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Racism
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b, Anu" Shah This Pa*e -ast U"dated Sunda,, Au*ust ./, '.%. This "a*e: htt":00!!!&*lobalissues&or*0article0%120racism& To "rint all information e&*& e3"anded side notes, sho!s alternative lin4s, use the "rint version: o htt":00!!!&*lobalissues&or*0"rint0article0%12

Ima*e 5 Understandin* )ace )acism is the belief that characteristics and abilities can be attributed to "eo"le sim"l, on the basis of their race and that some racial *rou"s are su"erior to others& )acism and discrimination have been used as "o!erful !ea"ons encoura*in* fear or hatred of others in times of conflict and !ar, and even durin* economic do!nturns& )acism is also a ver, touch, sub6ect for some "eo"le, as issues concernin* free s"eech and Article %7 of the Universal 8eclaration of Human )i*hts come into "la,& Some "eo"le ar*ue that tal4in* about su""ortin* racial discrimination and "re6udice is 6ust !ords and that free s"eech should allo! such vie!s to be aired !ithout restriction& 9thers "oint out that these !ords can lead to some ver, dire and serious conse:uences ;the a<i *overnment "olicies bein* one e3am"le=& )ace: Are We So 8ifferent, Understandin* )ace, American Anthro"olo*ical Association ;AAA=, >ul, /, '..7 In a short introductor, video the Understandin* )ace "ro6ect from the American Anthro"olo*ical Association sa,s race is a "o!erful idea and an endurin* conce"t, invented b, societ,& It has also fostered ine:ualit, and discrimination for centuries, as !ell as influencin* ho! !e relate to other human bein*s: This !eb "a*e has the follo!in* sub?sections: %& )acism in Euro"e '& )acism in Australia (& )acism in Africa +& )acism in the Middle East 2& )acism in Asia 1& )acism in orth America @& The -ure of Adol"h Hitler and neo? a<ism /& )acism a*ainst G,"sies 7& Immi*ration %.& The Internet and )acism %%& Globali<ation and )acism %'& U As World #onference on )acism, '..%

Racism in Europe

BEuro"e has a re*ional human ri*hts architecture !hich is unrivaled else!here in the !orldC, Amnest, International notes in their '.%. re"ort on the Euro"e and #entral Asia re*ion& Dut the human ri*hts !atchdo* also adds that as !ell as *uardin* a "roud re"utation as a beacon of human ri*hts, Bit is sadl, still the case, ho!ever, that the realit, of "rotection from human ri*hts abuses for man, of those !ithin its borders falls short of the rhetoric&C In recent ,ears, one of those forms of abuses has been in the area of race, often *ro!in* !ith chan*in* economic circumstances and increased immi*ration to the re*ion& Erom the institutionali<ed racism es"eciall, in colonial times, !hen racial beliefs F even eu*enics F !ere not considered somethin* !ron*, to recent times !here the effects of neo? a<ism is still felt, Euro"e is a com"le3 area !ith man, cultures in a relativel, small area of land that has seen man, conflicts throu*hout histor,& ;Man, of these conflicts have had trade, resources and commercial rivalr, at their core, but national identities have often added fuel to some of these conflicts&= )acism has also been used to 6ustif, e3"loitation, even usin* B"seudo?scienceC: 8ebates over the ori*ins of racism often suffer from a lac4 of clarit, over the term& Man, conflate recent forms of racism !ith earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict& In most cases ethno?national conflict seems to o!e to conflict over land and strate*ic resources& In some cases ethnicit, and nationalism !ere harnessed to !ars bet!een *reat reli*ious em"ires ;for e3am"le, the Muslim Tur4s and the #atholic Austro?Hun*arians=& As Denedict Anderson has su**ested in Imagined Communities, ethnic identit, and ethno?nationalism became a source of conflict !ithin such em"ires !ith the rise of "rint?ca"italism& In its modern form, racism evolved in tandem !ith Euro"ean e3"loration and con:uest of much of the rest of the !orld, and es"eciall, after #hristo"her #olumbus reached the Americas& As ne! "eo"les !ere encountered, fou*ht, and ultimatel, subdued, theories about BraceC be*an to develo", and these hel"ed man, to 6ustif, the differences in "osition and treatment of "eo"le !hom the, cate*ori<ed as belon*in* to different races ;see Eric WolfAs Europe and the People Without History=& Another "ossible source of racism is the misunderstandin* of #harles 8ar!inAs theories of evolution& Some too4 8ar!inAs theories to im"l, that since some BracesC !ere more civili<ed, there must be a biolo*ical basis for the difference& At the same time the, a""ealed to biolo*ical theories of moral and intellectual traits to 6ustif, racial o""ression& There is a *reat deal of controvers, about race and intelli*ence, in "art because the conce"ts of both race and IG are themselves controversial& F Racism, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, May 1, !!" In Bthe centur, of total !arC, and the ne! millenium, Euro"e is seein* an alarmin* resur*ence in 3eno"hobia and racial hatred& A short revie! from the Inter Press #er$ice hi*hli*hts the rise of neo? a<ism in '... in Euro"e and su**ests that Bfar from bein* a frin*e activit,, racism, violence and neo?nationalism have

become normal in some communities& The "roblems need to tac4led much earlier, in schools and !ith social "ro*rammes&C Ethnic minorities and different cultures in one countr, can often be used as a sca"e*oat for the ma6orit, durin* times of economic crisis& That is one reason !h, a<ism became so "o"ular& In Erance, Ma, '..', the success of far ri*ht "olitician -e Pen in the run for leadershi" ;thou*h he lost out in the end= sent a hu*e shoc4!ave throu*hout Euro"e, about ho! eas, it !as for far ri*ht "arties to come close to *ettin* "o!er if there is com"lacenc, in the democratic "rocesses and if "artici"ation is reduced& In various "laces throu*hout Western Euro"e, in '..', as Amnest, International hi*hli*hts, there has been a rise in racist attac4s and sentiments a*ainst both Arabs and >e!s, in li*ht of the increasin* hostilities in the Middle East& Earlier in %77/, in an area of German, a ri*ht !in* racist "art, !on an un"recedented number of votes& In Austria, the Ereedom Part, !as able to secure the ma6orit, of the cabinet "osts& The "art, is an e3treme far ri*ht "art,, !hose leader, >or* Heider, has been accused of s,m"athetic statements to!ards the a<is& The Euro"ean Union has reacted to this indicatin* that AustriaAs "artici"ation ma, be in 6eo"ard,& This Guardian S"ecial )e"ort has much more in?de"th covera*e& In Ital,, there are attem"ts to tr, and deal !ith the rise in undocumented immi*rants from Tunisia& The reactions from the ri*ht !in* have been labeled b, some as bein* Bo"enl, racistC& Into '.%. and "roblems of racism in Ital, continue& Eor e3am"le, a !ave of violence a*ainst African farm !or4ers in southern Ital, left some @. "eo"le in6ured& This resulted in "olice havin* to evacuate over (.. !or4ers from the re*ion& The !or4ers !ere eas, tar*ets bein* e3"loited as fruit "ic4ers livin* in difficult conditions& The, earn Bstarvation !a*esC accordin* to a DD# re"orter, doin* Bbac4brea4in* !or4 !hich Italians do not !antC in a labor mar4et controlled b, the local mafia& S"ain has seen increased racial violence& The *ro!in* econom, invites immi*rants from orth African countries such as Morocco& Ho!ever, the "oor conditions that immi*rants have had to endure and the alread, raciall, char*ed re*ion has led to friction and confrontations& In %77@, Human Rights Watch noted that, BThe U&H& has one of the hi*hest levels of raciall,? motivated violence and harassment in Western Euro"e, and the "roblem is *ettin* !orse&C In A"ril %777, -ondon sa! t!o bombs e3"lode in "redominantl, ethnic minorit, areas, in the s"ace of one !ee4, !here a a<i *rou" has claimed res"onsibilit,& The summer of '..% sa! man, race?related riots in various "arts of northern En*land& Eor over a decade, immi*ration issues have been headlines in the UH& The nature of the discussions bear a clear racial dimension as !ell as hostilit, to Eastern Euro"eans, such as those

from Poland& Anti?immi*rant rhetoric has also contributed to increasin* interest in racist "olitical "arties such as the Dritish ational Part,& This also, "redictabl,, has increased as the *lobal financial crisis im"acts more of DritainAs "o"ulation& Anti immi*ration sentiment has also been seen in S!it<erland as the countr, has re"eatedl, ti*htened its as,lum "olic, due to concerns about increasin* numbers of ille*al mi*rants& Greece has one of the !orst records in the Euro"ean Union for racism a*ainst ethnic minorities, accordin* to the DD#& Anti?immi*rant sentiment has lon* been hi*h, es"eciall, a*ainst ethnic Albanians, !ho form the lar*est minorit,& Until the %77.s, the DD# notes, Greece had been an e3tremel, homo*enous societ,& With the fall of communism man, immi*rants from Eastern Euro"e came to Greece& Albanians es"eciall, have been tar*etted b, a lot of racist sentiment& Some hosta*e ta4in* b, a fe! Albanians in recent ,ears has not hel"ed the situation& )ussia has seen violent anti?racism on the rise in recent ,ears to*ether !ith the rise of neo? a<ism ;!hich is a cruel iron, *iven the immense death toll the Soviet Union suffered at the hands of a<i German, durin* World War II=& Althou*h the "revious re"ort is from '..1, Amnest, InternationalAs '.%. re"ort sho!s that des"ite *reater reco*nition of the "roblem, effective "ro*rams to tac4le the issue still do not e3ist& So far, the above re"resents an incredibl, tin, number of e3am"les and details& Man,, man, more events havenAt been mentioned, as it is admittedl, difficult to 4ee" u" !ith all the different items& Eor more details and u"?to?date information, one !eb site to chec4 out the UH?based Institute o% Race Relations and their subsection attem"tin* to document the risin* su""ort for the e3treme?)i*ht in local and central *overnment in Euro"e, buildin* on a "latform of "o"ulist anti? immi*rant "olicies& Dac4 to to"

Racism in Australia
In %7/@, a sensational Bdiscover,C !as made b, a S,dne, Universit, team, led b, AustraliaAs most celebrated "re?historian, Professor 8 > Mulvane,& The, re"orted that the Australian "o"ulation in %@// !as @2.,..., or three times the "revious estimate& The, concluded that more than 1..,... "eo"le had died as result of !hite settlement& F &ohn Pilger, Cathy Freeman's (road )lympic smile is (eing used to conceal a multitude o% *ustralia's original sins, &uly 1!, !!! In >une %77/, 9ne ation, an Australian nationalist "art, in Gueensland !on '2 "ercent of the votes !ith their main lines at fi*htin* immi*ration b, non?!hites& This !as made "ossible !here unem"lo,ment !as been hi*h and !here it !as eas, to convince the "eo"le that immi*rants !ere ta4in* their 6obs, as it !ould serve to be a convenient e3cuse and avenue to vent frustration& In a s"eech the "art, leader said that Australia !as Bin dan*er of bein* s!am"edC b, Asians and she also :uestioned the s"ecial !elfare benefits for AustraliaAs Abori*ines& The reaction to that meant the same "art, !on onl, 1 "ercent of the votes t!o months later, in the State elections&

Australia has also had a ver, racist "ast in !hich a"artheid has been "racticed and !here indi*enous Abori*inal "eo"le have lost almost all their land and suffered man, "re6udices& In the "ast, the notorious "olic, that led to the Stolen Generation !as "racticed& This !as the institutionali<ed attem"t to "revent Abori*inal children ;and thus future *enerations= from bein* sociali<ed into Abori*inal culture& ;This also occurred in various "arts of the Americas too&= Abori*ines are the "oorest *rou" in Australia and suffer from ver, much "reventable diseases& Eor more about these issues, ,ou can start at these harro!in* re"orts from >ohn Pil*er a "rominent Australian 6ournalist !ho has been critical of man, !estern "olicies& The S,dne, '... 9l,m"ics also brou*ht some of AustraliaAs racist "ast and "resent to the fore& ;9n the "ositive side, man, "arts of AustraliaAs rich diversit, in "eo"le is slo!l, hel"in* relieve "re6udism& Ho!ever, some more traditional and conservative "oliticians are still o"enl, racist&= In '../, a stud, found that Australians in *eneral are !elcomin* of diversit, but some % in %. Australians still hold racist vie!s F a ratio li4el, to be less than in some Euro"ean countries, but still hi*h the lead researcher noted& Muslims !ere most feared or loathed for Bnot belon*in*C, and follo!ed b, indi*enous Australians and Africans& In '..7 and '.%., there !ere increasin* racist attac4s a*ainst Indians !ith man, Indians in Melbourne fearin* racist attac4s and l,nchin*s !ere increasin*& It even led to the Indian *overnment issuin* an advisor, !arnin* about the dan*ers of travelin* to Melbourne& Dac4 to to"

Racism in Africa
A number of nations in Africa are at !ar or civil !ar, or have been ver, recentl,, 6ust fe! ,ears after the, have *ained their inde"endence from former colonial countries& While most of the conflicts have resources at their core and involve a number of non?African nations and cor"orations, additional fuel is added to the conflict b, stirrin* u" ethnic differences and enticin* hatred& ;Also not that the artificial boundaries im"osed in Africa b, Euro"ean colonialism and im"erialism durin* the divide and rule "olicies has further e3acerbated this situation and "la,s an enormous role in the root causes of these conflicts com"ared to !hat mainstream media "resents&= In Iimbab!e, there has been increasin* racism a*ainst the !hite farmers, due to "overt, and lac4 of land o!nershi" b, Africans& South Africa until recentl, suffered from A"artheid, !hich le*all, se*re*ated the African "o"ulation from the Euro"eans& Eor more about conflicts in Africa, chec4 out this siteAs section on Africa& Dac4 to to"

Racism in the Middle East

In a number of countries in the Middle East, discriminator, "ractice has been common"lace, mostl, a*ainst forei*n !or4ers !ho !or4 in lo! !a*e conditions, such as domestic !or4ers& )e"orts of ta4in* a!a, forei*n !or4erAs "ass"orts and treatin* them as second class citi<ens are unfortunatel, common"lace& Inter Press #er$ice ;IPS= describes ho! -ebanon has these discrimination "roblems even thou*h it is often considered relativel, o"en com"ared to its nei*hbors, due to freedoms en6o,ed b, !omen& Eor e3am"le, "eo"le of color face discrimination at !or4 and a!a, from !or4, often not allo!ed at some beaches or clubs, or allo!ed !ith various restrictions& In addition, "ro"ert, ri*hts are severel, curtailed, even for Palestinians !ho are the same race, but not nationals& Worsenin* discrimination in recent months seen at various beaches in -ebanon !as Bs,m"tomatic of the !ides"read racism that e3ists in -ebanonC sa,s Ali Ea4hri, communication director at Ind,act, a -ebanese G9 findin* that all of the '. beaches investi*ated barred domestic !or4ers from Asia and Africa from usin* their facilities& Ea4hri also feels that the culture of discrimination is sociall, acce"ted in -ebanon, and is seen in the *overnment and "rivate sector as !ell as amon* individuals, accordin* to IPS and the discrimination0racism does not onl, tar*et "eo"le of color, but is also class oriented and sectarian& Hi*hli*htin* the effects a le*al s,stem can have on culture, a la!,er also intervie!ed b, IPS notes that BThe -ebanese constitution states that all -ebanese are e:ual in the e,es of the la!, but no mention is made of the ri*hts of forei*ners&C In the absence of a unified civil la!, such discrimination !ill continue she adds: BThe -ebanese le*al s,stem follo!s different rules of la! that var, from one communit, to the other& It is a situation that naturall, leads to ine:ualit, amon* "eo"le&C As !ell as these cultural "ractices, there has also been a *eo"olitical dimension: Eor a lon* time there has been resentment b, man, in the Middle East at the "olicies of America in their re*ion& Eor man, of the more e3tremist factions, this has turned into a form of racism as !ell, !here man, thin*s that are Western are hated or des"ised& The situation of Palestine and Israel is also ver, contentious& While Arabs and >e!s technicall, do not belon* to different races, their reli*ious and cultural differences and the "olitical histor, of the re*ion has contributed to e3tremities and tensions F b, "erha"s a minorit,, but "erha"s an influential and often vocal and violent minorit, F resultin* in "re6udice on both sides& With the terrible acts of terrorism committed b, terrorists in America, on Se"tember %%, '..%, there has additionall, been an out"ourin* of violent racial hatred b, a minorit, of "eo"le in Western countries a*ainst "eo"le that loo4 Middle Eastern ;some !ho are not Middle Eastern, such as Indians, have even been beaten or 4illed=& Eurthermore, !ith the American?led attac4s in Af*hanistan in retaliation for those terrorist attac4s, from E*,"t to Pa4istan, there have been minorities of "eo"le !ho have "rotested violentl, in the streets, and also committed racist acts,

attac4in* an,thin* that a""ears Western, from Western citi<ens, to even U I#EE and other U buildin*s& $et, this is more com"le3 than 6ust a clash of reli*ions and race, as dee"er an issue is the *eo"olitical and economic activities of the "ast decades and centuries that have fueled these social tensions& See this !eb siteAs section on the Middle East for more on that& Dac4 to to"

Racism in Asia
In #ambodia, there has been a stron* anti?Jietnamese sentiment& In Indonesia there has been a lot of violence a*ainst the affluent #hinese "o"ulation !ho have been blamed for economic "roblems that have "la*ued the countr, in recent ,ears& As noted b, Wi4i"edia in an article on racism, Buntil '..(, Mala,sia enforced discriminator, la!s limitin* access to universit, education for #hinese students !ho are citi<ens b, birth of Mala,sia, and man, other la!s e3"licitl, favorin* bumi"utras ;Mala,s= remain in force&C In India, there has lon* been discrimination a*ainst !hat is considered the lo!est class in Hinduism, the 8alits, or untouchables, as !ell as sectarian and reli*ious violence& Althou*h it has been outla!ed b, the Indian #onstitution, the caste s,stem !as a !a, to structure ine:ualit, into the s,stem itself& And !hile outla!ed, the social barriers it creates is still "revalent in rural areas !here most Indians live& It also features in the vie! of Hindu e3tremists and traditionalists& At various times, there have also been tensions bet!een different reli*ious *rou"s, such as Hindus and Muslims !ith both sides havin* their fair share of e3tremists& While this is not racism, technicall, F as "eo"le of all classes are of the same race F the "re6udice that had come !ith the caste s,stem is :uite similar to !hat is seen !ith racism& Dac4 to to"

Racism in North America

A re"ort from #ur$i$al International about the "li*ht of the Innu "eo"le in #anada also reveals ho! racism can be a factor& In the !ords of the authors, the Bre"ort reveals ho! racist *overnment "olicies, under the *uise of benevolent K"ro*ressA, have cri""led the Innu of eastern #anada F a once self?sufficient and inde"endent "eo"le&C ;While this re"ort is about the "roblems of an indi*enous "eo"le in #anada, it is a common stor, throu*hout histor, for man, "eo"les and cultures&= In the US, racism is a !ell 4no!n issue& Erom racial "rofilin* to other issues such as affirmative action, "olice brutalit, a*ainst minorities and the histor, of slaver, and the risin* resentment a*ainst immi*rants&

The American Anthro"olo*ical Association "roduced a short video "rovidin* an overvie! of ho! "revailin* ideas in science, *overnment and culture intersected throu*hout histor, to sha"e American conce"t of race toda,: The Stor, of )ace, Understandin* )ace, American Anthro"olo*ical Association, >ul, %(, '..7 Since the horrific terrorist attac4s on the United States on Se"tember %%, '..%, Securit, concerns have understandabl, increased, but so too has racial "rofilin*, discrimination etc& In the earl, aftermath of the attac4s some Americans that !ere understandabl, outra*ed and horrified, even attac4ed some members of the Si4h communit, !here at least one !as even 4illed, because the, resembled certain t,"es of Muslims, !ith beards and turbans& Jarious "eo"le of Middle East or South Asian ori*in have faced controversial detentions or :uestionin*s b, officials at American air"orts& This !eb siteAs section on the !ar a*ainst terror has more details on these as"ects& It !as a historic moment for America !hen the, voted in their first blac4 "resident, Darac4 9bama, *iven AmericaAs histor,& $et, it seems that some of his "olicies have met !ith near h,sterical o""osition ;his attem"t to "ush a some!hat more inclusive health s,stem has been decried as socialist, or even communist, for e3am"le=& 9ne canAt hel" but see the increasin* criticism from ri*ht !in* se*ments havin* a racist, almost coordinated, undertone to it& He is #hristian, althou*h his middle name is Hussein, !hich ri*ht !in*ers have used to claim he is Muslim, anti?#hrist and so on, !hich further fuels racial and discriminator, sentiments& -eonard Ies4ind, head of the Institute for )esearch and Education on Human )i*hts, "ointed out that the anti?9bama Bo""ositionC contains man, different "olitical elements: LElements of anti?9bama o""ositionM include ultra?conservative )e"ublicans of both the Pat Duchanan and free mar4et variet,N anti?ta3 Tea Part, libertarians from the )on Paul cam"N #hristian ri*ht activists intent on re?moldin* the countr, into their 4ind of Hin*domN birth certificate cons"irac, theorists, anti?immi*rant nativists of the armed Minuteman and the "olic, !on4 variet,N third "art, BconstitutionalistsCN and !hite nationalists of both the citi<ens councils and the Stormfront national socialist variet,& F +ill +erko,it-, .#/ White #upremacists Crash *nti0)(ama Tea Party, Inter Press #er$ice, 1ecem(er , !!2 Dac4 to to"

The Lure of Adolph Hitler and neo-Nazism

It seems that many people ho !oin supremacist groups do so at a young age" and a lot of recruiting #y these $arious hate groups are targeted at children& A reformed s4inhead adds ho! eas, it can be for some "eo"le, to be recruited into these *rou"s, es"eciall, children&

9n the anniversar, of Adol"h HitlerAs birthda, in A"ril %777, a "lanned 4illin* s"ree at the no! infamous #olumbine Hi*h School in America b, t!o children claimed the lives of man, fello! school mates& It is re"orted that the, !ere tar*etin* ethnic minorities and !ere involved in some a<i related activities&

%ide Note&
In USA, the 94lahoma #it, bombin* in %772 ;incidentall,, the da, before the birthda, of Adol"h Hitler= tri**ered anti?Muslim sentiments, even thou*h it !as not an Islamic *rou" at all& The "revious lin4 re"orts that there !as a 1.O increase in discrimination of Muslims in the USA& And durin* the !ee4 of Adolf HitlerAs birthda,, in %777, neo? a<i *rou"s !ere sus"ected of "lantin* t!o nail bombs that e3"loded in "redominantl, ethnic minorit, areas of -ondon& The follo!in* !ee4, a *a, bar in -ondonAs Soho area !as also bombed 4illin* at least ( "eo"le& The fact that the Ste"hen -a!rence case, !hich, in UH is one of the "erha"s most infamous on?*oin* cases of racism in the "olice force and has received much attention at the time of this bombin* could be more than coincidence& Dac4 to to"

Racism against 'ypsies

9ne *rou" of "eo"le that often *o unnoticed !hen it comes to racism and discrimination are G,"sies& In Euro"e the, have been "ersecuted to a similar e3tent as the >e!s throu*hout histor,, includin* World War II and even no! the, are lar*el, mistreated or i*nored& Dac4 to to"

Immigration
Please note that this section has moved into its o!n "a*e, immi*ration& Dac4 to to"

The Internet and Racism

And !hile the World Wide Web is a *reat "ro"onent for the ideals of free s"eech, it can also be a breedin* *round harborin* hatred& This is ver, serious as the number of hate sites that have s"run* u" in the recent ,ears is shoc4in* and also increasin* at an alarmin* rate& There has been much tal4 of Internet sites hostin* hate material& Some *rou"s such as HateWatch have *one as far as bu,in* racist domain names so that real racists cannot bu, these domains themselvesP

Eor more about the Internet and free s"eech, chec4 out this siteAs section on human ri*hts and the Internet& It has some useful lin4s to additional sites and material& Dac4 to to"

'lo#alization and Racism

As *lobali<ation in its current form e3"ands, so too does the ine:ualit, that accom"anies it, as discussed throu*hout the Trade, Econom,, Q )elated Issues section on this !eb site& )isin* ine:ualit, can result in an increase in racial bias for sca"e*oatin* or advancin* 3eno"hobic and isolationist tendencies& 8urin* Erench and Dritish Im"erial da,s for e3am"le, racial bias !as in*rained !ithin the culture itself ;as e3"lored in *reat detail b, Ed!ard Said, in his boo4s such as )rientalism ;Jinta*e Doo4s, %7@7= and Culture 3 Imperialism ;Jinta*e Doo4s, %77(==& Ho!ever, an element of this is also seen in toda,As "eriod of *lobali<ation, !ith !hat A& Sivanandan describes as the increasin* B3eno"hobic culture of *lobalisationC seen in some "arts of the !orld: )acism has al!a,s been both an instrument of discrimination and a tool of e3"loitation& Dut it manifests itself as a cultural "henomenon, susce"tible to cultural solutions, such as multicultural education and the "romotion of ethnic identities& Tac4lin* the "roblem of cultural ine:ualit,, ho!ever, does not b, itself redress the "roblem of economic ine:ualit,& )acism is conditioned b, economic im"eratives, but ne*otiated throu*h culture: reli*ion, literature, art, science and the media& &&& 9nce, the, demonised the blac4s to 6ustif, slaver,& Then the, demonised the BcolouredsC to 6ustif, colonialism& Toda,, the, demonise as,lum see4ers to 6ustif, the !a,s of *lobalism& And, in the a*e of the media, of s"in, demonisation sets out the "arameters of "o"ular culture !ithin !hich such e3clusion finds its o!n rationale F usuall, under the *uise of 3eno"hobia, the fear of stran*ers& F *4 #i$anandan, Po$erty is the ne, (lack, The 5uardian, *ugust 16, !!1 With e3"andin* *lobali<ation, the demands for more s4illed !or4ers, es"eciall, in orth America, Euro"e and else!here ;!hile the, cut bac4 on education s"endin* themselves, little b, little=, has led to increased efforts to attract forei*n !or4ers F but filtered, based on s4ill& At the same time, this increases resentment b, those in those nations !ho are not benefittin* from *lobali<ation& Additionall,, those tr,in* to esca"e authoritarian re*imes etc are findin* it harder and harder to *et into these countries, due to ti*hter immi*ration "olicies& Hence it is harder to immi*rate to the !ealthier nations unless, sa,s -i< Ee4ete, Bthese citi<ens are "art of the chosen fe!: hi*hl,? s4illed com"uter !i<ards, doctors and nurses trained at Third World e3"ense and sou*ht after b, the West& Global mi*ration mana*ement strate*, sa"s the Third World and the former Soviet

bloc of its economic lifeblood, b, creamin* off their most s4illed and educated !or4forces&C Erom the "ers"ective of *lobali<ation, -i< continues, Bthe s4ills "ool, not the *enes "ool, is 4e,&C Immi*rants face numerous criticisms and challen*esN It is difficult enou*h often, to *et into another nation as mentioned above& If one succeeds, then additional stru**les ;some to naturall, be e3"ected, of course= are faced:

-ivin* in a ne! countr, can be dauntin*, es"eciall, !hen the cultural differences are *reat& As a result it can be e3"ected that an immi*rant !ould tr, to maintain some semblance of their o!n culture in their ne! countr, of sta,& 9r, due to fears of racism or due to the culture shoc4 it !ould be e3"ected that immi*rant communities !ould form as a !a, to deal !ith this and as a means to hel" each other throu*h& D, doin* this, sometimes the, face criticism of not inte*ratin* and of Bstic4in* !ith their o!n 4indCN $et, on the other hand, if the, do inte*rate in some !a,, the, face criti:ue from certain t,"es of environmentalists and others of contributin* to environmental de*radation b, increasin* their consum"tion to the hi*h levels t,"ical of the host nation& o ;And if environmental de*radation is the concern, then it !ould ma4e sense that one of the main issues at hand to address !ould be the consum"tion itself and its roots, re*ardless of !ho is doin* it F in this conte3t o That is, if the host nation had different modes of consum"tions, immi*rants !ould li4el, follo! those too& o Hence, sin*lin* out immi*rants for bein* a factor in environmental de*radation is often unfair, and itself hints of "re6udice and of attitudes F intentional or not F almost li4e Bsta, outN !e !ant to maintain and not share our lifest,le and standards of livin*N !e reco*ni<e it is !asteful but if not too man, are doin* it, then it is o4C etc&= o Eor more about these issues of resource consum"tion, blamin* the "oor and immi*rants etc, see this !eb siteAs section debatin* "o"ulation and consum"tion issues&

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(N)s *orld +onference on Racism" ,--.

A U Global #onference to discuss racism, racial discrimination, 3eno"hobia and related intolerance !as held from (%st Au*ust to @ Se"tember '..%& While it !as brave enou*h for the United ations to attem"t to hold such a meetin*, it "roved to be a heated challen*e& While all nations are *ood at bein* critical of others ;and often ver, accuratel,, althou*h often notP=, !hen it comes to oneAs o!n criticisms, most !ould be uncomfortable to sa, the least& As an e3am"le:

United States and Euro"e !ere a*ainst effective discussions of slaver, re"arations ;and sent in onl, lo!?level dele*ates F a "ossible si*n on ho! the, reall, feel about this conference, and !hat it is about= Israel and United States !ere a*ainst discussin* the "ossibilit, that Iionism is racist a*ainst Palestinians, causin* both to !al4 out of the conference alto*ether India !as a*ainst includin* discussions about caste?based discrimination Some Arab nations !ere a*ainst discussions on o""ression of Hurds or Arab slave trade etc&

A !atered do!n declaration !as eventuall, made& Such an eventful !ee4 sho!s ho! far !e all have to *oP It is also a detailed issue, and the follo!in* lin4s ma, "rovide more details:

World #onference A*ainst )acism is the official United ations !eb site 9neWorld&net S"ecial )e"ort on )acism "rovides a hu*e number of articles from all sorts of G9 and other "artners&

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BDad ideas flourish because the, are in the interest of "o!erful *rou"s&C F Paul 7rugman 5 #o",ri*ht %77/V'.%.

Alternati$es for #ro2en lin2s

Sometimes lin4s to other sites ma, brea4 be,ond m, control& Where "ossible, alternative lin4s are "rovided to bac4u"s or re"osted versions here& 7ate Au*ust /, '.%. >anuar, %', '.%. 8ecember '., '..+ Ma, +, '..+ >anuar, '+, '..+ Reason Added some additional e3am"les of racism in )ussia and -ebanon Added some additional e3am"les of racism in America, Australia and "arts of Euro"e& The rest of the article remains unchan*ed since 8ecember '..+ ;for no!= Greece is one of the most racist "laces in the EU, accordin* to man, human ri*hts or*ani<ations )acism has been used to 6ustif, e3"loitation 8etails on the almost entirel, ne*ative media covera*e of immi*ration issues in UH added