Decoder and Encoder

Decoders Discrete quantities of information are represented in digital systems with binary codes. A binary code of n bits is capable of representing up to 2 n distinct elements of the coded information. A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n inout lines to a maximum of 2 n unique output lines. The decoders presented here are called ntom line decoders, where m !2n. Their purpose is to generate the 2n minterms of n input variable. The name decoder is also used in con"uction with some code converters as a #$Dtoseven segment decoders. A binary decoder converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output codes are different and decoders are available to %decode% either a #inary or #$D &'(2) code* input pattern to typically a Decimal output code. An example of a 2+to+( line decoder along with its truth table is given below. ,t consists of an array of four -A-D gates, one of which is selected for each combination of the input signals A and #.

,n this simple example of a 2+to+( line binary decoder, the binary inputs A and # determine which output line from D. to D/ is %0,10% at logic level %)% while the remaining outputs are held %234% at logic %.% so only one output can be active &0,10* at any one time. Therefore, whichever output line is %0,10% identifies the
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Decoder and Encoder

binary code present at the input, in other words it %de+codes% the binary input and these types of binary decoders are commonly used as Address Decoders in microprocessor memory applications. As an example consider the /to' line decoder circuit of fig. The three inputs are decoded into eight outputs, each output representing one of the minterms of the / input variables. The three inverters provide the complement of the inputs, and each one of the eight A-D gates generates one of the minterms. A perticuler application of this decoder would be a binarytooctal conversion. The input variable may represent a binary number, and the outputs will then represent the eight digits in the cotal number system. 0owever a /to' line decoder can be used for decoding any /bit code to provide eight outputs one for each element of the code.

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5ome binary decoders have an additional input labelled %6nable% that controls the outputs from the device. This allows the decoders outputs to be turned %3-% or %377% and we can see that the logic diagram of the basic decoder is identical to that of the basic demultiplexer. Therefore, we say that a demultiplexer is a decoder with an additional data line that is used to enable the decoder. An alternative way of loo8ing at the decoder circuit is to regard inputs A, # and $ as address signals. 6ach combination of A, # or $ defines a unique address which can access a location having that address.

5ometimes it is required to have a Binary Decoder with a number of outputs greater than is available, or if we only have small devices available, we can combine multiple decoders together to form larger decoder networ8s as shown. 0ere a much larger (+to+)9 line binary decoder has been implemented using two smaller /+to+' decoders.
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Decoder and Encoder

Encoder An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or person that converts information from one format or code to another. The purpose of encoder is standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or saving space by shrinking size. Encoders are combinational logic circuits and they are exactly opposite of decoders. They accept one or more inputs and generate a multibit output code. Encoders perform exactly reverse operation than decoder. An encoder has M input and output lines. !ut of M input lines only one is activated at a time and produces e"uivalent code on output lines. #f a device output code has fewer bits than the input code has, the device is usually called an encoder.

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$or an %&to&' binary encoder with inputs #(&#) the logic expressions of the outputs *(&*+ are, *( - #. / #' / #0 / #) *.- #+ / #' / #1 / #) *+ - #2 / #0 / #1 /#)

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