160 Jfs or 160 W. 160 W. 160 W. 160 W.

Example Example Example Example - -- -5 55 5- -- -
A mass of 1000 kg is raised through a height of 10 m in 20 s. What is
(a) The work done ,and
(b) The power developed.
Solution, Solution, Solution, Solution,
(a) F = m x a , take a = 9.81 mfs a = 9.81 mfs a = 9.81 mfs a = 9.81 mfs
2 22 2

Therefore,
F = 1000 kg x 9.81 mfs
2
= 9810 kg mfs 9810 kg mfs 9810 kg mfs 9810 kg mfs
2 22 2
or 9810 N 9810 N 9810 N 9810 N
W = F x s
Therefore,
W = 9810 N x 10 m= 98100 Nm 98100 Nm 98100 Nm 98100 Nm or 98.1 kJ 98.1 kJ 98.1 kJ 98.1 kJ

(b) P = W f s
Therefore,
P = 98100 J f 20 s = +905 Jfs +905 Jfs +905 Jfs +905 Jfs or +.905 kW +.905 kW +.905 kW +.905 kW. .. .


1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Electrical potential and e.m.f Electrical potential and e.m.f Electrical potential and e.m.f Electrical potential and e.m.f

The Unit of electrical potential The Unit of electrical potential The Unit of electrical potential The Unit of electrical potential is the volt (v) volt (v) volt (v) volt (v) where one volt is one joule per coulomb. One volt is
defined as the difference in potential between two points in a conductor which, when carrying a
current of one ampere, dissipates a power of one watt.

Power one watt o o ctot 5to5 ooctoo5 one ampere 2*.`K 1%04r 8;1<
Electrical Votential K Unit 7*. \olt M\O \olt M\O \olt M\O \olt M\O 8;1< Unit -76 $ /}/!%0x one Wolt one voule
Ver second 8;1<
3%7(J-76 $9!77*. H75(J

\olt h Watt ] aBVeres h voules]second ] aBVeres h voules ] aBVeres c second h \olt h Watt ] aBVeres h voules]second ] aBVeres h voules ] aBVeres c second h \olt h Watt ] aBVeres h voules]second ] aBVeres h voules ] aBVeres c second h \olt h Watt ] aBVeres h voules]second ] aBVeres h voules ] aBVeres c second h voules ] voules ] voules ] voules ]
couloBN. couloBN. couloBN. couloBN.
_oc

A change in electric potential between two points in an electric circuit is called a potential
difference. The electromotive force (e.m.f) provided by a source of energy such as a battery or a
generator is measured in volts.

1. 1. 1. 1. esistance and conductance esistance and conductance esistance and conductance esistance and conductance

The unit of electric resistance unit of electric resistance unit of electric resistance unit of electric resistance is the ohm ( ohm ( ohm ( ohm () ) ) ) where one ohm is one volt per ampere. !t is defined
as the resistance between two points in a conductor when a constant electric potential of one
volt applied at the two points produces a current flow of one ampere in the conductor.

Electric resistance oo5 oo ac o _o5t ctotoo5 oocc cto_o5t o ooo5
5t_oc Unit 5t_o ohm ( ohm ( ohm ( ohm () ) ) ) _ooo5_o

Formula of Formula of Formula of Formula of esistance esistance esistance esistance

= v f ! = v f ! = v f ! = v f !

o

oocc ooo 5t o oo5_oo5 ooo _oc Unit 5t_o ohm ()
v ooq5o 5to oo5_oo5 ooo_oc Unit 5t_o volt (v)
! ctotoo5 oocto_o5t o oo5_oo5 oo o_oc Unit 5t_o ampere (A)

Conductance Conductance Conductance Conductance
The reciprocal of resistance is called conductance conductance conductance conductance and measured in Siemens (S) Siemens (S) Siemens (S) Siemens (S).

Conductance o o5 oocc ooo o oooo _oc oocc ctoto o 5toot
Unit 5t_o Siemens (S) _o oo5_o



Formula of Formula of Formula of Formula of Conductance Conductance Conductance Conductance
G = 1 f G = 1 f G = 1 f G = 1 f


Example Example Example Example - -- -6 66 6- -- -
Find the conductance of a conductor of resistance (a) 10 , (b) 5 k, (c) 100 m.
Solution, Solution, Solution, Solution,
(a) Conductance G = 1 f , therefore G = 1 f 10 = 0.1 S 0.1 S 0.1 S 0.1 S.
(b) G = 1 f 5 x 10
3
= 0.2 x 10
-3
= 0.2 mS 0.2 mS 0.2 mS 0.2 mS.
(c) G = 1 f 100 x 10
-3
= 10
3
f 100 = 10 S 10 S 10 S 10 S.

1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Electrical power and energy Electrical power and energy Electrical power and energy Electrical power and energy

When a direct current of ! !! ! ampere is flowing in an electric circuit and the voltage across the
circuit is v vv v volts.

Electric circuit oco ooq5o oo5 oocc 5ta ot circuit ot ctot oo5
ooct o o o_o5o_ot _o Electrical power o qqo`

Formula of Formula of Formula of Formula of Electrical Power Electrical Power Electrical Power Electrical Power
P = v x ! P = v x ! P = v x ! P = v x !

o

P electrical power o oo5_oo5 oo o _oc Unit 5t_o W (Watt)
v ooq5o 5to oo5_oo5 ooo_oc Unit 5t_o volt (v)
! ctotoo5 oocto_o5t o oo5_oo5 oo o_oc Unit 5t_o ampere (A)


Electrical Energy = Power x time
= v x ! x t joule.
Large amounts of energy oo o5 o q Energy o Unit o kWh _o oo5_oo`

oo oooo o5oo_oo`

1 kWh = 1000 watt hour
= 1000 x 3600 watt second or joule
= 3600000 J
_oc

Example Example Example Example - -- - - -- -
A source e.m.f. of 5 v supplies a current of 3 A for 10 minutes. How much energy is provided in this
time
Solution, Solution, Solution, Solution,
E = power x time , P = v x !
Therefore,
P = 5 x 3 = 15 W 15 W 15 W 15 W
E = 15 x 10 x 60= 9000 Ws 9000 Ws 9000 Ws 9000 Ws or 9 kJ 9 kJ 9 kJ 9 kJ.
Example Example Example Example - -- -8 88 8- -- -
An electric heater consumes 1.8 NJ when connected to a 250 v supply for 30 minutes. Find the power
rating of the heater and the current taken from the supply.
Solution, Solution, Solution, Solution,
E = Power x time i.e.
Power = E f time =(1.8 x 10
6
) f (30 x 60) = 1000 W 1000 W 1000 W 1000 W or 1 kW 1 kW 1 kW 1 kW
P = v x ! i.e.
! = P f v = 1000 f 250 = + A + A + A + A.
Summary of Unit 1 Summary of Unit 1 Summary of Unit 1 Summary of Unit 1
Terms , Units and Their Symbols Terms , Units and Their Symbols Terms , Units and Their Symbols Terms , Units and Their Symbols
Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity Symbol Quantity Symbol Quantity Symbol Quantity Symbol Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Symbol Unit Symbol Unit Symbol Unit Symbol
Length l ll l
meter
m mm m
Nass m mm m
kilogram
kg kg kg kg
Time t tt t
second
s ss s
velocity v vv v
meter per second
mfs or ms mfs or ms mfs or ms mfs or ms
- -- -1 11 1
Acceleration a aa a
meter per second
squared
mfs or ms mfs or ms mfs or ms mfs or ms- -- -
Force F FF F
newton
N NN N
Electrical Charge or Quantity Q QQ Q
coulomb
C CC C
Electric Current ! !! !
ampere
A AA A
esistance
ohm

Conductance G GG G
siemen
S SS S
Electromotive Force E EE E
volt
v vv v
Potential Difference v vv v
volt
v vv v
Work W WW W
joule
J JJ J
Energy E or W E or W E or W E or W
joule
J JJ J
Power P PP P
watt
W WW W