10/8/2013

1
1
Urban Transportation Planning
Trip Distribution
Urban Transportation Planning 2
Determining P to A Trips
T
12
T
21
T
11
1
3
2
Urban Transportation Planning 3
Properties of the P-A Table
T
ij
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Tij = Pi
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Tij = Aj

Urban Transportation Planning 4
Gravity Model I: Newton
Newtons Law of Gravity
2
2 1
d
M M
G F =
Urban Transportation Planning 5
Gravity Model II: Migration
Intercity Migration after WWII
2
2 1
d
S S
K T =
S
1
and S
2
are sizes of City 1 and City 2
Urban Transportation Planning 6
Gravity Model III: Open System
Use Productions and Attractivenesses
Constrain Productions
P
i
are productions in zone i; A
j
is the attractiveness of
zone j; F
ij
is the friction factor between zones i and j.

=
k
ik k
ij j i
ij
F A
F A P
T
10/8/2013
2
Urban Transportation Planning 7
Friction Factors I
A friction factor is a measure of proximity
between two zones.
Friction factors are scale independent.
Travel Time
F
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

F
a
c
t
o
r
Urban Transportation Planning 8
Friction Factors II: Functions
Traditional power function
Exponential function (entropy maximizing)
Gamma function

=
ij
t F
ij
ij
ij
t
ij
e t F

=
ij
t
ij
e F

=
Urban Transportation Planning 9
Friction Factors III: Friction.txt
Table from NCHRP #365
Time HBW HBNW NHB
0 100000 100000 100000
1 88426 91028 90484
2 77116 34004 32521
3 67640 18383 17147
4 59468 11563 10576
5 52352 7901 7109
6 46124 5690 5046
7 40660 4249 3718
8 35859 3258 2816
9 31634 2549 2178
10 27914 2027 1713

Urban Transportation Planning 10
SEWRPCs Friction Factors
Urban Transportation Planning 11
Reconciling Attractions
If As are defined as attractions, then the
previous equation will not give the correct
column totals. Attractiveness values must be
calculated to give the expected answer.
Typically
Convergence is usually fast.

=
i
ij
old new
T
A
A A
target
Urban Transportation Planning 12
External Stations and the Gravity
Model
QRS II does not allow trips between
external stations as part of the
gravity model.
E-E trips must be provided by some
other method, perhaps as an
AddVTrips.txt file.
10/8/2013
3
Urban Transportation Planning 13
Calibrating Friction Factors I
Compare observed and modeled trip length
distributions. For example, the 9 minute
friction factor needs to be bigger by 12/11.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Time (Minutes)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t o
f T
r
ip
s
%Trips Model
%Trips Observed
Urban Transportation Planning 14
Calibrating Friction Factors II
Use a known friction factor function and set
the parameter to give the observed average
trip length, e.g.,
Select , such that:
ij
t
ij
e F

=
( ) t t =
Computed average trip length Known average trip length
Urban Transportation Planning 15
Calibrating Friction Factors III
Other calibration methods
Choose from a similar sized city.
Use Method II but take average trip
length from a similar sized city.
Statistically estimate whole friction
factor function by referencing a known
P-A table from survey data (difficult).
Urban Transportation Planning 16
K-Factors
Often called socio-economic adjustment
factors, but are really fudge factors.
No k factors in QRS II, but P-A times can be
modified by AddHTimes.txt.

=
k
ij ik k
ij ij j i
ij
k F A
k F A P
T
Fratar Factoring
Iterative solution method for
expanding an OD table to match
row and column totals.
Applies to any empirical OD table.
See Fratar.xls
Urban Transportation Planning 17
x
i
y
]
I
i]
n
i=1
=
]
x
i
y
]
I
i]
n
]=1
= 0
i
Alternative Solution Method
Urban Transportation Planning 18
min P = x
i
y
]
I
i]
n
i=1
-
]
2
+ x
i
y
]
I
i]
n
]=1
- 0
i
2
10/8/2013
4
Urban Transportation Planning 19
Gravity Model Dialog Box