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- Relays, contactors, and starters are used to control power to motors by closing contacts. Relays are for low-current loads while contactors are for high-current loads like motors. Overloads provide external protection for motors from overcurrent.
- Relays use electromagnets to open and close contacts while contactors are larger relays that can handle higher currents. Overloads include thermal and magnetic types that open motor circuits if current exceeds a preset limit.
- Proper motor control devices must consider the motor's locked rotor amps and running load amps to avoid overloading circuits or components. Relays are for pilot control of contactors while contactors directly control motor circuits. Overloads protect motors from
- Relays, contactors, and starters are used to control power to motors by closing contacts. Relays are for low-current loads while contactors are for high-current loads like motors. Overloads provide external protection for motors from overcurrent.
- Relays use electromagnets to open and close contacts while contactors are larger relays that can handle higher currents. Overloads include thermal and magnetic types that open motor circuits if current exceeds a preset limit.
- Proper motor control devices must consider the motor's locked rotor amps and running load amps to avoid overloading circuits or components. Relays are for pilot control of contactors while contactors directly control motor circuits. Overloads protect motors from
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- Relays, contactors, and starters are used to control power to motors by closing contacts. Relays are for low-current loads while contactors are for high-current loads like motors. Overloads provide external protection for motors from overcurrent.
- Relays use electromagnets to open and close contacts while contactors are larger relays that can handle higher currents. Overloads include thermal and magnetic types that open motor circuits if current exceeds a preset limit.
- Proper motor control devices must consider the motor's locked rotor amps and running load amps to avoid overloading circuits or components. Relays are for pilot control of contactors while contactors directly control motor circuits. Overloads protect motors from
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
UNIT OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, the reader should be able to Describe the differences between relays, contactors and starters List the component parts of contactors and starters Name two types of external motor overload protection Explain the differences between external overload protection devices Explain the conditions under which motor safeties can be reset What is a Switch? A switch is a device that allows you to stop the flow of current entirely. These are usually mechanical devices that separates two bits of metal (contacts). When the metal doesn't touch, current doesn't flow. When the metal touches, is called a closed circuit. When the metal doesn't touch, is called an open circuit. (closed = ON, open = OFF) S1 Basic Switch Schematic Symbol Single Pole, Single Throw = SPST A simple on-off switch. This type can be used to switch the power supply to a circuit. Example Circuit Symbol SPST toggle switch Single Pole, Double Throw = SPDT This switch can be on in both positions, switching on a separate device in each case. It is often called a changeover switch. For example, a SPDT switch can be used to switch on a red lamp in one position and a green lamp in the other position. Example Circuit Symbol SPDT rocker switch Double Pole, Single Throw = DPST A pair of on-off switches which operate together (shown by the dotted line in the circuit symbol). Example Circuit Symbol DPST rocker switch Double Pole, Double Throw = DPDT A pair of on-on switches which operate together (shown by the dotted line in the circuit symbol). Example Circuit Symbol DPDT slide switch Push Button Switches (NO/NC) A Normally Open (NO) switch returns to its normally open (off) position when you release the button. A Normally Closed (NC) switch returns to its normally closed (on) position when you release the button. Example Circuit Symbol Example Circuit Symbol Push-to-make switch Push-to-break switch INTRODUCTION TO MOTOR CONTROL DEVICES Relays, contactors and starters pass power to the motor by closing sets of contacts Explain why the locked rotor amperage (LRA) affects the choice of a motor starter Contacts controlled by coils in the control circuit Starting relays are only in the active circuit for a short period of time The type of motor control used is determined by the size and application of the motor used Contactors Contactors are relays that switch high current loads a.k.a magnetic starters Manual Motor Starter L1 L2 CONTROL CIRCUIT RELAY OR CONTACTOR MOTOR RUN START START RELAY L1 L2 CONTROL CIRCUIT RELAY OR CONTACTOR MOTOR RUN START START RELAY MOTOR AMPERAGES Running load amperage (RLA) Similar to full load amperage (FLA) Amperage drawn by the motor while operating Locked rotor amperage (LRA) Amperage drawn by motor on startup Five to seven times greater than RLA or FLA Both LRA and RLA must be considered when choosing a control device Contactor, Relays and Overloads Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to: Explain the parts and operation of contactors and relays. Explain the application of contactors and relays in control systems Correctly install a contactor or relay in a control system Draw a simple schematic wiring diagram using contactors and/or relays to control load in a control system. Understand the types and application of overloads Troubleshoot contactor and relays. Identify the common types of overload used to protect loads. Explain the operation of the common overloads. Determine the best type of overload for a specific application. Draw schematic wiring diagrams using the proper overload to protect loads. Key Terms Coil Contactor Contacts Current Overload Fuse Inductive Load Internal Compressor Overload Line Break Overload Magnetic Overload Magnetic Starter Mechanical Linkage Overload Pilot Duty Overload Push-Button Station Relay Resistance Load Relays Relays are used to open and close a circuit to allow the automatic control of a device or circuit. THE RELAY Uses a magnetic coil to open or close one or more sets of electric contacts The most common control voltage for both relays and contactors is 24 volts. Relays are not repaired. Replace on failure. Used for light duty applications Can be used as a pilot-duty relay The relay contacts must be able to handle the amperage draw of the load being controlled Pilot relays are designed to switch on and off larger contactors or starters. They are very light duty and are not designed to start motors directly. COIL NORMALLY OPEN CONTACTS NORMALLY CLOSED CONTACTS Relay Hysteresis Relays and contactors naturally tend to provide a differential gap for On-Off control because of the hysteresis effect inherent in their operation. To cause a magnetic relay to energize: The coil current must rise beyond the pull-in current or pick-up current Once a relay has been pulled in: the coil current must drop below a certain value called the hold-in current or drop-out current. Why is there a need for a strong magnetic field to establish to pull the armature? 1. There is an air gap in the magnetic loop; this cause the magnetic field to be weaker. 2. The attractive force between the core and armature (opposite magnetic poles) is weak because of the distance between the poles. Relay Logic Basic Relays A relay is an electronic control switch used to open or close a mechanical contact whenever a voltage is applied to its coil. Basic Relays A basic relay usually contains two sets of contacts, normally open and normally closed. The schematic will show the normal contact position for a de-energized coil. 2 4 1 3 2 4 1 3 Normally Open Contact Normally Closed Contact Relay Labeling Always look at the relay case to identify the coil, coil voltage, max current, NO and NC contacts. Labeling is always shown in a de-energized state. Coil Contacts Common NC NO Simple Relay Logic Ckt. Which LEDs will illuminate in this circuit with switch 1 open? With switch 1 closed? 2 4 1 3 2 4 1 3 V1 48V R1 1.0kohm R2 1.0kohm R3 1.0kohm R4 1.0kohm 2 4 1 3 2 4 1 3 J1 Key = Space V2 12V LED_red LED1 LED_red LED2 LED_red LED3 LED_red LED4 NAND Burglar Alarm Relay Logic? (AND, OR, NAND, NOR) Relay Logic? (AND, OR, NAND, NOR) Complete the ckt (AND gate) Complete the ckt (OR gate) Complete the Truth Table Complete the truth table Complete the truth table Relay Timers ON Delay OFF Delay Wired ON Delay 1. Energy applied to power rails X1 X2 OFF NC NO ON 1 Wired ON Delay - NCTO 1. Energy applied to power rails 2. Start PB is pressed - Coil is energized - Holding contact close - Timer contact stays closed, lamp stays on. - Count begins (5 sec) 2 X1 X2 ON NC NC ON Wired ON Delay - NCTO 3. Timer count ends - Coil is still energized - Timer contact open - lamp goes off. 4. Timer contacts remain open until the coil is de- energized 3 X1 X2 ON NO NC OFF The Normally Closed contact will take 5 seconds To Open when the coil is energized. ON Delay - NOTC 1. Power is applied to rails X1 X2 The Normally Open contact will take 5 seconds To Close when the coil is energized. OFF NO OFF 1 ON Delay - NOTC 2. Start PB is pressed Coil energizes Holding contacts close Timer contacts stay open Lamp stays off Counter starts to count (5 sec) X1 X2 The Normally Open contact will take 5 seconds To Close when the coil is energized. ON NC OFF 2 ON Delay - NOTC 3. Counter finishes count Coil stays energized Timer contacts close Lamp goes on 4. Timer contacts will open when relay coil is de-energized. X1 X2 The Normally Open contact will take 5 seconds To Close when the coil is energized. ON NC ON 3 NC OFF Delay - NCTC 1. Power is applied to rails 2. Coil is off, contacts are closed, lamp is on The timer contacts will close 5 seconds after the coil is de-energized OFF Delay - NCTC 3. Start PB is pressed 4. Timer contacts open 5. Counter will start to count only when coil is de-energized. OFF Delay - NOTO 1. Power is applied to rails 2. Coil is off, contacts are closed, lamp is on OFF Delay - NOTO 3. Start is pressed. 4. Contacts close, lamp on 5. Counter only starts when coil is de-energize Relay Applications Relays can be used to control indoor fan motors, condenser fan motors, damper motors, starting capacitors, and control lockouts. THE CONTACTOR Larger version of the relay Has movable and stationary contacts Often times only one set of contacts opens which opens only one side of the power to condensing units. This provides power for off-cycle heat to the compressor. Holding coils are rated at different voltages Can have one or more sets of contacts Some are equipped with auxiliary contacts, which are usually rated at a lower amperage than the primary contacts. Contacts and coils can be replaced, the material most used on the contacts is silver. Use the exact replacement whenever possible HOLDING COIL STATIONARY CONTACTS STATIONARY CONTACTS MOVABLE CONTACTS AND ARMATURE COIL CONNECTIONS WHEN THE COIL IS ENERGIZED, THE CONTACTS ARE PULLED CLOSED The most common coil voltage is 24 volts. Contactors A contactor is used to control an electric load in a control systems. Contactors make or break a set of contacts that control the voltage applied to some load in cooling systems. Contactors Coils Coil Characteristics depends on the type of wire and the manner in which it is wound. Coils are typically designed to operate on 24 volts, 120 volts, 208/240 volts and occasionally 480 volts. The coil is identified by the voltage marked on it. Contacts The contacts of a contractor make a complete circuit when the contactor is energized, allowing voltage to flow to the controlled load. Contractors are rated by the ampere draw they can carry. There are two types of loads that a contractor can control: an inductive load, and a resistive load. Contacts are made of silver and cadmium which resists sticking. The chemical composition of contacts is such that they operate at cool temperatures of up to 125% of their current-carrying capacity. Contacts The contactor contacts must be in good condition to ensure that proper voltage reaches the load. Overloads An overload is an electrical device that protects a load from a high ampere draw by breaking a set of contacts. The simplest form of overload protection is the fuse. Fuses can be used to protect wires and non-inductive loads, but they provide inadequate protection for inductive loads. A load that is purely resistive in nature with no coils to cause induction is called resistive or non-inductive load. Over Load Protection Fuses Fuses consists of two ends or conductors with a piece of wire that will melt and break the circuit if the current passing through it exceeds the amperage rating of the fuse. Line Break and Pilot Duty Overloads Overloads can be divided into two basic groups: Line break and Pilot duty. The line break overload breaks the power to a motor. A pilot duty overload breaks an auxiliary set of contacts connected in the control circuit. Line Break Overload One of the most common types of line voltage overloads is the metal disc mounted between two contacts. This is called a bimetal line break overload. Internal Compressor Overload The most popular line break overload for use in small central residential system is an internal compressor overload. The internal compressor overload is a small device inserted into the motor windings. This overload can sense the current draw of the motor, as well as the winding temperature, more effectively than external overloads. Internal Compressor Overload Pilot Duty Overload The pilot duty overload breaks the control circuit when an overload occurs, which would cause a contractor to be de-energized. This type of overload is common on larger systems and still exists on smaller systems currently in the field. Two basic pilot duty overloads are being used in the industry today: The current overload Magnetic overload Current Overload Works similarly to the line break overload excepts that a pilot duty set of contacts is opened rather than the line. Magnetic Overload Consists of a movable metal core in a tube filled with silicone or oil. Surrounding the metal tube is a coil of wire. When the current increases, so does the magnetic field of the coil. The overload operates by the magnetic field created by the coil. The device is designed to create a magnetic field that is strong enough to pull the coil up, opening the pilot contacts on overload. Magnetic Overload