Books

University of Technology Engineering Analysis Lecture notes
Dep. Of Electrical & Electronic Eng. Third year

www.uotiq.org Lecture (1) Lec. Dr. Abbas H. Issa
Lecture (1)
Chapter One: Fourier Transform
Reference: Advanced Engineering Mathematics (By Erwin Kreyszig)

1.1 Periodic functions: A function f(x) is said to be periodic if it is
defined for all real x and if there is some positive number T such that

) ( ) ( x f T x f = +
This number T is called a period of f(x)
t
2
2
= ) cos( ) (
) sin( ) (
=
www.uotiq.org Lec. Dr. Abbas H. Issa

1

= =
x x f
T x x f
t T

1.2 Even and Odd Functions:
i) y = f(x) is said to be even if
f(-x) = f(x) for all x and

} }
=
T T
T
dx x f dx x f
0
) ( 2 ) (

2

ii) If g(x) is odd function, then
g(-x)= -g(x) , and
0 ) (
}
=
T
T
dx x g

Example:

Example:

So the function is odd (Homework sec. 10.1 Reference)
<<<>>> Trigonometric series:
Our problem in the first few sections of this chapter will be representation
of various functions of period T=2 in terms of the simple functions

The series that will arise in this connection will be of the form

Where are real constants such a series is
called a trigonometric series, and a
n
and b
n
are called coefficients of the
series. Using the summation sign

) ( ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
) (
2
1
) sinh( ) (
) (
x f e e
e e e e x f
e e x x
x x
x x x x
x x
= =
= =
= =
functions even are ) cos( , , ,

functions odd are ) sin( , , ,
6 4 2
5 3
x x x x
x x x x
f
) cos( ), sin( , ), 2 cos( ), 2 sin( ), cos( ), sin( nx nx x x x x
, ), 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) sin( ) cos(
2 2 1 1 0
x b x a x b x a a + + + +
, , , ,
1 2 1 0
b b a , , ,
2
a a
(
+ +

= 1
0
)] sin( ) cos( [
n
n n
nx b nx a a
1.3 Fourier Series:
Euler formulas let as assume that f(x) is a periodic function of period 2.
Then f(x) can be represented by a trigonometric series:

}
}
}
=
=
= =
=
(
+ + =
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
dx nx x f b
n dx nx x f a
dx x f a
nx b nx a a x f
n
n
n
n n
) sin( ) (
1

,...) 2 , 1 ( ) cos( ) (
1

) (
2
1
where
) 1 ( )] sin( ) cos( [ ) (
0
1
0

Example:
Find the Fourier series of the function in the figure.

= < <
< <
=
t t
t
2 0
0
) (
T x k
x k
x f

Solution:

3

(Homework sec. 10.2 References)
4
4
, ) ( and
5
1
3
1
1 ,
2
when
] ) 5 (sin
5
1
) 3 (sin
3
1
) [(sin
4
) (
) 5 (sin
5
4
) 3 (sin
3
4
) (sin
4
) (
sin ) (
0 2
5
2
0 2
3
2
0 2
2
) cos 1 (
2
)} cos ( ) cos {(
1
sin sin
1
0 cos cos
1
0
2
1
) (
2
1
1
6 5
4 3
2 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
t
t
t
t
t t t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
= = =
+ =
+ + + =
+ + + =
=
= =
= =
= =
= =
(
+ =
=
(
+ =
=
(
+ = =
} }
} }
} } }

S S
k
k k x f
S x
x x x
k
x f
x
k
x
k
x
k
x f
nx b x f
b
k
b
b
k
b
b
k
b
nx
n
k
nx
n
k
nx
n
k
dx nx k dx nx k b
dx nx k dx nx k a
dx k dx k dx x f a
n
n
n
n

1.4 Dirichlets condition:

) 1 ( )] sin( ) cos( [ ) (
1
0

(
+ + =

= n
n n
nx b nx a a x f

, is good at every point of continuity. At a point of discontinuity, the
left side of eq. (1) is replaced by

| | ) ( ) (
2
1
c c + + x f x f

, i.e. the mean value at the discontinuity
Example: Given

4
3
)
2
1
1 (
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
) 1 ( , 1 ) 1 (
1
2
1
) (
2
= + = = + =
>
<
=
f f f
x
x
x x
x f
c c

<<<>>> Functions having arbitrary period:

4

Example: Find Fourier series of the function in figure

be will eq(1) and
2
Then T. period has f(t) that t
T
x
t
Suppose =
(
+ + =

= 1
0
)]
2
sin( )
2
cos( [ ) (
n
n n
t
T
n
b t
T
n
a a t f
t t
}
}
}
=
= =
=
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
2 /
0
)
2
sin( ) (
2

,...) 2 , 1 ( )
2
cos( ) (
2

) (
1
where
T
T
n
T
T
n
T
T
dt t
T
n
t f
T
b
n dt t
T
n
t f
T
a
dt t f
T
a
t
t
4
2 1 0
1 1
1 2 0
) (
=

< <
< <
< <
=
T
x
x k
x
x f
2
] ) 0 ( ) ( ) 0 ( [
4
1
) (
4
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
0
k
dx dx k dx dx x f a
} } } }

= + + = =
2
sin
2
4
2
cos
4
2
1
1
t
t
t n
n
k
dx x
n
k a
n }
= =
1. when n = even a
n
= 0
2. when n = odd = 1, 5, 9, a
n
= 2k/n
n = 3, 7, 11, a
n
= -2k/n

0 )
2
cos
2
(cos )
2
sin(
2
1
1
1
=
= =
}
t t
t
t n n
n
k
dx x
n
k b
n


5

4
2
2
) 0 (
5
1
3
1
1 , 0 when
2
5
cos
5
1
2
3
cos
3
1
2
[cos
2
2
) (
2
5
cos
5
2
2
3
cos
3
2
2
cos
2
2
) (
t
t
t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
= + = = =
+ + = =
+ + =
+ + =
S S
k k
k k x f and
S x
x x x
k k
x f
x
k
x
k
x
k k
x f
(Homework sec. 10.3 Reference 1)

1.5 Fourier Series of Even and Odd Functions
- The Fourier series of an even function f(t) of period T is a
Fourier cosine series
}
}
=
=
+ =

=
2 /
0
2 /
0
0
1
0
)
2
cos( ) (
4
) (
2
where , )
2
cos( ) (
T
n
T
n
n
dt t
T
n
t f
T
a
dt t f
T
a
t
T
n
a a t f
t
t

- The Fourier series of an odd function f(t) of period T is a Fourier
sine series

}
=
=

=
2 /
0
1
)
2
sin( ) (
4
where , )
2
sin( ) (
T
n
n
n
dt t
T
n
t f
T
b
t
T
n
b t f
t
t
1.6 Half Range Expansions:
Suppose f(t) is defined on an interval 0 t l, and on this interval we
want to represent f(t) by a Fourier series. We may let 0 t l correspond
to 0 t T/2, that is we set T/2=l or T=2l using the Fourier cosine series
we construct the even periodic extension of f(t) of period T=2l and

... 3, 2, 1, n ) cos( ) (
2
) (
1
where , ) cos( ) (
0
0
0
1
0
= =
=
+ =
}
}
=
l
n
l
n
n
dt t
l
n
t f
l
a
dt t f
l
a
t
l
n
a a t f
t
t

Using the Fourier sine series we construct the even periodic extension
of f(t) of period T=2l and
... 3, 2, 1, n ) sin( ) (
2
where , ) sin( ) (
0
1
= =
=
}
=
l
n
n
n
dt t
l
n
t f
l
b
t
l
n
b t f
t
t

The two extensions are called Half-range expansions of the given
function f(t).


6

Books

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Books

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

University of Technology Engineering Analysis Lecture notes

Dep. Of Electrical & Electronic Eng. Third year

functions even are ) cos( , , ,

University of Technology Engineering Analysis Lecture notes

(Homework sec. 10.3 Reference 1)

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen