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THE EFFECT OF BONWILLS COMPLETE DENTURES

FINN TENGS CHRISTENSEN,

TRIANGLE

ON

L.D.S.*

Stavanger, Norway

of Bonwills triangle (Fig. 1) influence the cusp anguV lation for complete dentures. According to Bonwill, the length of each side,
ARIATIONS IN THE SIZE

with few exceptions, is equal to 10 cm. (exactly 4 inches). Bonwill based his theory on measurements of 6,000 skulls and 4,000 living persons. However, the correctness of his theory has been questioned. Bosse* measured 500 jaws and found a marked variation in the distance between the condyles. He found an average distance of 96 mm. by measuring from the middle of the mesial surface of one condyle to the lateral surface of the other. Choquet3 measured 149 mandibles and found that the external distance between the condyles was between 138 and 97 mm. and the internal distance was between 96 and 65 mm. He mentions the asymmetric position of the condyles* as does WelcherG who found only 2 symmetric condyles in 50 mandibles. Frahms also maintains the asymmetry of the condyles, and Amoedo found the distance between the condyles varied from 7 to 13 cm. Wilson* examined 300 jaws and found 6 per cent in accordance with Bonwills theory. However, these men measured jaws on dried skulls, and dried bones change form. Welcher demonstrated the change in form by dipping dried mandibles in water. The intercondylar distance of one mandible increased more than 10 mm. during a period of one hour in water. After drying again for some weeks, the distance decreased about 13 mm. The intercondylar size of the mandible was also about 3 mm. less than before the beginning of the experiment. In addition, .the height of the human body of Scandinavian peoples has iticreased in the last hundred years and has for most civilized people all over the world. However, the size of the dental arch, at the same time, has had a tendency to decrease.9 The result of Bonwills measurements on living persons is not sufficient as scientific proof, and the question concerning the average size of Bonwills triangle is still confused. However, the construction of average articulators is generally in accordance with Bonwills theory, and Monsons pyramidlO is based also on Bonwills triangle. In this article the average size of Bonwills triangle is used, and it is assumed to be an equilateral triangle, the angles of which are formed, rcspectively, by the incisal point and the two condyles. The sides (S in Fig. 1) are assumed to be 100 mm. in length. The height of the triangle (a in Fig. I > is consequently equal to 100 mm. X sine 60 degrees. The dorsal line in Bonwills triReceived for publication Aug. 26, 1958. *Assistant Professor, Norwegian State Dental School, Oslo, Norway.
791

792

CHRISTENSEN

J. Pros. Den. Sept.-Oct., 1959

angle is assumed to be identical with the condylar axis. In clinical work it is advantageous to make the dorsal line of Bonwills triangle identical with the condylar axis. The average gauge of Bonwills triangle is otherwise of less importance since the intention is to clarify how variations in the length of the sides (height) of Bonwills triangle exert influence on the cusp angulation. Stated specifically: What is the effect on cusp angulation when the distance from the incisal point to the condylar axis is altered ?

Fig. l.-The Bonwill triangle ABC. The ratio between the height (a) and the sides (s) in Bonwills triangle is a = s X sine 60 degrees. The angle LAD is the Balkwill angle (= pi in the formula for the Christensen angle).

CHRISTENSENS

ANGLE

In this investigation the condylar guide inclination, the incisal guide inclination, and the cusp angulation are angles in a sagittal plane or projections in the median plane. The calculation of the cusp angulation for complete dentures is based on the Christensen phenomenon and depends on the size of the Christensen angle. l1 Therefore, it is suitable to examine how the size of Bonwills triangle influences the Christensen angle. The supposition for the calculation of the Christensen angle is a straight condylar path with a common inclination on each side. By the inclination of the condylar guidance is meant the inclination of the sagittal condylar guidance to the plane of occlusion, and by protrusion is meant forward protrusion of the mandible. The incisal point in protrusion is assumed to be displaced into or parallel with a maxillary occlusion rim with flat occluding surfaces when there is no inclination of the incisal guidance and no compensating curve of occlusion. When the incisal guide inclination is equal to the condylar guide inclination, the cusp angulation has to be of the same size, independent of the size of Bonwills triangle (Fig. 2). By varying the compensating curve, the cusp angulation may be

Volume 9 Number 5

BONWILLS

TRIANGLE

AND

COMPLETE

DENTURES

7 03

Fig. Z.-The incisal guide inclination and the condylar guide inclination are equal. The incisal point and the projection of the condylar axis move on parallel paths. To maintain antagenietic tooth contact along the entire length of the protrusive facets, the sagittal cusp angulation of all of the cusps must be of the same size as the inclination of the condylar and the incisal guidance, independent of the size of Bonwills triangle.

Fig. 3.-The relation between Bonwills triangle and the Christensen angle. A, The in&al point in the centric occlusion. AI, The incisal point after protrusive movement with an in&al guide inclination of 0 degree. AAx, The length of the protrusion (= LLI). L, The condylar axis ln cent& relation. L1, The condylar axis after protrusive movement with a condylar guide inchnation of 0 degree. I&, The size of protrusion (= AAd. La, The condylar axis after protrusive movement on a condylar path equal to Id&a. The angles y and w are formed as a result of the movement of point LI to the line LLa (the? condylar path) on the periphery of a circle with AX as the center and AILI as a radius. The Christensen angle 014&l (y) is equal to the angle L&L-a (yl). The line .&AX = &AX is tibe dlstrattce from the in&al point to the condylar axis and equals the height in Bonwills triaz%gle. By an inCrease of the height of Bonwills triangle (A& and .4&z), the size of the Christensen angle decreases (see Fig. 4).

794

CHRISTENSEN

J. Pros. Den. Sept.-Oct., 1959

altered in accordance with Hanaus Quint12 or Thielemanns Formula of Articulation.i3 The theory of the Christensen angle is shown in Fig. 3, and the relationship between the height of Bonwills triangle (a1a2a3) and the corresponding Christensen angle (y1y2y3) is shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen that the Christensen angle (y) decreases if the height in Bonwills triangle (a) increases. The size of the Christensen angle increases from 0.3 to 3.53 degrees by an alteration of the condylar guide inclination from 5 to 60 degrees during 5 mm. of protrusion.il It turns upon small angles ( y1y2y3). The ratio between small angles is equal to the ratio of the sine to the angles. Therefore, where a, and a2 are the respective heights of Bonwills triangles, we get the following ratio:

3L,L2 -L c-c sine y1 sine y. Y.


that is,
- Y1 =

*-=$, % a2

Y.

$-

(see Fig. 4).

-------

------------

_---w__------------v----m-

Fig. 4.-The ratio between the Christensen in Bonwills triangle (based on Fig. 3). yl, The Christensen angle with the height ye, The Christensen angle with the height ^/a, The Christensen angle with the height The Christensen angle decreases with an increase

angle in in in of

(yl/a-&

by varying

the height

(mom)

Bonwills triangle equal to ox = LA = LAX. Bonwills triangle equal to CLZ = LYQa = LzAz. Bonwills triangle equal to as = LlAa = LzAI. the height in Bonwills triangle.

The height in Bonwills triangle is proportional to the size of the sides (see Fig. 1 where a = s X sine 60 degrees). In consequence the Christensen angle (y) is inversely proportional to the height (sides) of Bonwills triangle. The formula for the Christensen angle is: sine [(p + 4) + y] = sine (p + +) + -!- sine p.11 In a this formula a is the height in Bonwills triangle (see Fig. 1 ), 4 is the Balkwill angle (LAD, Fig. l), p is the condylar guide inclination, y is the Christensen angle, and p is the length of protrusion of the mandible.

Volume 9 Number 5

BONWILLS

TRIANGLE

AND

COMPLETE

DENTURES

11.5

The effect on the Christensen angle of varying the length of the sides of Bonwills triangle is seen in Table I. Table I and its graphic reproduction (Fig. ? j
TABLE I. THE CHRISTENSEN ANGLE BY VARYING THE SIZE OF THE SIDES (HEIGHT) IN WONWIL,I.'S TRIANGLE

.___ Y j
p -,xl

110 mm.
(a = 110 mm. X sine 60")

90 mm. (a = 1001~~?~'sine 60") / (a = 90 mm. X sine 60")

..
15
30" 45" 60"

---

___I_
~ i

----.0.97" (0.97")

_..--.~.^
..-. ._ .-

0.79"(0.79")

0.87"(0.87")

I I

--.-.

1.51"(1.51")
2.26"(2.27") 3.20" (3.21")

I .-

1.66"(1.66") 2..50(2.soo) 3.53"(3.53")

1.85"(1.84")

--.-.-.

.-

2.78"(2.78") 3.94"(3

---__--.-92")

a = the height in Donwills triangle. ,?I = the condylar guide inclination. s = one side in Bonwills triangle. Balkwills angle is 26 degrees and the protrusion of the mandible is 5 mm. The ordinary figures indicate the Christensen angle according to the formula for the Chrlstensen angle. Figures in parentheses indicate the corresponding size of the Christensen angle, calculated in accordance with the formula: 2 = 2. YZ al The difference between the figures is insignificant.

/5'

30

45

60

/nc//nai%on

of condi)ur
reproduction

guidance
of Table 1.

Fig. 5.-Graphic

confirm the conclusions based on Fig. 4. The Christensen angle decreases with an increase of Bonwills triangle. At a condylar guide inclination of 30 degrees, the

796

CHRISTENSEN

septcoct., 1959

J. Pros. Den.

Christensen angle is 1.85 degrees when the length of the side of Bonwills triangle is 90 mm. When the length of the side is 110 mm., the Christensen angle is 1.51 degrees. On complete dentures the cusp angulation (E) is proportional to the Christensen angle. I1 Consequently, in the formulaY1 can be replaced with the cusp angulation 1E E,
CONCLUSION

a the Christensen angle (7) = -;Le Y. (E), resulting in a, a,

=-

With the conditions as specified, the degree of the cusp angulation for complete dentures is inversely proportional to the height (sides) of Bonwills triangle.
REFERENCES

1. Bonwill, W. G.: The Scientific Articulation of the Human Teeth as Founded on Geometrical, Mathematical, and Mechanical Laws, D. Items Interest 21:617-643, 873880, 1899. 2. Bosse, U.: Beitrige zur Anatomie des Manschlichen Unterkiefers (Diss.), Verlag : Otto Kiimmel. K&igsberg in Pr. 1901. Choquet, J. : Le Triangle equilateral de Bonwill, Lodontologie 41:307-312, 1909. :. Choquet, J. : AsymCtrie condylienne du maxillaire inferieur, Lodontologie 51:5-8, 1914. 5: Welcher, H. : Die Zugehorigkeit eines Unterkiefers zu einem Bestimmten Schidel, Arch. f. Anthrop. 27:37-106, 1902. 6. Frahm, F. W.: Studies of the Human Masticatory Apparatus and Its Relations to the Prosthodontist, and Treatment of the Same, D. Cosmos 56:533-550, 1914. 7. Amoedo,. 0. : Simplification dans lenregistrement de la trajectoire condylienne, Revue trrmestrielle suisse dodontologie 23:157-175, 1913. 8. Wilson, G. H. : The Anatomy and Physics of the Temporomandibular Joint, Bull. Nat. D. A. 8:236-241. 1921. 9. Lundstrom, A.: Vilka Forandringar ha Intriffat Infriga om Kakarnas Storlek och OcclusronsfijrhHllanden under Historisk Tid? Svensk. T. T. 39:391-424, 1946 (with English summary, p. 420). 10. Monson, G. S.: Occlusion as Applied to Crown and Bridge Work, Bull. Nat. D. A. 7:399-413, 1920. Christensen, F. T. : Cusp Angulation for Complete Dentures, J. PROS. DEN. 8 :910-923, 1958. ::: Hanau, R. L. : Full Denture Prosthesis : Intraoral Technique for Hanau Articulator Model H, ed. 4, Buffalo, 1930, the author, p. 37. 13. Thielemann, K. : Bromechamk der Paradentose; Berlin, 1938, Hermann Meusser Verlag, p. 24.
KANNIKGATEN 13 STAVANGER, NORWAY

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