-born on June 13, 1928 in Bluefield, West Virginia -as a young boy was solitary, bookish, and introverted

- ather, John !r", #uiet engineer with an in$isive %ind -&other, Virginia, tea$her and $hallenged her son to e'$el %aking hi% read by ( and learn latin and ski) a grade in s$hool -(th grade, tea$her said he $ouldn*t do the %ath, but %other knew he was figuring out his own way to solve )roble%s -was awarded the +eorge Westinghouse ,ward whi$h gave hi% a full s$holarshi) to -arnegie .nstitute of /e$hnology -,$$e)ted to 0rin$eton 1niversity, renowned for %ath at that ti%e -$a%e u) with the board ga%e 2e', whi$h was originally na%ed 3ash -1941, 5oined &./ fa$ulty -relationshi) with nurse na%ed 6leanor !tier, who was i%)regnated by hi% -refused to )ay $hild su))ort or )ut his na%e of the birth $ertifi$ate -,li$ia 7arde, 21 years 6l !alvador )hysi$s %a5or at &./ -1948 they %arried July 1948, ortune %aga9ine na%ed hi% one of the brightest %athe%ati$ians in the world and he was 5ust 3: -7a%ented not winning the %ath )ri9e, ields &edal -Was si$k was s$hi9o)hrenia, soon after his wife was )regnant -,li$ia had her husband involuntarily hos)itali9ed at &$7ean 2os)ital, a )rivate )sy$hiatri$ hos)ital outside Boston -after release, he resigned fro% &./, withdrew his )ension, and went to 6uro)e, where he wanted to renoun$e his 1! $iti9enshi) -,li$ia left her abby with her %other and went to get 3ash ba$k, she had hi% de)orted to 1! -!ettled in 0rin$eton, 3J and ,li$ia took a 5ob -2is illness $ontinued and s)ent %ost of his ti%e hanging around on 0rin$eton -a%)us talking about hi%self in the third )erson as Johann von 3assau, writing nonsensi$al )ost$ards and $alling )ast $olleagues -January 19;1, ,li$ia, John*s %other, and his sister &artha $o%%itted

hi% to /renton !tate 2os)ital in 3J where he endured insulin-$o%a thera)y for five days a week for a %onth and a half -When released his $olleagues got hi% a resear$h )osition, but he left for 6uro)e again and sent $ry)ti$ %essage ho%e -,li$ia divor$ed hi% in 19;2 2is %ath $olleagues got hi% a 5ob again at Brandeis 1niversity in Boston and arranged for hi% to %eet with a )sy$hiatrist, who gave hi% anti-)sy$hoti$ %edi$ation -his $ondition i%)roved and he s)ent ti%e with 6lanor and his son John <avid -2e later went off his %edi$ation and delusional sy%)to%s resurfa$ed -198:, ,li$ia took hi% as her boarder, a %ove that %ight have )revented his ho%elessness -Was dubbed =/he 0hanto%> by 0rin$eton !tudents -198:s he began to get better, delusions di%inished and he be$a%e %ore engaged with the world around hi% -199(, at age of ;;, he re$eived 3obel 0ri9e in 6$ono%i$s for his work on ga%e theory -38 years after their divor$e, John and ,li$ia re%arried -2e retuned to his offi$e at 0rin$eton, where he still e')lores %ath htt)?@@www")bs"org@wgbh@a%e'@nash@)eo)leevents@)A5nash"ht%l -shared the 3obel 0ri9e with 2ungarian ,%eri$an e$ono%ist John 2arsanyi and +er%an %athe%ati$ian Beinhard !elten htt)?@@www"britanni$a"$o%@6B$he$ked@to)i$@(:3842@John- -3ash-Jr -199( 3obel 0ri9e in e$ono%i$s =for their )ioneering analysis of e#uilibria in the theory of non-$oo)erative ga%es -introdu$ed the distin$tion between $oo)erative and non$oo)erative ga%esC $oo)erative ga%es )layers $an %ake enfor$able agree%ents with other )layersC non$oo)erative ga%es, enfor$able agree%ents are i%)ossible and any $oo)eration that o$$urs is self-enfor$ed

,D,, $oo)eration $an o$$ur, but %ust be in ea$h )layer*s interest to $oo)erate -3ash e#uilibriu% is a situation in whi$h no )layer, taking the other )layer*s strategies as given, $an i%)rove his )osition by $hoosing an alternative strategy -3ash )roved that for a broad $lass of ga%es at least one e#uilibriu% e'ists as long as %i'ed strategies are allowed -%i'ed strategy is one in whi$h the )layer does not take one a$tion with $ertainty but has a range of a$tions he %ight take, ea$h with a )ositive )robability -another $ontribution is his reasoning about the bargaining )roble% -said that how gains are divided de)ends on how %u$h the deal is worth to ea$h )arti$i)ant and what alternatives ea$h )arti$i)ant has htt)?@@www"e$onlib"org@library@6n$@bios@3ash"ht%l - was an ele$tri$al engineer and $a%e to Bluefield to work for the ele$tri$al utility $o%)any E,))ala$hian 6le$tri$ 0ower -o%)anyF, was a veteran on WW1 and erved in ran$e as a lieutenant, originally fro% /e'as EB! fro% ,G&F -%other taught 6nglish and 7atin -sister &artha was born about 2"4 years later on 3ove%ber 1;, 193: -0arents )rovided hi% with an en$y$lo)edia E-o%)ton*s 0i$tured en$y$lo)ediaF fro% whi$h he learned a lot for% -as a high s$hool student he was reading =%en of %athe%ati$s> by 6/ Bell and he su$$eeded in )roving the $lassi$ er%at theore% about an integer %ulti)lied by itself ) ti%es where ) is a )ri%e -entered -./ as a $he%i$al engineering %a5or -didn*t like %e$hani$al drawing and shifted to $he% %a5or -didn*t like that $he% was %ore about how well one $ould handle a )i)ette and )erfor% titration and not about how well one $ould think and understand and learn fa$ts -)rogressed so %u$h that he graduate with a B! and &! in %ath

-during his last year in Bluefield s$hools, his )arents arranged for hi% to take su))le%entary %ath $ourses in Bluefield -ollege -even though the $redits didn*t transfer, he knew the %aterial so well already that during his intro $lasses at -./, he didn*t learn %u$h of anything new -fellowshi) offers fro% 2arvard and 0rin$eton, but 0rin$eton fellowshi) was %ore generous sin$e he had not a$tually won the 0utna% $o%)etition and also 0rin$eton see%ed %ore interested in getting hi% to $o%e there, 0rofessor ,W /u$ker wrote a letter to %e en$ouraging %e to $o%e to 0rin$eton and fro% the fa%ily )oint of view it see%ed attra$tive that 0rin$eton was $lose to Bluefield -/ook and ele$tive =.nternational 6$ono%i$s> $lass as a rsult of that e')osure to e$ono%i$ ideas and )roble%s, arrived at the idea that led to the )a)er =/he Bargaining 0roble%> whi$h was later )ublished in 6$ono%etri$al -this hel)ed si%ulate his interest in ga%e theory studies there whi$h has been sti%ulated by the work of von 3eu%ann and &orgenstern -,s an instru$tor at &./, he worte the Real Algebraic Manifolds -went to &./ in the su%%er of 1941 as a -"7"6 &oore .nstru$tor -was an instru$tor at 0rin$eton for a year after his graduation in 194: -higher )ay at &./, so a$$e)ted the offer -%ath fa$ulty fro% 1941-49 at &./ -194;-48, alfred )" slgan grant and $hose to s)end the year as a te%)orary %e%ber of the institute of advan$ed study in )rin$eton -while on =sloan sabbati$al> at .,! in 0rin$eton, he solved the )roble% involving )artial differential e#uations, but was unaware that +oirgi of 0isa .taly was working in )arallel with hi%, so +iorgi was first to a$tually des$ribe the )roble% figuratively for the $ase of =elli)ti$ e#uations> -,li$ia*s dad was a do$tor in &aryland -travelled to 6uro)e and atte%)ted to gain status there as a refugee after being in observation at &$7ean for 4: days

-s)ent five to eight %onths in the hos)itals in 3J and always atte%)ted to %ake a legal argu%ent for release -during his rela)se in ;:s, he be$a%e a )erson of delusional influen$ed thinking but of %oderate behavior and didn*t need to be hos)itali9ed or the attention of )sy$hiatrists -later began to re5e$t the delusional influen$ed lines of thinking whi$h started with the re5e$tion of )oliti$ally-oriented thinking as essentially a ho)eless waste of intelle$tual effort -still, at ;;, tries to add new ideas of resear$h htt)?@@www"nobel)ri9e"org@nobelA)ri9es@e$ono%i$s$ien$es@laureates@199(@nash-bio"ht%l -$hair%an of %ath de)t" at 0rin$eton, !olo%an 7efs$het9, offered hi% the John !" Dennedy fellowshi), whi$h was enough to $onvin$e 3asht hat 2arvard valued hi% less EBeautiful %indF )age (;-8 &a5or works in$luded the following ones aF =e#uilbiriu% 0oint in 3-)erson ga%es> bF /he bargaining )roble% $F non-$oo)erative ga%es dF two-)erson $oo)erative ga%es eF real algebrai$ %anifolds Ework in the area of real algebrai$ geo%etryF $ontributions aF 3ash e%bedding theore% bF theory of nonlinear )araboli$ )artial differential e#uations and to singularity theory -3asar book- 3ash was atheist, yet got %arried in ebuary 1948 at a -atholi$ $ere%ony-1(3 -!on na%ed John -harles &artin 3ash

-divor$ed in 19;3, after dis$harge fro% hos)ital in 198: he lived in 7arde*s house, and re%arried in 2::1 -e'tre%e )aranoia and began talking about -harles 2er%an and Willia% 0ar$her who were )utting hi% in danger and thought that all %en who wore red ties were )art of a $o%%unist $ons)ira$y against hi% and %ailed letters to e%bassies in Washington <- de$laring they were establishing a govern%ent- 241 -diagnosed with )aranoid s$hi9o)hrenia whi$h in$luded )aranoia, fi'ed beliefs that are either false, over i%aginative, or unrealisti$, and hallu$ination Eusually auditory and )er$e)tional disturban$es, and a la$k of %otivation for life and %ild $lini$al de)ression -32 -1988 won the John von 3eu%ann /heory 0ri9e for 3ash e#uilibria Enon-$oo)erative e#uilibriaF -1999 won the 7eroy 0" !teele 0ri9e -)art of B,3< $or)oration as a $onsultant Ethe $ivilian think tank in !anta &oni$a where intelle$tuals %et to dis$uss the new theory of ga%e and nu$lear warF -rational analysis use to )roble% solve how to use the new nu$lear wea)ons to forestall war with Bussia -$alled =young +auss> by %ath )rofs at -./- (2 -was singled out sin$e he was a $ountry boy and unso)histi$ated Erobert siegel a )hysi$s %a5orF- nash never went to a sy%)hony )erfor%an$e -(2 -nash was o)enly $onte%)tuous of those who felt were u) to the sa%e intelle$tual standard as he was -(3 -%any students sought hel) for their ho%ework fro% hi% but no one in$luded hi% in grou) a$tivities for fear of his brillian$e-(3

-re%ained wanting fa%e as seen by his bitterness when george hin%an %ade it into the to) ten and he didn*t-(( -he knew %aterial that %ost of his )eers didn*t su$h as sdio)hantine e#uations-(4 -always talked about hi%self, but elanor was fine sin$e she was fro% a %odest ba$kground unlike nash-18( -he didn*t offer to %arry her after knowing about the )regnan$y and often )ut her down when she was stressing about the )rgnan$y-184 -5ohn david !tier was born 5une 19, 1942 -due to $onstant visits she was fired and had to )ut John in foster $are