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NYU
IFA

LIBRARY

3 1162 04538836

MlBMi
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EL

MOLUK

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The Stephen Chan

Library of Fine Arts

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

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THEODOEE

M.

DAVIS'
Excavations Bib AN EL MOLUK.
:

THE

FUNERAL PAPYRUS
OF

lOUIYA.

THEODORE

M.

DAVIS'
)C

EXCAVATIONS: BIBAN EL MOLUK.

o-P -^H^ c^ea<A

THE

FUNEEAL PAPYRUS
OF

lOUIYA.
WITH AX INTRODUCTION BY

EDOUARD NAVILLE,
Hon.
D.C.L.,

LL.D.,

Ph.D.,

Litt.D.,

Hon.

F.S.A.,
;

Correspondent of the Institute of France;

Foreign Member of the Hungarian Acai.leniy of Sciences

Fellow of King's College, London.

LONDON: AIICHIBALD CONSTABLE AND

1908.

CO., Ltd

'A

/5
c
r
.

c
f

CONTENTS.
PAGE

Preface

by Edouard Naville

vii
1

Description of the Papyrus

Contents of the Papyrus

Notes on the Various Chapters

PREFACE.

Whoever has made a study

bj comparison
most thankful
of

of the

Book of

tlie tlie

Dead cannot but welcome

XVITItli dynasty, for
it is

tlie

publication of a good text of the time of

only

numerous documents that wc

Theodore M. Davis
for

shall arri\'e at the intelligence

of this interesting and sometimes most obscuiv book.

to Mv.

Therefore,

we

feel

having consented to make a

another book, and which
for
in
its

special publication of the pai)yrus of louiya, whicli he discovered, together

with
A'eiy

all

the beautiful
for

monuments
is

(lescril)ed

in

is

valuable
tliis

se\eral

reasons,

and particidarly

l)eing

dated.
I

Although

volume

})rimarily for Egyptologists,

in

the introduction

have here and there put

our narrow
circle,

some matter
it is

wliich miglit interest readers outside

;

to whicli

not

detail the nature of the

Book of the

new Init Dead I take

;

I it

liave not explained in

as

known.
I

In comparing

tliis

text witli

others published before,

was

oljliged

to

take as a basis

my

edition of the

Book of the Dead, of

first

tlie

XVIIIth to XXth

dynasties, quoting occasionally the Saite version

published by Lepsius.
b}-

A
le

translation has been

made
his

of the

Book of the Dead

the late Sir Peter

to finish

Page

Renoul", of

which

premature death did not allow him

more than three-fourths and which I carried to its end. I generally quote this translation whenever I agree with Fienouf, which is usually the case. the However, I diifer from this eminent scholar on one ini[)ortant point
:

sense of the
I

title

of the book.

Where Renouf reads conwig forth by

The day
is,

day,
life

translate co^nhig out of the day.

is

in

my

opinion, a man's

wliich
his

limited by time, also by the fact of

;

man
and

not being able to change

appearance
is

his

day has a morning and evening.

from
all

Coming out of the

assume
all

day

to be delivered
likes.

these limits,

to be able to

forms one

])u(

am

(|iiit(>

at

one

witli
ol'

Koiiouf about the real sense of those chapters.

is

They are not

words which
wliether

ilescriptions
hriiig

what

said in tlieir titles; they are the

l)y

magic

about the result indicated

those

titles

therefore,

we

translate,

chajyter whereby one escapeth corruption, or chapter

for escai)ing, or chapter

tlie

of escaping, that does not mean any difference

in

interpretation.

In

order not
I

to

luive constantly to
tlie

rejieat

title,

epithets,

and name of

louiya,

have used everywhere

word "the deceased."

AVe can only wish that future excavations

of the

may

provide us with other texts

Book of the Dead as valuable as that of louiya.

EDOUARD NAVILLE.
JMalagny, near (iENEVA,

September, 1U07.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PAPYRUS.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PAPYRUS.

TiiK

i'liiK'ral

iiajiynis of

i]i]_y^^^
liefore
c.ni.

i'"^

'^

&'<^<^'l

siH'ciiiicn

of
is

tlic

r>ook of
tlu'
tiiiic

tlic

Dead of the XVIlItli

Ainenophis
It
is

(lyna.st_y.
kiiii;,'

We know

its

date

It

of

of

III, tlic last

1)

the rdiiiioiis revolution of Akhouenaten.

forty chapters,

measures

metres 70
is

and contains

one of which

unknown.
in

It

written, like all the copies of the

Book of the Dead of

which are a

that time,

linear hieroiiiyphics,

which are not

perfect, but

transition towards hieratic.

The vignettes

illustrating a certain
It

number
is

of the chapters are l)eautifully

drawn and coloured.

certaiidy

a choice

document,

which

is

in

accordance with the high raid; of the deceased.

of that e})0ch wdiich have been preserved,

Judging from the papyri

see that

we can

what gave

to those
in the

documents
iirst

their value in the estimation of the old Egyptians,

It

was
;

jdace the vignettes.

was that which they mostly cared

for

the text

might be more or

less neglected, since

it
;

probably a few only of the people

who

saw

it

could read

1;)esides,

the scribes

knew
it.

that

it

was

to be

hidden in a

tomb, where only the ka would look at

Generally speaking, the beauty

of the vignettes runs counter to the goodness of the text ;'in papyri written

with care and by copyists

avIio

were not mere workmen, such as those of

Nel)seni or Nu, in the British

Museum, the vignettes, though well drawn, have no colour, they are less numerous, and are something secondary. though being beautifully This papyrus is an excei)tion in that way
;

illustrated,

the text

is

good.
are

Nevertheless, the parts which are inferior to

i)recisely
first,

the rest of
vignettes.

the document

those where there are

as sufficient space

beautiful

As they were made

sometimes curtailed.

and

had not been

reserved for the text to whicli they l)elonged, there are omissions, or the

chapter

is

The copying of papyri of the Book of the Dead must have been a profitable They were of various lengths, industry at the time of the XVIIIth dynasty.
probably in proportion to the price paid
for

them.

They_^

were written

'2

TlIK
Miiiik spaces

FimEUAL
were
left

I'Al'Vlirs 01'

lOUlYA.
at

beforeliaiid

in iiiaiiy ]>lac('s, cliicfly

titles

the beginning

of

tlie

clia])tei-s, lor

tlie iiaiue

and
been

of

tlie

deceased,

wliieli

were inserted
space was

oidy after the i>ai)yrns liad

kept blank
deceased.
It
is

i)ur('liase(L

Sometimes,

also,

for a

vignette which was to record

some

special feature of the

easy to see that the papyrns of loniya

After the
title,

is

one of those documents precliajiter,

l)ared l)eforehan(l.

written in red, of each

the

first

copyist left a blank of ai'bitrary length.

the name, had not exactly the

The

ne.\t writer,

who had
titles to

to insert

same hand,
to

his characters are tiiinner

and he

used a different ink.

of the gaps, in

As he had

adapt the name and

the length

manv
as

cases he found

room only

for the

name f]^_y^_V^'
had
to
fill

without any
lengthen the
n]>

title

or (pialification.

In other cases, on the contrary, he

titles

much

as he could,

and
PI.

to

add

ei)ithets, in

order to

the space he had at his disposal.

(See

-Ji)

and PL

21.)

We

have two examples of important vignettes which

features

recallcMl

some of
after

tlie

characteristic

of

the

deceased,
(PI.
1

and which were made

18).

the
is

papyrus had l)een

a])i)ropi'iated

and PL

In Plate
liis
is

1,

which

scene of adoration to Osiris, louiya

is

followed by
fields,

wife;

in Plate 18,

where he
tlie

is

seen ap})roaching

tlie

Elysian

he

alone.

In both cases

artist
;

wished to indicate clearly that louiya was a very old

therefore he

man when

he died
l)ointed

made him
hair
^

(piite

white wig
represented

while, as Mr. Carter

))y

out to me,

gre}'
is

is

often

the

conventional

colour for grey, which

green.

The

titles

of louiya are givtm in full on Plate 18

AA/WNA

These

titles are

not

(piite

the same as those found on the furniture or on

first."

the vases in the tomb, except the two

translated

which

is

sometimes
I

"])rince"

certainly

indicates

a rank at court;

should

translate "seal-bearer" or "chancellor."

n?"| "the only friend," seems to

be very like H

j |

--^

fl

which has
:

lieen

found

before.

do not know the

ones."
I

real sense of the followini;;

^^^^
I,

" the areat of the

si'reat

should

See Deir el-Bahari

PI.

XIV,

the face of Thoutmosis

ji.

I.

The

torn!) of

louiya and Touiyou,

xiii

and

if.

DESCRIPTlOX OK TllK
traiisliite
'"

I'AI'VIM'S.

%7^|'|7J
tlie

the

investor

of

friends,"

he

who

uives

them

the

investiture of

title

of "friend," he

who

confers this diunity

upon them,
been

^^^^q*^^
a
])rivil(\Li,-e(l

"the chief of the

what we slionM
coi-ouation.
to
It

ir/:/ii/."

These

men seem
heir

to liave

caste;
tlie
iirst

call liy
is

the

modern names
tlie

ol' peei's.

They
;

took part
tliey
cliief.

in

to

them that

was presented

were the

pay him homage,

louiya had been appointed their

The

followaiiLi,'

words are

titles

of courtesy, or
a.

e})it]iets,

rather tlian the

|0 '^

indication of functions; hut at the end comes

find

real

title

or as

we

more than twenty times

Dr.

^
](|

^^

"the divine father of the

lord of the

two lands," which, as

king.

Borchardt has shown, means father-in-law of the

nO

'^

is

often abridged in
sim])ly

^Q(|,and
is

this (pialification father-in-law far

of the

king,
tlie

or

father-in-law,
kinii'
is

by

the

most frequent one

is

given to

deceased.

The

his lord,

thouuh he

his son-in-law,
this title

\^i\\M^^ "the

divine i'ather

who

loves his lord."

Twice we find
whicli
is

^1]-^

^^1

"^'''^' lj<-'loved

])riest,"

and once

'^t^,

also a title

and

which has not yet been well explained.

The name of louiya

favourite of
tlie

is

often

introduced by these words

titles

Y'JfJ']!

"the

great god."

The

of courtesy are numerous:

palace,"
y
aa^a~v

^^ <=>
"who
is

^^

"the much-beloved

in the royal

-'

^_=

well established in the fa\-ouis of the sov(n-eign,"

favonrite favonrite
of

ij (]

-^ ,_

-^

=^=^

"the great
in

the

sovereign,"

"^fP^^^^I)
a'-'^-^<:=>

"^^^^'^

S'oes

as

and comes out beloved," -

"the much-loved,"

li<=>

^^%^'~]'^.=- "the only

It is to

wise, wlio loves his god."

be noticed that, while on the monuments there are an unusually

of variants of his name, the spelling of
is
it

great

number
It

never varies in the

;

papyrus.

ahvays (jfj^fl^r'^'

^^^^'*^"^'

should transliterate luau'

one

single time I

found

f|^^^^^

whicli

is

evidently a mis-spelling, a fault of

Curiously, this

the writer, since everywhere else he always writes l](j^(|^spelling of the

name

does not occur

among

the numerous forms quoted from

in order to preserve the uniformity

have adopted M. ]\Iaspero's transcription, luuiya, with the vohmie on the monuments of the tomh.
1

THE

FUNElt.M.

TAPYRUS OK lOllYA.
most similar
\^foi'iii

tile iiioiimiu'iits l)y iM.

JMasporo.
at tlie

Tlie

would he

uO^O''^
it

where there

is

an

^^

end instead of an
in

Exactly the reverse occurs

the

name

of his wife.
in
tlie

Unfortunately,

is

destroyed in the scene at the hetiiuninu-,

the
j)icture

I)ut

four times

we

see
is

it

in
tlie

of

tlie

Klysian lields

it

is

written

s=^0 ^,
tlie

wliich

spelling

on the

historical scarabs of

Amenophis
it is

111,'

while M. Maspero quotes

only

^=^t|

iiiiil

f|^-

Here

the contrary of

former case

the

monuments
j\I.

give an

^ and the })apyrus an ^^

w'ife

Maspero considers man and

alt)ut
tlie
is

as
lier

l)ein,Li,-

natives.

It
If,
it

seems

to

me

quite certain

wife, looking at

ty]>e

of face.

as has heen

often su])j)0sed, there

a foreign element in one of them,

must he louiya,

whose

ty])e is different
;

irom

tliat

of his wife.

His very a(iuiline face might

his

be Semitic

besides, the

nnmerons transcriptions of
it

name seem

to

show
in

that, for the Egy])tiaiis,

was a foreign soun<l wliich they re])roduced

name.
a few

writing as they heard

it
;

just as in onr time two Egyi)tians will not sj)eU

alike a fierman, French, or Englisli

As
which

for the text

itself,

we have only

remarks

to

make.

As

usual,

though the signs are turned

is

to the right, the

papyrus begins on

tlie left side,

the East.

Tlie
tlie

whole text runs from East

to West, according to the

symbolical march of

man's

life.

The name or
ni| "said I)y"

title

of the deceased

is

generally introduced immediately alter

is

or^.
luaii."

Only once louiya

called Osiris

^^,

at the very

beginning, in

tlie

hrst line of the hrst chapter.

" Osiris the divine father of

Osiris

the sovereign,

The qualification of
in tlie

given to the deceased

became customary only

of the dynasty

XlXth dynasty.
exists,

The sign of the negative -it is

while in the pajiyri of the early

^_=a
is

[)ait

only /w^.

The sign

made

exactly like

as in

some of the older

texts.

While the sign |

it

is

often used for the amulet of

in

that form, or in the word HH,

Busiris

is

never found

the

name

of the city of

which

is

always written
for c,;

^^-

fact also to be

noted

is

the

frequent use of

^=

^=^(|(] for ^\l\l\Ie

There are some interesting; crammatical variants wliich cannot

here.

noticed

P.

Scarabs, PI.

Newberry, Scarabs, PI. XXXII X AVanl, The Sacred Beetle,

; ;

id.
p.

Scarah-shnpcd Seals, No. 37393

64.

Frazer, Egyptian

(JOiNTENTS

OK THE

I'AI'YIMIS.

CONTENTS OF THE PAPYRUS.

The

])a])M'us of loiiiya, like all those of the Tliehaii epoch, eoiitains

only

a.

certain nnniher of the chapters of the IJook of the Dead.

They are placed

the Saite version.

in

an order

\-ery diiierent
tlie

from that whicli was adopted

in
1,

These are
in,

cluipters

fonnd
8-3,

in

the pai)yrns

1(,

17,

18, 30r>, 0-5a,

77,

81.V,

82, 83, 84,

80, 87, 00,

r.,

1(() (li>0),

lol, 1U2, 103, 104,

110,
1.53a,

117,
1
")."),

118.

110,

12.'),

13(i.v,

141-3,

144,

140, 148, 140, loO, lol,

witli

loO,
rn

besides

an

nnknown

cha])ter

the

connnon

title

'^^^^
the
Cliapter 100.

%\0, and
of t'ha])ter

a text with rnl)ric, found in the Saite version at

beginning

148,

and

of

which

Dr.

Budge

at

first

niaile

Excej)t for a

few chapters

tliere

is

no lixed order

the l)ook
in tlie

mnst be
following

coni})ared to a collection of i)salnis.

Here they are arranged

.way

:
Plate

'rill':

I'lNKi;

\i,

rAi'Vuus ok ioi'iva.
Vi-iictte.
Viti'iu'ttc.

i'latc
,,

i).

C'liapltT S7.
,,

,,

'SIa.
(-!a.

Vi-iu'ttc.

,,

(i4.

Short Version.

,,

141-0.
Kiid.

riate 10.
,,

Chapter Ul-:'..
Text
li-oiii

Chai)ter 148.
('hai)ter

Plate 11.

Text from

US.

Kiul.

Cliapter 1<)4.

Vignette.

10.
11(S.

Vignette.

Vignette. Vignette. Vignette. Vignette.

117.
11!).

Plate 12.

aia])ter 148.

Plate

1:3.

Chapter 151,

1-50.

e.

Vignette.

155.

Vignette.

Plate 14.

Chapter 153a.
Chapter
15:3a.

Vignette.

Plate 15.

End.
Vignette.

G4.

Long Version.

Plate 16.

Chapter
,,

04.
:30b.

End.

IJubric.

Vignette.

110.

Plate 17. Plate 18.

Chajjter llO. Cha])ter 110.

End.

The deceased, vignette of the

Elysian
fields,

Plate 19.

Unknown.

"^^ ^ ^^?,
serpents.
h,
c.
il, <j.

vignette

of

nine

Chaj)ter 144, a,

Plate 20.

Chai.ter 144, e,j;

140,

1-4.

Plate

THE PrXERAF- PAPYRUS OF lOHlVA.

NOTES ON

TflE

YAPJOUS CHAPTERS.

ADORATION OF
The papyrus
white,
is

OSIRIS.
Osiris.

licains witli

a scene of adoration to

The god, clad

in

sitting

on

iiis

throne wearing the

l)ook

(itef

crown, and holding the

insignia of the jndge

the

and the

flail.

His

name

is

mnch

destroj'ed.

" Osiris Klient Anient, the great god

.... the lord of the land .... Unnofris,

the lord of Ahydos."

Before the god

oi'

is

mat, covered with

olfei-ings

and

victuals

and a l)unch

blue lotus.

Near the mat are three sealed vases adorned with the same

liowers.

louiya

is

behind, with raised arms, adoring Osiris

is

he wears a white wig,

showing that he
heart.

an old man, and a la-oad necklace with the aninlet of the

He has

also

two bracelets.

The beginning only of the words has

the ground before Unnofris.

been preserved.

"Adoring

Osiris, kissing

Said

by the divine father (father-in-law) of the lord of the two lands, the favoured
of the good god, loni^'a ...."'

He

is

followed by his wife wearing a long

black wig

made

of wool, such as those which have I)een found repeatedly in

tombs

she has also large circular earrings, four bracelets, and she holds a

sistrum and a garland of flowers.

Chapter

1.

The

title is

shorter than usual

"

The day of the

burial

the arriving after

going out (of the day)."

canopy, inider which
liy

The vignette shows the funeral procession.

the

lies

mummy,

has been raised on a sledge drawn

attendants and by U\o cows, towards the door of the tomb.

cofiiu,
is

There stands

another

probably the outer one which

is

to contain that in

which the

mummy

enclosed.

NOTES ON

TllK VAIMOI^S CllAI'TKKS.

ClIAPTKR 17.

As
Xlth,

it

is

olU'ii

the case, Cliaptcr 17 follows CJiaplcr

1.

It

is

conniK'tr,

iu

the version of

tlie

XVIIIth dynasty, M'hich

various
tonihs.

is

much
is

lon^ei'

than that of the

to

known from
wliicli
I

If
tlie

we compare
text
is

this

pajivrus

others
tlie

of the same epoch, we notice that

very similar to that of

papyrus

liave called

CV/,

and

whicli

written for a controller of the

cattle of Anion,
tt'xt
is

called

Amenophis, a Thehan.

There aiv variants wuth the

for

of the papyrus called Aa, which

was written

a Mcmphite.
It

Chapter 17

one of the most important of the Book of the Dead.

to the doctrine of Ileliopolis.

begins with the

cosmogony, according

The

title is

the following

:
when going

"The
beinii'

beiiinning of the recitation of the religious fornudaries,

out and coming back to the Underworld, being glorified in the good Anient,

amone; the followers of Osiris. leinu

1

satisfied

with the victuals of Unnofris

of going out of the day and taking of playing draughts

living spirit,

all

the forms whicli one desires to assume

the ])avilion
;

when

sitting

in

of the ai)pearing as a

of the deceased, after he has gone to his rest.

it

This

is

the

magic virtue of liim who reads

Chapter 17
is
:

on earth."

the only one in which a kind of

is

commentary

is

introduced

bv the words
after the

"What
:

that

"

Variants, other readings, are also quoted

cliapter begins thus
I
:

words

" or else."

The

"These are the words of the Lord Tuni.

one, I
is

am
is

Tfun when

I
Ije

am

the only

am

Xu,
Ka,

am

l(a

when he
began

rises,

when he

first

began to

ruler.

What

that?

who

first

to l)e ruler,

Iva

when he

rose as a king,

when there was Amshmun.

"I
is

yet

no firmament, and when he stood on the height of

am

the great god lorn by himself.

is

Who
is

is

that

Ka, born

by himself,
his

w-ater,

l^u,

the father of the gods, or else ha

the lord of the cycle of the gods.

Wliat

it i

who created Ra, when he

;

names,

created the

names
rises

of his limbs,

these
is

became the gods around him

?

the god w^honi

nobody opposes.
" I

Who

that

Tum
I
is

in his solar disk, or else lia

when he
is

on the eastern horizon of the sky.

am

yesterday (the past) and

is

know
Ra,^

the morrow.

What

that

Yesterday

Osiris,

and the morrow

on the day when he destroyed

the enemies of the Lord ot the Universe, and he

made a

ruler of his son

Horus."
1

Osiris, the

sod who dies and

is

Ijuried, is

the syml.>ol of

tlie

past

while Ea,

who

rises

under the form

of Horus, is that of the future.

10

TIIK

FrNERAL

I'ArYllFS OF lOllVA.

ClIAPTKK IS.
Is
It
is

as usual without a

title.

It

licucnilly

toUows

iiiiin('(liat('ly

Cliaptcr 17.

a litany to Tliotli beseeching the goil to

make

the deceased triiinqihaut

over his enemies in various places.

It

ends

witli

the following rubric

'"
:

man

reads this .sacred chajiter

rest.

he comes out of the day after he has gone to his

forms he chooses.
he
will evil

Also,

whoever has

this

book recited
forth safe

be

])ro.s])erous

upon
add

earth, he will

come

He takes all the over him every day, from every lii'c, and

no

thing will approach him, regularly, for times intinite.'

})a])yri

The Thel)an
"AVhat
creative
I

to this rubric

these words, which are oliscure

I

.shall

see

will

be in al)undance."
eye.

believe

this

refers

to

the

})0wer
in

of

the

WhateNer
is

have seen with

to

my own my

eyes

represented
exist.

any way, or whatever

jjictured

my

fancy, will be, will

The

texts

add

^^^'

which

should translate, "in

hand," or

" in

my

possession."

CHAPTERS OF THE TRA.NSFOKMATI0NS.

Here begins a
all

series of eight chajiters, those of the transformations,

title:

which
There

have the same

m \
is

'_t^'

"assuming the form of"

are usually nine, very rarely eleven.

They are not always

in the .same order.

;

That of the Saite version

very different from that of the Theban

besides

they are nuich more scattered than they are here.

eight
order,
;

This papyrus has only

it

omits Chapter 78, which

is

is

the longest.

They are

in the following

which
all

the most usual

Chapters 83, 84, 85, 77, 86, 82, 87, 81.

They

have very well drawn vignettes which allow one to recognize the

animals.

Chapter 83.

"Assuming the form of a Bennh," which has sometimes

j\I.

l)een

considered as the phoenix, and which

Loret determines as a heron.

"

Chapter 84.

" Assuming
;

the

form of a Hernshaw

(Kenouf).

It

is

shorter than usual

the vignette having been

for the text.
It begins,

made
line

beforehand, insufficient

space had been

left

o^, and

the last line

also is incom})lete.

"Assuming the form of a living soul, in order not to come The soul has been the form into the dungeon, and not to perish eternally." of a bird with a human head. Many i)ai)}i-i have a ram instead, whicli
Chapter 85.
reads also ba.

This chapter

is

much

abridged at the end.

NOTES OX THE VARIOUS CHAPTERS.

Cli;i]t('r

11

77.

" Assimiiuji-

the tbriu of a golden

hawk," or according to

M.

Loret, of a golden falcon.

riia])ter S(i.

"Assuming
I'ird

the form of a swallow,"' whicli

is

on the vignette.
:

Sometimes the

looks more like a dove.

This chapter has a rulu'ic

all

" lie

who knows
he likes
in

tiiis

chai)ter,
oi'

he returns after going out of the day, in

toinis

the Held
i^'J.

Aarru."
tlie

Chapter

"Assuming
and
living

easing oneself,
JMenipliis.

at

form of Phtah, eating bread, drinking beer, On." The vignette represents tlie god of

Chapter S7.
as
is

"Assuming
"Assuming

the ibrm of a seri)ent."

very short chapter,

also the tbllowiug.

Chapter SI.
is

the ibrm of a lotus." The lotus here represented

the blue lotus.

ChaptePv Go a.

There are two versions of this chapter

in

the Thel:)an pajiyri.

a

Tliis

is

what

have called

iV.)\.

The vignette

rei)reseiits

man

drinking water,
Tlie

which flows out of

title is

a tree called in other texts

"the sycamore of Nut."

here

" Cliapter of <lriid<:ing water."

CuAPTER 04.
It is

by no means nncommon
G-i
;

in the

Theban

pajiyri to find

two versions of

Chapter

one of them being a kind of summary or abridgment of the

This
sliort
:

whole book.

version

has a peculiar

title,

which we

find

here

incorrectly rei)roduced

" Chai)ter of

knowing

all

the chapters of (the book)

going out of

tlie

day, in one chapter."

it

This has a cnrious ruljric showing that

was customary with the ancient

" This chapter

Egyptians to

])nt

books in foundation

walls.

was found

in

the foundations of

Andiunnu
of

(the temple of Heliopolis)

by an overseer of
8epti.

masons,

in

the

time

the

King of

lli)per

and Lower Egypt,

at."

Mysterious flgures which nobody had seen nor looked

evidently

These

last

words

mean

that the book was

tlie

'wi'itten

in old character,

which were no

longer understood at

time of the discovery.

Chapters 141-143.
"

The book said by a man, or

said on the

his father, or his son, in the festival of the

Ament, wherewith he becomes the

is

favorite of Ra,

and of the gods when he

with them

day of the new moon."

12

THE FUNERAL PAPYRU^^ OF

This clinptcr which
is

lOUIYA.
the
all

dividt'd
oi'

into

tlircc
tlic

in

Saitc version,

is

;i

h)n<:'

scries of
is

names

oi'

"'ods

u'cnii,

and

list

of

the places where Osiris

anionic these

worsliipped.

Anion and the uods of Tliehes do not appeal'

names.
At the end of
papyri
is

tlie

chapter

is

lon<i'

title

and rnhric whicli

the early on(\s
('ha]t<'r L").
it

in

the

lat(>

the

heginning of

('lia])ter

14.S.
is

In

intrixluces

one of the liynnis

to the setting

sun which
'ha ITER

pait of

104.
li'reat

"(']ia])tei'

of

sittinii'

in

the midst of the

gods."

The vignette

reinx;-

sunts the deceased before three gods.

Chapter
"Chaiiter of being near ILithor."

K).'].

Yerv short

has no

viu'iiette.

Chapter 10 or 48.

"Chapter

for

coming

fortli

against one's enemios."

In the Saite version,

this chapter appears twice at d liferent places.

Here

it

has a most interesting

(h'ives
a,

vignette which,

at

present,

is

nniipie.

The

(h'ceased

lance

into

the neck of an

enemy bound

l)y tlie ell)ows.

Chapter 118.
" Chaj)ter

of arriving

at

llo-setn."
in

Tlie

vignettes in

this

cliai)ter

and

in the next represent the deceased

front of something whicli looks like

a sarcophagus, but which

a hut.

in

the

monuments

of

tlie

first

dynasties

means

Chapter 117.
" Chapter of taking
the;

path to Ro-setu."
is

In several of the old iapyri

the deceased, with a cane in his hand,

seen climl)ing a mountain.

Chapter 110.
" Chapter of going out of Ro-setu," wliicli
is

represented here as a door.

Chapter 148.
" Chajjter of giving sustenance to the deceased, in the Netherworld, granting

that his soul be on earth, living eternally, no evil things will })revail in

him."
bull,

This chapter gives the

names of the seven

celestial cows,

with the

which are

all

represented here, each one before an altar.

NOTES ON THE VARIOUS CHAPTERS.

Tlie riil)vic gives

13

an idea of the magic

eiiect

of the Ijook.

"(The

l)0(ik

called) giving .sustenance to the deceased in the Netherworld delivers a

man
is

from

all

evil things.

Thou

shalt not read

it

to

any other man than

thyself,

this the

hook of Unnefer.

He

to

whom
in

this

book has been read, Ra

in

his

steersman and his })rotecting jjower,

the Netherworld,

the sky and

on earth,

in all }ilaces

where he goes, without intermittence."

Cn.vpTER 151.

This

is

the text only of

i>art.

;i

chajiter in wliicli the vignettes are generally

the prominent

Here they are totally absent.

The chapter describes

an

ideal funerary cliamler,

which

is

sujjposed to be built and adorned exactly

according to the
Therefore the
also the

i)rescrii)tions
:

of the

book of the Tuat, the Underworld.

These writings are

title is

"

Hidden writings of the Tuat."

words which are said over the various amulets or objects in the

chamlter, or bv the gods or genii.

When
a canopy.

there

is

a
it

rei)resentation
lies

of the

cliaml)er

we

see

in

the middle

Under
to

the

munnuy
is

over which Anubis says certain words

It

not found here.

The chapter

very incomplete.

contains only the

words referring

the objects belonging to the four walls of the chamber,

i)laced in a little niche cut in the wall.
a

and which were each

also were engraved
itu

The words

brick inserted in the wall, underneath the object.

a-

These objects were an nshebti tignre on the North,

torch of reeds on the

South, an Anubis on the East, and a Tat on the West.

The

chai)ter l)egins

with
:

the

magic words said over the nshebti,

is

after
it

which comes the rubric

is

"This chapter
is

said on a brick of green clay,

it

engraved on
is

it,

and a niche

made

for

in the wall of the Tuat,

;

where
is

also

put a figure of palm-wood seven fingers in lieight

(it

its

month

opened
it is

has to undergo

tlie

ceremony of the opening of the mouth)

fastened on the brick in the Northern wall, looking towards the South."

The objects of the three other walls and the magical words said on them,

come each

in turn.

This

is all

we have of Chapter 151.

Chapter 156.

" Chapter of the buckle of carnelian

given to the deceased."

It

have
it

translated

" carnelian "

it

may

be red jasper.
is

must be red since

on the
neck
of

represents the blood

of

Isis.

This amulet

put

the

deceased.

11

tlik finkkai. i'apykus

of louiya.

Chapter 155.
"Ch;ii)t('r

of the Tat

of uold

]iut

on

tlic

neck of the dcccascMl."

liuckle

Tliis

sign ropiusci Its the hackboiic

and

ril)s

of Osiris.
is tlio

and Tat arc often

taken as symbols of

Isis

and

Osiris.

This

reason wliv these two signs

are so often used as ornaments, especiall}' on shrines.

Chapter lUl.
This eha])ter
lias

oidy been fonnd once l>efore in an old

It

jiajjjrns, that

of

Nn,

in

the British Museum.'

has a

title

which occurs here

for the first

time:

"The book
in

of iMiiding with words for the

;

month

of those wlio are

delivered trom the coffin

they are

jiut

on the neck of the deceased.

They
|)eo])le.

do not apjjcar

the back liouse, they are not

known by common
the
rul:)ric,

No eye has seen them, and no ear has heard them." These somewhat obscure words are exjilained by
that these words "are on a
fruits
strij)

which says

of ])a])yrus written in colour

made with
tirst

of tamarisk

mixed with incense."

is

The meaning of the

words

"binding with words"

therefore pntting a bandage covered with words on

the neck of the deceased.

As

for the following:

it

"for the month of those

the magic effect of this

who

are delivered from their coffins,"

is

refers

to

chapter, which
(phylacteries, to

a complete resurrection.
all

" AAlioever has these l)andages

Renouf) put on his neck,

;

the favours are granted to

him

as
is

the C}Tle of the gods

he

is

united to the followers of Horns, he

is

established before Sothis, his body

ever.

like a

god

witli all

his attendants for

The goddess Menkit causes vegetation These things have been done as thy safeguard
;

to
for

rise

out

of

his

l)ody.

going out of the day

every day in the Anient

^Majesty of
his

the JMajesty of Thoth has done them, to the

King

Osiris the victorious,

wishing that light might shine on

body

(for ever)."

The

last

lines of the rubric are evidently incorrect.

I

Words have been omitted which

had
is

to
in

supplement from the itapyrus of

the paiiyrus of

Nu

or from the Saite version.

It

Xu

tliat

Osiris

is

mentioned as a dead king. *&

Chapter 153a.
" Chapter of coming out of the net which
is
is

in the valley."
net,

The vignette

unusual.

The soul of the deceased comes out of the

and Anubis
The

in

the form of a

man

stretches forth
1

liis

liand towards the soul.

the DcaiJ,

title also

Budge, Th' Booh of

Text

p.

212.

NOTES ON
is

Till-;

VAKIOI'S CM AI'TKK.S.
is

15

c-urious.
tlu'

Wv

(1(

not understaiid what

a not in a valley or a

mountain,

when

text speaks of tishernien

and water.
is

This very ditticult cliapter, which

versions, has in our text even

prohalily compiled from two different

more

repetitious

than in other contemporary

documents.

Chapter (U.
Tliis
is

the

loui^-

version of Chajjter
is

(i4,

"The chapter

of coming out of

tlie day."'

The deceased

seen

cominii,'

out of the door of his toml).

This

cliajjter

has a historical rubric sinn'lar to that of the abridiied version, which

before.
It

was deposited mider the feet of a "This chapter was found at Eslnnun (Hermopolis) on a brick of alabaster, engra\ed in })ure lapis, under the feet of this p;od (Thoth) in the
this text

we found
statue.

shows that

time of the King of l^pper and Lower Egypt, .^lenkaura, by the royal son Ilortutef It was found when he moved about to ins])ect the temjiles"
here come
a,

few obscure words, which

suppose
it

was with him ex})lained or translated

king as a marvel,

to

him "He

mean

that

someone who
it

l)rought

to the

when he saw
seen or looked

that
at.

it

was something very mysterious

reads this book

which nol)ody had

})ure,

He who

must be

and not eat

goat's flesh or fishe.s."

is is

Curiously, this cliapter

not complete.
a .short blank

Suddenly we
,sj)ace

find the sign

,(jf

which means "gaji." there

text from
line
i^(i

underneath, and the whole

Aa,
is

to

47 of the basis taken

in

entirely omitted.

Evidently the original from which the writer copied was imperfect.

Chapter oUb.
Just as in the i)apyrus of

Nu and

also in the Saite version,

immediately
is

after Chapter 64, a rul)ric says that a scand) of

hard stone
i)ut

probably jasper
deceased.

which
heart
is

here
the

encircled with gold,

is

to

be

in

the

of
to

On

this scarab,

which

is

represented in the vignette,

I

be

engraved one of the chapters of the heart, which

have numbered 30b.

Chapter 110.
This chapter, often called
title

that of the Elysian fields, has here the

:

same
the

as in a

London papyrus
It

"

The
of

arrival at the house of the Nile

abundant

])rovider."'

consists

long

text

divided

into

various

fragments, and ending with a representation of the fields or the islands of

Aarru, which are called also the helds of Hotepit, of rest or

felicity.

Just

16

THE FUNERAL
that
iticturc

I'AI'YIMIS

OF lOlIYA.
witli a

Ix'fon'

wc

see

loiiiva

alone,

cane

in

lii>

hand
in,L;'.

two

attendants

make
silver;

offerings to him.
is

One of them
go around
brings
to

liolding a lonu'

ont of

which he ponrs water,

said

to

liim

lom- tinie>

this

jug
of

is

made

of

the other one

him

trav
clotli,

with several
material for

the

couventional

signs which

we know

mean
tlie

making

garments.
I>ike

the scene at the beginning of

pajiyrus,

tliis

was not made

beforehand.

Touiya

is

painted as an old man, with a white wig.

great
at

manv

of his titles have been inscribed over his head.

While

if

we look

the picture of the fields all the figures have been

made

beforehand.

The

deceased

is

often followed by his wife

she has black hair.

The names have

been added when the papyrus was approj^riated.

Unknown Chapter.
" Chapter of
before.
It
is

coming out of the day."

believe
for

This chai)ter has not been found

a kind of commentary to the vignette which represents nine

I
it

large serpents.

may

be considered as an introduction to the

two following chapters,

it

certainly belongs to the group of the chapters

of the gates and the i)ylons, where the deceased has to show his knowledge
of the
for

names of the occupants, the warders and the

in

heralds.

Yery

often,

instance,
is

the representations

in
It

the
is

tombs of the kings, a large

the

serpent

the guard of the gate.

i)robably

same

here.

The

chapter begins in this

way

"Hail to
name.

thee, the great

god who

is

in this lake.

know^ thee,

know thy
I

Deliver

me from

these serpents which are in Ko-setu, wlio live on

the faces (read the hearts) of men, and

who

eat their blood.

For

know
on
the
is

your names (the deceased addresses the serpents). he whose face his neighbour, is the name of one
;

Xasti
is

(?)

who

lives

turned round,

name

of another";

and

so

on

till

the seventh, of

although there are nine

represented in the vignette.

The

fact

there being only seven named,

would connect
follow.

this

chapter more intimately with the se\en gates which

after

The words which come

the

names

of

the

serpents

are

sentences which seem rather disconnected.

obliged the writer to abridge

Probably want of space has

oft'

them and

to iDreak

in the

middle of one.

Chapter 144.
^Vithout
title

and introduction.

It is

the clia])ter of the seven gates.

The

text consists only of three names, that of the occupant, that of the warder.

NOTES ON THE VARIODS CHAPTERS.

17

and

that of the licrald.

This very Iwief

foi'in

of the chai)lei'

is

unusual

in

the old jiapyri, except the pajiyrus of Nu.

Al)Ove
Avarder
is tlie

representation of the gates, and below, two gods

herald.

who

are the

and the

Chapter 14G.
" Tlie beginning of the mysterious cells in the house of Osiris, in the field

of Aarru."
interpret by

The word which Renouf translated "pylon,"

" cell," since

should rather

we

see there a genius sitting in

it.

There are only

twelve cells here, while there are generally twenty-one.

The text consists of

This
is

nothing

Ijut

names, that of the

cell

and that of the doorkeeper.

titles,

the

only place in this paj)yrus wliere the louiya constantly vary

;

or rather the epitliets, given to

cell.
:

there

is

a ditferent one at eacli

Quite at the end, there are a few words of a different character

"

am
to
tlie

Min Horus who

restores Osiris, tlu' lieir to his father.

;

come,

give

life

my

father

(Jsiris

he compiers
I

all

liis

enemies.

come every day from

Southern sky, and

bring

Mat

to her father."

The PsYcnosTASiA.
Under
tlie

end of Chapter 140 there

is

a representation which we sliould

It
is

rather expect to find further, the Aveigliing of the soul.

here in

its

simplest form.

On one

side the judge, Osiris,

is

is

standing.
;

Before

him

is tiie

balance, in one scale of whicli

the deceased's heart

;

in the other,
is

what

should be the goddess ^laat or her emblem

looks like a weight,
deceased,

but there
unfinished.

something which

and which

perhajis
tlie

is

Then comes the

liis

who
;

puts his hand on

is

place from which

lieart

has been

removed

behind him

Thoth, " the lord of divine words," in the form of

liis

a cynocephalus wearing on

head the lunar disk

lastly,

" 'Slant,

the

daughter of Ra."
scene This interesting 'is
is

seldom so much abridged as

it is

here.

Chapter

1)9.

" Chapter of sailing a ship in the Netherworld."

long chapter, in which

the deceased has also to show his knowledge, since every part of the ship

asks to be told

its

mystical name.
is

whicli the deceased

Tlie long rubric

seen twice,

The vignette represents a sailing-boat in rowing the boat and sitting on the bow.
of plentiful victuals in the field of

makes the usual promises

this book.

Aarru to him who knows

18

THE FUNERAL PAPYRUS OF lOUIYA.

Chapter 125.

The various parts which

Ibrin this chapter are all

soul,

foiiud

in

this i)ai)jrus,
is

and very complete.

not at
its

Only the weighing of the

which we met before,

jjroper place.

The
iudged.

first

part

is

the

arri^'al

of the deceased in

tlie hall in

which he

is

to be

We

see hiiu with

is

liis

two hands raised

;

in the attitude of prayer.

This vignette
h;iir is {)ainted

made beforehand
The
title

it

has nothing typical of louiya, whose

is

black.

of this introducticm

here

"Words

said

on

arriving into the hall of Righteousness, in order to see the faces of the

gods"

("the

divine

countenances,"

Renouf).

These

words are a prehminary

it

confession which, like the following, has the character of an apology since
is

negative

" T

am

not a doer of wrong to men,

am

not one

who

slayetli

his kindred,"

and

so forth.

come the Psychostasia. In many i)a})vri, the deceased is seen taken by the hand by the god Anubis, who leads him to the hall where
Then
sliould
sits Osiris.

Tlie deceased

then calls on each of the forty-two witnesses and bids each

:

of them to testify that he has not committed one special sin

"0

thou of

long strides,

who makest

thine a})})earance in An,

am

not a doer of wrong.

in

thou who lioldest the

not a
at

fire

and makest thine a}pearance

."

Kher-aha,

am

man

of violence.
I

thou of the long nose, who makest thine appearance

ca

Eshmun,

have not been

il-minded

The vignette represents a

shrine enclosing the forty-two gods, each of

them has a man's head and a

beard

they are

all alike.
l;)een

When
and

the confession has

made, when the heart has been weiohed

is

Osiris has declared to the

hall.

deceased that he
chai)ter
:

justified, the

deceased goes

out of the
title,

The long

which

follows,

and which here has no

generally has one of this kind

" AVords said after the hall of righteous-

ness."

At the end

is

a rubric of the usual kind.

Here, as in the old papyri,

we

find a vignette representing a jiond, at

the

corners of wdricli

sit

four ajies in front of

whom

are flames.

It

is

only

seldom that with

this vignette are

words Avhich are a

jirayer to the four apes

:

that the deceased

there
is

may

enter the Ament, to which they answer

" come,

no more

evil in thee."

In the Saite ^-ersion this

is

Chapter 120.

Chapter 100 or 120.

This chapter often occurs two or even three times in the same papyrus
" Chapter of distinguishing the deceased, of

making him

to

embark

in the

NOTES ON THE VARIOUS CHAPTERS.

boat of Ka
represents

19

together witli
of
l\n, in

those wlio are witli

wliich stands
;

the

god."

Tlie

vignette

tlie l)oat

tlie

god, in the form of Khepera.

Before

liiiu

are Isis

and

Tlioth
tliat

behind him Shn and the deceased.

l)e

The

words on the vignette say

deceased, so that he

a Tat and l)uclde are to

fastened on the

may

navigate with Ka wherever he

likes.

This chapter
tlie l)apyri.

is

part of a seiies of three which are generally at the end of

Chapter 102.
" Chapter of embarking in the l)oat of Ra."

No

vignette.

Chapter 136a.
" Chapter of l)eing conveyed in the boat of Ra."
vignette.

Very short chapter withont

Chapter
This chap)ter does not exist in
tliis

1o(Jb.

form
it

in
is

the 8aite version

but

it

is

very frequent in the Thel)an

the chapters of the book
:

pa])yri,

where

always the
is

last

but one of

" Chajiter whereliy one

conveyed

in the boat of

Ra

said

by the deceased

in order that he ma}^ i)ass through the orbit

;

The vignette represents the boat of Ra the god is seen there as a hawk's liead bearing a disk, and there is an eye at l)oth ends of the boat.
of flame."
It

does not navigate on water but on the sky, with numerous stars.

Chapter 149.

The usual end of the papyri of the Thelian the fourteen domains which the deceased has
enjoys special
ijrivileges.

period.

It is

the chapter of
in

to reach,
is

and

which he
I

The word "domain"

Renoufs

translation.
is

should

i^refer

"residence" or "habitation."
its

Eacli of

them

an enclosed
The

space which

lias

inhabitants described or mentioned in the text.

in

deceased

calls

on the domain and often

inhabitants, without

any

transition.

same breath goes over to the The vignettes show the form and the
the
is

occupants of those residences.

The proof that

of the papyrus.
the book)
;

it is

the end of the book

it

the rubric in the two last lines

" This
is

Here

is

much

longer than usual.

it

the end (of

;

it

is

from beginning to end such as

was found

^vTitten

it

was
the

drawn, checked, examined, weighed from part to part."

writer wishes to

Evidently,

show that

his text

is reliable.

20

'HIE

FUNERAL PAPYRUS OF lUUIYA.

Chapter loO.

Is
tlie

not a

si)cci;d cliaitei'.

It is

only the collection of vignettes representing

cliapter.

tmuteen domains of the preceding

There are

Ciirionsly, the

number

is

not exactly the same.

fifteen,

the

fifth

being replaced by two

which do not agree with the

probably the cardinal points.

descrii)tion

in the text.

The four serpents are

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