RockPhysicscourse

CUP,Beijing December2012

Purposeofthecourse
Tounderstandrockphysicsconceptscurrently appliedintheexplorationindustry. Tobecomefamiliarwithtypicalrock propertiesandrelationships. Tobeabletosuggestrelevantapproachesto rockphysicsproblemsarisinginapractical explorationcontext,andunderstandtheir limitations.

Natureofthecourse
Thisisprimarilyareadingcourse!

Lecturesaredesignedtointroduceyoutokey concepts,andallowyoutoreadrelevantpapers.

Wewillspendsignificanttimeinclassdiscussingsome importantrecentpapers.

MathematicalLevel
Theoreticalrockphysicsisthemost mathematicallydemandingdisciplinein explorationgeophysics. Manyotheraspectsofthesubjectexist,much workbasedonapplicationofrelativelysimple formulae. Wehopetoemphasisethephysicalprinciples behindthetheories.

Recommendedtexts
IntroductiontoPhysicsofRocks,GueguenandPalciauskas.1994.PrincetonU.Press
st nd Edition,CambridgeU. TheRockPhysicsHandbook,Mavko,MukerjiandDvorkin,1 /2 Press.

QuantitativeSeismicInterpretation,Avseth,MukerjiandMavko,2005.CambridgeU. Press.

Aboveall,thecourseisdesignedtogetyoureadingjournalarticlesinrock physics.Suggestionswillbeprovidedeachweek.

Whatisrockphysics?
Primarily,itisthelinkbetweenthephysical propertiesofrock,andthemeasured geophysicalproperties. Elasticpropertieshavereceivedmost attentionintheoilindustry,butelectrical, thermalandfluidflowpropertiesarealsoof importance.

Whystudyrockphysics?
Rockphysicsprovidesthelinkbetweenrock andfluidpropertiesandtheseismicresponse. Beyondstructuralimaging,itlargely determinestheinformationcontentinseismic data.

Whystudyrockphysics?

Itisconcernedwithparametersthatareof criticalimportance,butwhichareoften difficulttoobtain.

MostrockphysicsisdonetosupportAVOinterpretation.

SkopecandRoss,1994

Thepowerofthecrossplot
Logdata with super imposed rock physics template

ChiandHan,2009

Thepowerofthecrossplot
Invertedseismicdata, togetherwiththerock physicstemplate.

Thisisapowerfultool forlithologyandfluid prediction.

ChiandHan,2009

Predictingporepressure
Rockphysicstoolsareimportantin predictingporepressure,and avoidingoverpressurezones.

Bowers,2002

Monitoringreservoirrecovery
Rockphysicsplaysakeyroleinthe interpretationof4Dseismic.

Weneedtounderstandtheeffectsoffluid saturationandpressureonthe4D signature.

Thebasics:Equationsforvelocity

4 k + m 3 Vp =

m Vs = r

Velocityisafunctionofelasticmodulianddensity.

Speedofsoundquiz
Intheair:

Inwater:

Ina18%porositysandstone:

Inapoorlyconsolidated sandstone:

Inadolomite:

Inquartz:

Speedofsoundquiz
Intheair:343m/s

Inwater:1500m/s

Ina18%porositysandstone:~3800m/s

Inapoorlyconsolidated sandstone:~2730m/s

Inadolomite:~5390m/s

Inquartz:~6005m/s

Wasthisafairquestion?
Whataboutpressure/temperature? Whatfrequencyarewetalkingabout? Whataboutfluidsaturation,permeability? Istherockisotropic? Claycontent?Diagenetichistory? Doallsamplesgivethesamevalues? Howaboutthesizeofthesamples?

Fortheairandwatercasesthequestionwaslargelyfair,although thereissomepressure/temperaturedependenceforboth.

Forthequestionsabouttherocks,althoughwehavesubstantial knowledgeofrockproperties,thequestionwasunfair anyanswer within,atanabsoluteminimum,30%ofwhatIgavecouldbe reasonableundersomecircumstances.

Thisresultsentirelyfromthenatureofrocksas heterogeneous materials.

Anatomyofarock

C m

Mineralmodulus

pores

Porosity

grain boundaries
100 um

k
kf

Permeability

Thehardestcomponenttocharacteriseis theporespacegeometry.Yetthiscontrols almosteverythingweareinterestedin! Fluidbulkmodulus

PointvsBulkmeasurements
Ameasurementmadeatone pointwillgivethepropertiesof oneoftheconstituentsofthe rock.

pores

Thiscanberadicallydifferent fromameasurementmadeon therocksampleasawhole.

100 um

grain boundaries

Equivalentmediumtheoryattemptstorelatetheaveragepropertiesto thoseoftheconstituents.

Naturalrock

Equivalentmedium
porousrockcan bemodelledasahomogeneous Mathematicalrepresentation medium whichhas 0 ijkl c the samephysicalproperties ijkl = c ijkl +Dc Fracture Elastic Unfractured topropagatingwavesasthe property rockproperty Contribution original heterogeneous Elasticresponse rock.

20cm

Typesofequivalentmediumtheories
s ij =Cijkle kl
Hookeslaw

T Jx = -l x
FouriersLaw(heatflux)

j x =CE x
Ohmslaw

k dp q x =h dx
Darcyslaw

Equivalentmediumforseismicvelocity
Webeginwithatouroftheimportant theoriesforvelocitiesoffluidsaturatedrock.

DefinitionofEffectiveelastictensor volumetricaverage
1 1 <sij >= s ijdx <eij >= e ijdx V V V V

<s ij >= Cijkl < e kl >

Definitionofeffectiveelastictensor energyequivalence
1 1 <sij >= s ijdx <eij >= e ijdx V V V V

<e ij >< s ij >= Cijkl < e ij >< e kl >

AfirstlookatGassmann
(1 - k dry /k m)
2 2 m

k sat =k dry +

f /k f + ( 1- f )/k m - k dry /k

m sat = m dry

ApplyingGassmann
Weneedtoknowthemineralanddryframe moduli. Usually,wedonothaveextensiveenough laboratorymeasurementsavailable. Thismeansthatwerequiretospendsome timestudyingvelocityporositymodels.

Velocityporositytrends
Velocitydecreaseswith porosity.Criticalporosity effectisclear.

Nuretal.1998

Velocityporosityrelations
Boundingmethods Inclusionmethods Contacttheories Empiricalmethods

Boundingmethods
Todescribetheelasticpropertiesofcomposite materials,weneedtoknowthepropertiesof eachphase,thevolumefractionsofeach phaseandthe precisegeometrical arrangement. Inpracticeweneverknowthis(althoughnote computationalrockphysicsideas). Thebestthatwecandoistoputboundson theproperties.

Voigtbound
N

Mv = f M i i
i=1
Upperbound,isostrainaverage.

Reussbound
1 f i = MR i=1 Mi
Lowerbound,isostressaverage

HillAverage
MV + MH M VRH = 2
AverageoftheReussandVoigtbounds.

HashinShtrikmanbounds
k bnd =k 1 + f2
4 1 /( k 2 - k 1)+ f1 /( k 1 + m1) 3
f2 2 f1( k1 + 2 m1)
4 5 m1( k1 + m1) 3

mbnd =m1 +

1/(m 2 - m1)+

Sharpestpossibleboundsontheeffectiveelasticproperties. Upperboundwhenstiffestmaterialtermed1

Woodsformula
V p = KR r

N f 1 = i KR i=1 Ki

r = fir i
i=1

Fluidmixturesorsuspensions,withheterogeneitiessmallerthanwavelength,are exactlydescribedbytheReuss(isostress)average.

Velocityporosityrelations
Boundingmethods Inclusionmethods Contacttheories Empiricalmethods

Eshelbyssolutionforthedeformationof anellipsoidalinclusion
Eshelby(1957)studiedthe deformationofanelastic inclusion,inresponsetoan appliedelasticfieldat infinity. Theresultingequationsare thebasisformuchof effectivemediumtheory Hudsonsmodel,Kuster Toksozmodel,APEetc.

Eshelbyssolution
s

Thechangeinelasticproperties whenacrackisinsertedintothe mediumdependsonEshelbys solution. Atinfinitythereisnoinfluence s =C e oftheinclusion,so.

ij ijkl kl

Thedifficultyistheextreme complexityoftheelasticfield justoutsidetheinclusion.

Asimplerproblem
Consideramaterialwithahole, andaplugofthesamematerial. Squeezetheplugtomakeitthe samesizeasthehole,insertthe plugintheholeandallowthe plugtorelax. Eshelbywasabletocalculate theconstraineddeformation oftheplug.
c T e ij =S ijkle kl

TheEshelbytensorSisa functionoftheinclusiongeometry

Solvingthefullproblem
s

Wehavesolvedproblem2forall plugs. Thesolutionstothesetwoproblems areidenticalifthedisplacementand tractionacrossthesurfaceofthe inclusionsareidentical. Wethenpicktheplugsizetoensure thatthisisso,andsolveproblem2. Thisgivesusthesolutionofproblem 1!

Problem1

Problem2

e inc = e + e p

e inc = e + e c
p

inc

= C (e + e )

s inc = s + s c - s T

e = T e

inc

-1 T =[ I + SC-1( CI - C)]

Stressandstrainintheinclusionare uniform.

Energyequivalence
Theequivalentmediumisthe homogeneousmaterialthatstores thesameenergyasthe inhomogeneousmaterialwhen subjectedthesamesurface displacementsareenforced.

U0 =

1 0 0 s ije ijdx 2 V

Potentialenergy

m C e e = C e e f ( s e s e t ij ij ij ij ) ijkl ij kl ijkl ij kl t

U =U0 +

1 ( s e s e ) dx ij ij ij ij V 2 i i

Definitionoftheequivalentelastictensor

Potentialenergyinmediumwith inclusions.

KusterToksozmodel
4 N 3 ( Kkt -Km) = fi(Ki - Km)Pmi 4 Kkt + m m i=1 3

k m + m m

( m m + x m) N ( mkt -m m) = fi( mi - m m) Qmi ( m kt + x m) i=1

ClassicsinglescatteringinclusiontheorybasedonEshelbys formulae.

KusterToksozmodel

P
spheres
Km + Ki
4 mm 3 4 + mm 3

mi

Qmi
m m +x m m i + x m

crack

4 K m + mi 3 4 Ki + mi + pab m 3

2 K i + ( m i + m m) 1 8 m m 3 (1+ + 2 ) 5 4 m i + pa (m m + 2 b m) K + 4m + pab i i m 3

Where:

3K + m b =m 3 K + 4 m

m 9K + 8 m x = 6 K + 2 m

istheaspectratio.

Selfconsistentapproximation
K = Km + fi( K P i - K m)
* SC * i

* SC

= m m + fi( mi - m m) Q

* i

Wu,1966

Eachinclusionisinsertedintotheequivalentmediumitself.

Selfconsistentscheme
N

f ( K -K
i i i=1 N i=1

* SC

)P = 0
* i
Berryman,1980

* i

fi(mi - m )Q = 0

* SC

Selfconsistentschemecanalsobeappliedsymmetrically,treatingeachphaseas anellipsoidalinclusion.

Differentialeffectivemedium
d ( 1-f) { K* ( f )}= (K2 - K*)P*2( f ) d f d * * 2 ( 1- f ) { m ( f )}= ( m 2 - m *) Q ( f ) d f

K*(0 )=K 1

m *( 0 )= m1

Infinitelysmallinclusionsaddedoneata time,andeffectivemoduliareupdatedat eachstep.

Velocityporosityrelations
Boundingmethods Inclusionmethods Contacttheories Empiricalmethods

Contacttheories
Thesetypicallyconsiderrockto consistofapackingofspheres.

Basedonfundamentalresults concerningthedeformationoftwo spheresincontact.

Contacttheories
C (1- f ) keff = S n 12 pR

F Sn = d

m eff

C (1 - f ) = ( S . 5 S n + 1 t) 20 pR

T S t = t

, aredisplacements,FandTarenormalandtangentialstress.Cisthecoordination number.

Unfortunately,thecompliancesSdependonassumedpropertiesoftheinterfaces. Manydifferentmodelshavebeenproposedintheliterature.

Hertzmodel
4 ma Sn = 1- v
a = R33 3p ( 1- v ) P 2 C( 1- f )m Basedonthenormalcompressionof2 sphereselasticpropertiesareafunctionof pressure.

k eff

2 2 C2(1 - f ) m = 3 P 2 2 18 p ( 1- v )

HertzMindlinmodel
8a m S t = 2- v
5 - 4v 3 3C 2(1 - f )2 m 2 = P 2 2 5(2 - v ) 2p (1 - v )
Assumptionisthatthereisnoslipatthe interfaceundershear.

Othermodelshaverelaxedthisassumption.

meff

Velocityporosityrelations
Boundingmethods Inclusionmethods Contacttheories Empiricalmethods

WyllieTimeaverageequation

1 f 1- f = + V p Vf V m

Raymermodel
V =( 1- f ) V m + fV f
1 0 . 47- f 1 f - 0 . 37 1 = + V 0 . 1 V 0 . 1 V 37 47
2

f < 37%
37%< f < 47 %

1 f 1- f = + 2 2 2 rV r fVf r mV m

f > 47%

Gardnersrelation

r = 1 . 741 V

0 . 25 p

Dvorkincontactcementmodel

Scheme1

Scheme2

ModifiedHertzMindlintheory

Mostcompliantwaytoaddadditionalmaterial intorockatcriticalporosity(?!?)

Fluidpropertiesatreservoirconditions
ThesearelargelyempiricalBatzle&Wang 1992isthestandard. Importanceofcorrectingforpressureand temperatureeffects. Brine,oilandgasaretreatedseparately.

Oilproperties.
Oilcanbeconsideredliveordead. Mainlycharacterisedbythegravity,API measure:

API =

141. 5 r0

- 131 . 5

Densityising/cc,andismeasuredatatmospheric pressureand15.6degreesC.

Densityofdeadoil
-7 3 -4 rP = r 0 + (0 . 00277P- 1 . 71 10 P )(r 0 - 1 . 15 )2 + 3 . 49 10 P

r =

rP
1 . 175 0. 972+ 3 . 81 10-4( T + 17 . 78 )

Twostageprocesstocorrectforpressurethentemperature.PisinMPaandTin degreesC.

Acousticvelocityofdeadoil
r0
1 2

Vp( m/s )= 2096 ( ) - 3 . 7 T + 4 . 64 P 2 . 6- r 0 1 . 08 1.2 + 0 . 0115 [ 4 . 12 ( - 1 ) - 1 ] TP

r 0

GasProperties
Gasischaracterisedbyitsgravity,G,definedastheratioofgasdensitytoair densityatatmosphericpressureandtemperatureof15.6degreesC.

Step1

T 15 a =T + 273.

Step2:

P r =

P 4. 892- 0 . 4048 G

T r =

T a 94. 72+ 170 . 75 G

Step3:Calculatedensity

28. 8 GP r G = ZRT a
Z =aP r + b+ E

E = cd
1 . 2 1 2 P r d =exp . 45+ 8 { 0 . 56- } - 0 T T r r

2 c =0 . 109 ( 3 . 85- T ) r

4 b=0 . 642 T 0 . 007 T . 52 r r - 0

R=8. 31441

3 a =0 . 03+ 0 . 00527 ( 3 . 5- T ) r

Step4:Calculategasbulkmodulus

KG =

P g 1- P Zf) r /(

5 . 6 27 . 1 - 0 . 65(P ) r +1 g =0. 85+ + 8 . 7 e 2 Pr + 2 (P ) + 3 . 5 r

f = cdm+ a
0 . 2 1 2 P r m=1. 2 . 45+ 8 { 0 . 56- } - 0 T r r T

Liveoil
Thegasoilratioisdefinedasthevolumetricratioofliberatedgastoremainingoilat atmosphericpressureand15.6degreesC.

max G

4 . 072 1 . 205 = 0 . 02123 G [Pexp( - 0 . 00377 T)]

r 0

Acousticvelocityofliveoil
1 r Vp( m/s )= 2096 ( )2 - 3 . 7 T + 4 . 64 P 2 . 6- r 1 . 08 1.2 + 0 . 0115 [ 4 . 12 ( - 1 ) - 1 ] TP r

r=

r 0
B0

-1 (1+ 0 . 001 R ) G
0 . 5 1 . 175 + T + 17 . 8 ]

G B = 0 . 972 + 0 . 00038 [ 2 . 4 R 0 G r 0

Densityofliveoil
rG = (r 0 + 0 . 0012 GR G)/B 0
-7 3 -4 rP = rG + (0 . 00277P- 1 . 71 10 P )(r G - 1 . 15 )2 + 3 . 49 10 P

r=

rP
-4 1 . 175 0. 972+ 3 . 81 10 ( T + 17 . 78 )

Brineproperties
SimilarformulaeexistforBrinedensityand velocity,asafunctionofpressure, temperatureandsalinity.

Gassmannfluidsubstitution
(1 - k dry /k m)
2 2 m

k sat =k dry +

f /k f + ( 1- f )/k m + k dry /k

m sat = m dry

Anisotropyiscausedbyalignmentof subseismicheterogeneities
Equivalentmediumtheory

Scatteringtheory

Raytheory

Sedimentarysequenceoflayers
logvelocity

Seismicwaves(wavelengthisintheorderof10sto100sofmetres)

Modellinglayeringinducedanisotropy
Layeringblocking:

Modellinglayeringinducedanisotropy

Intheequivalentmedium theory,themedium containingmanyfine scalelayerscanbe replacedwithanequivalent mediumwhichhasthe samepropertiesasthe Originalmediumin termsofwavepropagation

Equivalent(orEffective)MediumTheory (orlongwavelengthapproximation)
EMTattemptstoprovideaverage(statistical) propertiesofmaterialscontaininganyheterogeneities. Inessence,seismicwaveswhichhavewavelengthin theorderof10sto100sofmetreswillnot see eachindividualheterogeneities(cracks,pores,fine layers),buttheiroverallproperties.

Considershortperiodwaveinalayeredmedium (verticalpropagation) Totalthickness

VEffective =
V1d1

Totaltraveltim e di di = = d /V ) t ( i i i

V2d2

orequivalent ly
V3d3 V4d4
-1 ( d V ) -1 i i V = Effective d i

... Vndn

d -1 -1 i = V = V i d [ d = totalthickness= di ]

Considerlongperiodwaveinalayeredmedium (verticalpropagation)
(rV ) = r
2 -1 -1

V1d1 V2d2 V3d3 V4d4 ... Vndn

V Effective

1/2

(Backus,1962)

Layeringintroducedtransverselyisotropic mediumischaracterisedby5elasticconstants (VTI)

c66 =0 . 5 ( c 11 - c 12)

BackusAverageofafinelylayeredmedium
2 2 2 c c l 13 c11 = 13 + c = ( l + 2m )11 c c l + 2 m 33 33

c c l 13 13 = = c c l + 2m 33 33 1 1 1 = = c c l + 2m 33 33 1 1 1 = = c c m 44 55 c = c = m 66 66
c12 = c - 2c 11 66

where . meansweigtedaverage
N N

e.g. u = a iu i, and
i=1

a = 1
i i=1

a ionof ithlayes i isthevolumeconcentrat

Effective densityr = r = a1r1 + a r 2 2

BackusAverageofafinelylayeredmedium (intermsoflayervelocities)
2 2 V V 2 2 -1 S S c11 = 4rV 1 + 1 2 ( r V ) S P 2 2 V V P P -1

2 2 2 V V 2 2 -1 S S c = 4 r V 1 + 1 2 ( r V ) 13 S P 2 2 V V P P

-1

c = (rV ) 33 P c = rV 66 S
2

2 -1 -1

where . meansweigtedaverage
N N

c = (rV ) 44 S

2 -1 -1

e.g. u = a iu i, and
i=1

a = 1
i i=1

a ionof ithlayes i isthevolumeconcentrat

c12 =c - 2c 11 66

Effective density r = r = a1r1 + a r 2 2

Notetheconceptofdifferentaverages

Arithmeticaverage

a = 1 w ia i a
-1 -1 = 1 (w a i i ) N

Harmonicaverage

Thesumof weight

w i = 1

Example:effectivedensityoftwoalternativelayers issimplythearithmeticaverage

r = r = a1 r1 + a r 2 2

Examples:
Vp (km/s) Layer1 (Dolomite) Layer2 (Shale) 5.2 2.9 Vs (km/s) 2.7 1.4 Density r 3 (g/cm ) 2.45 2.34 Thickness d(m) 0.75 0.5

Thefractionsare a1 =d /( d + d2)= 0 . 6 and a = d2 /( d + d2)= 0 . 4 1 1 2 1

Themeandensityr =a1 r1 + a r = 2 . 406 2 2 Theanisotropi cvelocitie sare

H V V = 4 . 329 and V = 3 . 761 P P H V H V V = 2 . 284 and V = V = V = 1 . 854 SH SH SV SV

P waveanisotropy =(4.3293.761)/3.761= 15% (e) Swaveanisotropy= (2.2841.854)/1.8 54= 23 % (g)

Threewavesinlayeredmedia
6 'velocity.out' 'velocity.out' 'velocity.out' 5.5

Velocities(km/s)

Vp

4.5

Velocities(km/s)

3.5

Vs1
3

Vs2
2.5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Anglefromverticaldirection

Wavepropagationinlayeredmedia: Stratigraphicfiltering
Wavesinlayeredmediaundergoattenuationanddispersion causedbymultiplescatteringatthelayerinterfaces.The effectivevelocitythroughsuchmediadependontherelative scalesofwavelengthandlayerthicknesses.Thiscanbepredicted. [Ref.ODohertyandAnstey,1971ShaprioandZien,1993].

Backusaverage,whichisastaticorzerofrequency (longwavelength)approximation,doesnot considerthiseffect

Driftfora100Hzwavehavingpassingthrough A240malternatinglayeredmedium

Backus

(AfterSamsandWilliams, 1994,Geophys.Props)

Scaledependentwavepropagation

Backus

Experimentalandnumericalresultsfornormalincidence Instratifiedlayers(Mukerjietal.,1995,Geophysics)

Hudsonstheory
Hudsonstheoryisbasedonscatteringtheoryanalysisofthemean wavefield(coherentenergy)inanelasticsolidwithcracksor inclusions.Thetotalwavefieldisexpressedasasummationof incidentwavesandscatteredwavefields

u=u + eu + e u + ... 0 1 2
Scatteredwavefields

Hudsontheory

c =c + ec + e c
(0)
(1)

( 1 )

2 (2)

c Effectiveelasticconstant(stiffness )
(0) c Elasticconstantsof matrix(unfractur edrock)

c Firstordercorrection(withcrackcrack interactio n
(2) c Secondordercorrection(withcrackcrack interactio ntakenintoaccount)

1stordercorrection
2 l ( 1 ) c11 U3, =m l ( l + 2 m ) ( 1 ) c U3, 13 = m ( 1 ) c 33 = 2 ( l + 2 m )

2ndordercorrection
2 q l (2) 2 c11 = eU 3 , 15 ( l + 2m ) q l (2) 2 c = eU 13 3 , 15 q ( l + 2 m ) 2 (2) c eU3, 33 = 15 2 m ( 3 l + 8 m ) (2) 2 c = m eU 44 1 , 15 ( l + 2m )

U3,

( 1 ) c 44 = - mU 1,

2 q = 15 ( l/m ) + 28 ( l /m )+ 28 U U3 arefunctionsof crackfillingmaterials,aspect ratio,etc. 1 & [theyareinfactrelatedtothedeformationofasingle crackstoappliedstressatinfinite Eshelbyproblem].

Fordrycracks:

16 ( l + 2 m ) U 1 = 3 ( 3 l + 4 m )
Forfluidsaturatedcracks:

U3 =

4 ( l + 2 m ) 3 ( l + m )

16 ( l + 2 m ) U = 1 3 ( 3 l + 4 m )

U 3 =

4 ( l+ 2 m ) 1 3 ( l + m ) 1+ k

k f (l + 2 m ) k= pmr( l + m )

LinkstoThomsensparameters
ThomsenparametersforTIH

e d =e

U1 =U11 U3 =U33

Crackdensityanddegree/strengthofanisotropy [forpennyshapedorverythincracks]
1 8 66 Shearwaveanisotropy g = c44 - c = eU e 11 = 2 c 66 2 7 [assumingVp/Vs= 1.732] 8/3 ) e gasfilled ( c33 - c 11 e = 2 c Pwaveanisotropy 0 liquidfilled 11 [assumingVp/Vs= 1.732]

Examples:ElasticcontantsofHudsonscrackmodel [MatrixVp=5.2,Vs=2.7,Density=2.45,Aspectratio=0.1,Crackdensity=0.05 Cracksarefilledwithgas]

MAXTRIXREALPART(PASCAL*10**9) 66.2480 30.527066.2480 30.527030.527066.2480 0.00000.00000.000017.8605 0.00000.00000.00000.000017.8605 0.00000.00000.00000.00000.000017.8605 FIRSTORDERREALPART(PASCAL*10**9) 22.4285 10.3350 4.7624 10.3350 4.7624 4.7624 0.00000.00000.00000.0000 0.00000.00000.00000.0000 1.9355 0.00000.00000.00000.00000.0000 1.9355 SECONDORDERREALPART(PASCAL*10**9) 4.4034 2.02910.9350 2.02910.93500.9350 0.00000.00000.00000.0000 0.00000.00000.00000.00000.0990 0.00000.00000.00000.00000.00000.0990 REALPARTOFELASTICCONSTANTS(PASCAL*10**9) 48.2229 22.221162.4206 22.221126.699662.4206 0.00000.00000.000017.8605 0.00000.00000.00000.000016.0240 0.00000.00000.00000.00000.000016.0240

Velocityvariationsincrackedrock
fatcracksthincracks
Velocities(km/s) Velocities(km/s) Anglesfromcracknormal

TheBiottheoryofporoelasticity
TheBiottheorydealswith theelasticityofatwophase medium:asolid,permeable, skeletonsaturatedwitha viscousfluid. Keyfeatureisthedistribution ofstressesbetweenthedifferent partsofthecomposite modellingoftheporepressure inadditiontothestressinthe solid.

Mechanismsoffluidrockinteraction
Inertialcoupling:frequencydependent apparentmasseffectasfluidandframe progressivelydecouple. Viscouscouplingasthefluidmovesrelativeto therock.

Denotethedisplacementinthesolidandfluidbyuandw respectively.

s ij =le kkd ij + 2me ij - b pd ij

Constitutiveequation() x = .w 1 x = p- be kk M hf & &i + r12u &iw & i + r 22w & iw & i + 2 T = r11u ( u u iu i - w i)( i - w i) k
T ( )= f i & t u i
T ( )= F i &i t w

LagrangianandLagrange equations.

f i =s ik, k
Equationsofmotion.

Fi = p ,i

FeaturesofthesolutiontotheBiot equationsI.
Thepredictedvelocitiesarefrequency dependent,implyingtheexistenceof attenuation. Thefluidrockcouplingproducesasecond slowPwave,whichishighlyattenuated.

FeaturesofthesolutiontotheBiot equationsII.
InthelowfrequencylimittheBiotmodelreducestothe famousGassmannrelation
k sat =k dry +
(1 - k dry /k m)2
2 f /k f + ( 1- f )/k m - k dry /k m

m sat = m dry

FeaturesofthesolutiontotheBiot equationsIII.
Thetransitionbetweenlowandhighfrequencylimitsis determinedbythecharacteristic,orBiotfrequency:

fh fc = 2pr f k
TheBiotfrequencytendstobeveryhighforrocksof industrialinterest. Thereisanimplicitpredictionthatvelocitywillincrease withincreasingpermeability,anddecreasewith increasingfluidviscosity.

FeaturesofthesolutiontotheBiot equationsIV.
Thepredicteddispersionandattenuationis small,andtheBiotwaveispredictedtobe hardtoobserve. TheBiotwaveispredictedtobegenerated duringreflectionandtransmissionat interfaces.

EshelbyvsBiot
Eshelbyrelatesbehaviourtofractureproperties directly,Biotonlyimplicitly. Eshelbyassumesanimpermeablerock,Biotassumes perfectpermeability. ThisleadstoanaturalinterpreationintermsofBiot asalowfrequencytheoryandEshelbyasahigh frequencytheory. Eshelbyisthenaturaltheoryfordiscussing anisotropy.

ConfirmationofBiot?

Kelderand Smeulders, 1997

Moregenerally,theBiotwaveisnotobserved inrealrocks.

Biotandfractures.
TheBiotGassmann theoryisfoundto performbestathigh effectivestress. Thissuggeststhat theexistenceof fracturesleadstoa violationofBiotin practice.

Biotandviscosity

Batzleetal.(2001)

Biotvsexperiment
Biotspredictionofaslowcompressionalwaveis validated,atleastinsomerocks. Biotunderpredictsvelocitydispersionand attenuation. Biotperformspoorlyatloweffectivestress. Velocityversusviscosityexperimentsappearto falsifythetheory. Thisgivesrisetotheconceptofsquirtflow.

Kingetal.2000

Fluidmobilityschematic

Batzleetal. (2006)

Fluidmobilitymeasurements

Batzleetal.(2006)

Thephysicalpicture

Theporespaceconsists ofbothcompliantand noncompliant elements.

Wemodelthisby consideringspheresand smallellipsoids.

Wavepropagationdrivesgrainscalefluidflow.Thisaffectsthefrequency dependentvelocitiesandattenuations.

Nowweneedtodescribethismathematically.

Darcyslaw:

dQ = ( gradp.dS)

Flowlawbetween elements

tma =

c k l 1r

(p b - p a)

Allrelevantlengthscalesidentifiedwiththegrainscale. Sameconnectionnumberforeachelement.

Dispersionrelation
a) b) c) d) 40MPa 30MPa 20MPa 10MPa

Frequencydependentattenuation
a) b) c) d) 40MPa 30MPa 20MPa 10MPa

Permeabilitydependenceofvelocity

a) b)

=0.1 =10

Viscositydependenceofvelocity

a) b)

=10 =0.1

PredictedBehaviour

Strongbulk Modulus effect

Weak bulk modulus effect Mobility effect

Bulk Modulus effect Mobility effect

Pvelocity Water vs Gas

Pattenuation

ModelisGassmannconsistent,butincludesdependenceonviscosityand frequency.

Dynamicfluidsubstitution effects.

Gassmannisvalidonlyat lowfrequency.

DatafromSothcottetal.(2000)

Effectivefluidmodel
Weakeffect offluidbulk modulus Strongbulk modulus effect

Fluidmobilityeffect

GassmannTheory

Equivalentmedium theory

Effectofpartialsaturation

Syntheticexample

Shalevp/vs/r 2.743/1.394/2.06 Brinesandvp/vs/r 2.835/1.472/2.08 15%porosity

0.28

ReceiverNumber 4 6

10 0.28

ReceiverNumber 4 6

10

0.30

0.30

0.32

0.32

Time

0.34

Time

0.34

0.36

0.36

0.38

0.38

0.40

Gas,topreflection

0.40

Water,topreflection

Inthiscase,forthetop reflectionweseethatgasgives alowfrequencydimmingat nearoffset.

InLine1605 FrequencydependentAVOInversion
InvertedPwavedispersionfromprestackdatain frequencydomain
Shot 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Shot

1.00

1.00

1.50

1.50

d DVp ( ) df V p

Grub001Porosityandsaturationscanning
Absoluteerrorsbetweenmodelandseismicdata Gassmann FrequencyDependent

Porosity

Porosity

saturation

saturation