CHAPTER 4

205

s2= - 0.2 (nC/m2) A 6m

C (0, -2, 2) s1= 0.2 (nC/m2) B 0 y

Figure P4.36: Two parallel planes of charge. The voltage at C depends only on the z-coordinate of C. Hence, with point A being at the lowest potential and B at the highest potential, VBC VAC

2 VAB 6 VAB VBC

135 59 45 20 V 3 135 59 45 20 90 39 V

Section 4-7: Conductors

Problem 4.37 A cylindrical bar of silicon has a radius of 4 mm and a length of 8 cm. If a voltage of 5 V is applied between the ends of the bar and e 0 13 (m2 /V s), h 0 05 (m2 /V s), Ne 1 5  1016 electrons/m3 , and Nh Ne , nd (a) the conductivity of silicon, (b) the current I owing in the bar, (c) the drift velocities ue and uh , (d) the resistance of the bar, and (e) the power dissipated in the bar.

206 Solution: (a) Conductivity is given in Eq. (4.65),

CHAPTER 4

Ne e

1 5  1016 0 13

Nh h e

0 05 1 6  10 

19

 4 32  10 

(S/m)

(b) Similarly to Example 4.8, parts b and c, I

JA EA

4 32  10 

5V
0 08

4  10 

3 2

 1 36 (A)

(c) From Eqs. (4.62a) and (4.62b), ue uh

e E

0 13

h E

0 05

5 E E 8 125 (m/s)
0 08 E E E 5 E (m/s) 3 125
0 08 E E

(d) To nd the resistance, we use what we calculated above,

3 68 (M) (e) Power dissipated in the bar is P IV 5V 1 36 A  6 8 W

Problem 4.38 Repeat Problem 4.37 for a bar of germanium with e 0 4 (m2 /V s), h 0 2 (m2 /V s), and Ne Nh 2 4  1019 electrons or holes/m3 .

V I

5V 1 36 A

Solution: (a) Conductivity is given in Eq. (4.65),

Ne e

Nu u e

2 4  1019 0 4

0 2 1 6  10 

19

 2 3 (S/m)

(b) Similarly to Example 4.8, parts b and c, I

JA EA

2 3

5V
0 08

4  10 

3 2

7 225 (mA)

(c) From Eqs. (4.62a) and (4.62b), ue uh

e E

h E

0 4

0 2

5
0 08

5
0 08

E E

E E

25

E E

(m/s)

12 5

(m/s)

CHAPTER 4
(d) To nd the resistance, we use what we calculated above,

207

0 69 (k) (e) Power dissipated in the bar is P IV 5V 7 225 mA 36 125 (mW)

Problem 4.39 A 100-m-long conductor of uniform cross section has a voltage drop of 4 V between its ends. If the density of the current owing through it is 1 4  10 6 (A/m2 ), identify the material of the conductor. Solution: We know that conductivity characterizes a material: J E 1 4  10
6

V I

5V 7 225 mA

(A/m2 )

4 (V)
100 (m)

3 5  107

(S/m)

From Table B-2, we nd that aluminum has 3 5  10 7 (S/m). Problem 4.40 A coaxial resistor of length l consists of two concentric cylinders. The inner cylinder has radius a and is made of a material with conductivity 1 , and the outer cylinder, extending between r a and r b, is made of a material with conductivity 2 . If the two ends of the resistor are capped plates, with conducting show that the resistance between the two ends is R l  1 a2 2 b2 a2 . Solution: Due to the conducting plates, the ends of the coaxial resistor are each uniform at the same potential. Hence, the electric eld everywhere in the resistor will be parallel to the axis of the resistor, in which case the two cylinders can be considered to be two separate resistors in parallel. Then, from Eq. (4.70), 1 R

1 Rinner

Router
R

1 A 1 l1

2 A 2 l2

1 a2 l

2 b2 a2 l

or 1 a2

l 2 b2

a2

()

Problem 4.41 Apply the result of Problem 4.40 to nd the resistance of a 20-cmlong hollow cylinder (Fig. P4.41) made of carbon with 3  10 4 (S/m). Solution: From Problem 4.40, we know that for two concentric cylinders, R 1

a2

l 2 b2

a2

()

208

CHAPTER 4

3 cm 2 cm

Carbon

Figure P4.41: Cross section of hollow cylinder of Problem 4.41. For air 1

0 (S/m), 2 3  104 (S/m); hence,

R 3  104

0 2 2 4 2 (m) 0 03 0 02 2

Problem 4.42 A 2  10  3 -mm-thick square sheet of aluminum has 5 cm  5 cm faces. Find: (a) the resistance between opposite edges on a square face, and (b) the resistance between the two square faces. (See Appendix B for the electrical constants of materials). Solution: (a) R l A mm 10  10 
7

For aluminum, 3 5  107 (S/m) [Appendix B]. l

5 cm

A 5 cm  2  10  R 3 5 

5  10  2 107  1  10 

 10  6 1  10  7 m2

14 (m)

(b) Now, l

2  10  3 mm and A 5 cm  5 cm 2 5  10  3 m2 .
R 3 5  2  10  6 107  2 5  10 
3

22 8 p

CHAPTER 4

209

Section 4-9: Boundary Conditions

3 y 2 z 2 (V/m), Problem 4.43 With reference to Fig. 4-19, nd E 1 if E2 x 2 180 , and the boundary has a surface charge density 1 20 , s 3 54  10  11 (C/m2 ). What angle does E2 make with the z-axis? 3 y 2. Solution: We know that E1t E2t for any 2 media. Hence, E 1t E2t x s (from Table 4.3). Hence, 1 E1 n 2 E 2 n  s which Also, D1 D2 n gives

E1z

2 E2z 1

3 54  10  20

11

Hence, E1

3 y 2 z 20 (V/m). Finding the angle E2 makes with the z-axis: x 2 1 E2 cos 2 9 4 4cos cos  E2 z
61 17

18 2 2

3 54  10  11 2  8 85  10  12

18 20

(V/m)

Problem 4.44 An innitely long conducting cylinder of radius a has a surface charge density s . The cylinder is surrounded by a dielectric medium with r 4 and contains no free charges. If the tangential component of the electric eld in the cos2  r2 , nd s . region r a is given by Et

Solution: Let the conducting cylinder be medium 1 and the surrounding dielectric medium be medium 2. In medium 2, E2 cos2 Er r r2 1

with Er , the normal component of E2 , unknown. The surface charge density is related to Er . To nd Er , we invoke Gausss law in medium 2: D2 or 1 rEr r r 1 r

0
1 cos2
r2

which leads to

1 rEr cos2
r r2 Integrating both sides with respect to r,

2 sin cos r2

rEr dr r

2 sin cos 2 sin cos r

1 dr r2

rEr

210 or Er Hence, E2 According to Eq. (4.93), r 2 1 cos2 sin cos 2 r r2

CHAPTER 4

2 sin cos r2

2 D1 n

2 is the normal to the boundary and points away from medium 1. Hence, where n 2 r . Also, D1 0 because the cylinder is a conductor. Consequently, n s

D2 s

D2 r

2 E 2 r

r a

r 0 r r

r a

80 sin cos (C/m2 ) a2

2 1 cos2 sin cos 2 r r2

r a

Problem 4.45 A 2-cm conducting sphere is embedded in a charge-free dielectric 3 sin (V/m) in the surrounding region, 3 cos medium with 2r 9. If E2 R nd the charge density on the spheres surface. Solution: According to Eq. (4.93),

2 D1 n

2 In the present case, n

and D1 0. Hence, R s

D2 s

D2 R

2 R 3 cos R 270 cos

r 2 cm

(C/m2 )

3 sin

150 (V/m) at the surface of a 5-cm conducting sphere Problem 4.46 If E R centered at the origin, what is the total charge Q on the spheres surface? D1 D2  s . E2 inside the sphere is zero, since we Solution: From Table 4-3, n assume it is a perfect conductor. Hence, for a sphere with surface area S 4a 2 , D1R

E1R

s 0

Q S 0

CHAPTER 4
Q E R S 0

211

150 4 0 05 2 0

30 2

(C)

Problem 4.47 Figure 4-34(a) (P4.47) shows three planar dielectric slabs of equal thickness but with different dielectric constants. If E 0 in air makes an angle of 45 with respect to the z-axis, nd the angle of E in each of the other layers.
z E0 45 0 (air) 1 = 30 2 = 50 3 = 70 0 (air)

Figure P4.47: Dielectric slabs in Problem 4.47. Solution: Labeling the upper air region as region 0 and using Eq. (4.99), 1

tan 

2 tan  3

tan 

1 tan 0
0 2 tan 1
1 3 tan 2
2

tan  tan  tan 

3 tan 45

71 6
78 7
81 9

5 tan 71 6 3 7 tan 78 7 5

In the lower air region, the angle is again 45 .

Sections 4-10 and 4-11: Capacitance and Electrical Energy

Problem 4.48 Determine the force of attraction in a parallel-plate capacitor with A 5 cm2 , d 2 cm, and r 4 if the voltage across it is 50 V.

212 Solution: From Eq. (4.131), F

CHAPTER 4

A E 2 z 2

20 5  10  z

50
0 02

55 3  10  z

(N)

Problem 4.49 Dielectric breakdown occurs in a material whenever the magnitude of the eld E exceeds the dielectric strength anywhere in that material. In the coaxial capacitor of Example 4-12, (a) At what value of r is E maximum? (b) What is the breakdown voltage if a 1 cm, b 2 cm, and the dielectric material is mica with r 6?

Solution: l  2r for a r b. Thus, it is evident that E is (a) From Eq. (4.114), E r maximum at r a. (b) The dielectric breaks down when E 200 (MV/m) (see Table 4-2), or

200 (MV/m) which gives l 200 MV/m 2 6 8 854  10  12 0 01  667 6 C/m).

2 60 10 
2

l 2r

From Eq. (4.115), we can nd the voltage corresponding to that charge density, V Thus, V

l b ln
2 a

667 6 C/m ln 2 1 39 12 F/m 12 8 854  10 

(MV)

1 39 (MV) is the breakdown voltage for this capacitor.

Problem 4.50 An electron with charge Q e 1 6  10  19 C and mass 31 me 9 1  10  kg is injected at a point adjacent to the negatively charged plate in the region between the plates of an air-lled parallel-plate capacitor with separation of 1 cm and rectangular plates each 10 cm 2 in area Fig. 4-33 (P4.50). If the voltage across the capacitor is 10 V, nd (a) the force acting on the electron, (b) the acceleration of the electron, and (c) the time it takes the electron to reach the positively charged plate, assuming that it starts from rest. Solution: (a) The electric force acting on a charge Q e is given by Eq. (4.14) and the electric eld in a capacitor is given by Eq. (4.112). Combining these two relations, we have F

Qe E Qe

V d

1 6  10 

19

10 0 01

1 6  10 

16

(N)

CHAPTER 4
1 cm Qe

213

+ V0 = 10 V

Figure P4.50: Electron between charged plates of Problem 4.50. The force is directed from the negatively charged plate towards the positively charged plate. (b) F 1 6  10  16 1 76  1014 (m/s2 ) a m 9 1  10  31 (c) The electron does not get fast enough at the end of its short trip for relativity to manifest itself; classical mechanics is adequate to nd the transit time. From classical 2 mechanics, d d0 u0t 1 2 at , where in the present case the start position is d 0 0, the total distance traveled is d 1 cm, the initial velocity u 0 0, and the acceleration is given by part (b). Solving for the time t ,

2d a

2  0 01 1 76  1014

10 7  10  9 s 10 7 (ns) 4, the electric eld is given by

z (V/m)

Problem 4.51

In a dielectric medium with r x2 E x

2z

x2 y

y z

Calculate the electrostatic energy stored in the region and 0 z 3 m.

1m

1 m, 0

2 m,

214 Solution: Electrostatic potential energy is given by Eq. (4.124), We

CHAPTER 4

1 E 2 dV 2 V

40 2 40 2

z 0 y 0 x

2 5 2 2 3 4 3 1 y z 4 x
x yz z x y z xy 5 3 3 12

x2

2z

x4

dx dy dz

1304
5

y 0

z 0

4 62  10 

(J)

Problem 4.52 Figure 4-34a (P4.52(a)) depicts a capacitor consisting of two parallel, conducting plates separated by a distance d . The space between the plates

A1 1 2

A2

+ -

(a)

+ C1 C2 V

(b)

Figure P4.52: (a) Capacitor with parallel dielectric section, and (b) equivalent circuit. contains two adjacent dielectrics, one with permittivity 1 and surface area A1 and another with 2 and A2 . The objective of this problem is to show that the capacitance C of the conguration shown in Fig. 4-34a (P4.52(a)) is equivalent to two capacitances in parallel, as illustrated in Fig. 4-34b (P4.52(b)), with C C1

C2

(4.132)