Paul Barnabic Psychology AP Dr.

Rosenfeld May 7, 2013 States of Consciousness Consciousness- Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment. Levels of Consciousness- Level of being aware of one's own existence, feelings, and thoughts and aware of environment, most elementary of mental status function Conscious Level- the information about yourself and your environment that you are currently aware of Nonconscious Level- Body processes controlled by your mind that we are not usually aware of. Preconscious level- information about yourself or your environment that you are not currently thinking about Subconscious level- information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior Unconscious Level- psychoanalytic psychologists believe some events and feelings are unacceptable to our conscious mind and are repressed into our unconscious mind. Sleep- the natural suspension of consciousness Sleep Cycles- a daily rhythmic activity cycle, based on 24 hour intervals, that is exhibited by many organisms Sleep Stages- Levels of sleep identified by brain-wave patterns and behavioral changes REM Sleep- a stage in the normal sleep cycle during which dreams occur and the body undergoes various physiological changes, including rapid eye movement, loss of reflexes, and increased pulse rate. Sleep Disorders- disruptions in sleep patterns Insomnia- a sleep disorder in which an individual has persistent problems getting to sleep or staying asleep at night

Narcolepsy- a sleep disorder in which an individual suffers from periods of intense fatigue and may fall asleep at unpredictable and inappropriate times Sleep Apnea- a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing for short periods of time during the night Night Terrors- a sleep disorder in which individuals wake up overcome by fear and an increased heart and respiratory rate Dreams- series of story like images that we experience as we sleep Freudian Dream Interpretation- Dreams are made up manifest content and latent content. Manifest content is the literal content of our dreams. Latent content is the unconscious meaning of the manifest content Activation-synthesis dream theory- proposes that dreams are nothing more than the brain's interpretations of what is happening physiologically during REM sleep Information-processing dream theory- the theory that sleep helps us organize and process what we have experienced throughout the day Hypnosis- a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain events or emotions will occur Posthypnotic Amnesia- the failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget Posthypnotic Suggestion- a suggestion that is made to a person who is hypnotized that specifies an action he will perform (usually in response to a cue) after he has awakened Role Theory of Hypnosis- theory that states that hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness State of Hypnosis- Theory proposing that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis- hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily. One part or level of our consciousness responds to the suggestions of the hypnotist, while another part or level retains awareness of reality Psychoactive Drugs- Chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered consciousness Agonist- A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter Antagonists- a drug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of another drug

Tolerance- the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect Withdrawal- the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug Stimulants- drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions Depressants- Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. Hallucinogens- psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input Psychedelics- Psychoactive drugs, such as LSD, PCP, and marijuana, that alter consciousness by producing a temporary loss of contact with reality and changes in emotion, perception, and thought Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Motivations - Feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal - conscious and unconscious Instincts - innate tendencies that determine behavior Drive reduction theory - the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Need - the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal Drive - a physiological state corresponding to a strong need or desire Primary drives - those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst Secondary drives - drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth Homeostasis - the maintenance of stable internal conditions

Arousal Theory - The theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson Law - The psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation - solomon's theory of the learning of new motives based on changes over time in contrasting feelings. Incentives - rewards or other stimuli that motivate us to act Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - a method of classifying human needs and motivations into five categories in ascending order of importance: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization Self- actualization - according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential Lateral Hypothalamus - The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals Ventromedial Hypothalamus - The part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating. Set-point Theory - Belief that brain mechanisms regulate body weight around a genetically predetermined 'set point' Bulimia - eating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by purging Anorexia - eating disorder brought about by an extreme pursuit of thinness characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss Obesity - having an excess amount of body fat Achievement Motivation - a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard Extrinsic Motivators - Motivation that comes from outside the person ie: money, rewards Intrinsic Motivators - rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction Management theory - An approach to management that uses rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources.

Approach- Approach Conflict- Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives Avoidance- avoidance conflict- Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives Approach- avoidance conflict- Conflict that results from having to choose an alternative that has both attractive and unappealing aspects James-Lange Theory of Emotion - theory proposing that emotions result from our interpretations of our bodily reactions to stimuli Cannon- Bard Theory of Emotion - conscious experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur at the same time Two- Factor Theory - Schachter's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal General Adaptation Syndrome - Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion