EE 3301 Section 501 Experiment 7 Respond of RLC Circuits Luis Pineda-Aguirre Son Nguyen November 12, 2013

Resistors in Series:
In the first part of the lab we used 3 1/8 watt standard carbon based resistors 5.6k Ohm (green, blue, red), 2.2k (red, red, red), 1k (brown, black, red). We created a DC circuit with a voltage source of 10V and the three resistors connected in series. The schematic is shown below in figure 1. The comparison between theoretical and measured values is shown in Tables 1. In the first table a breadboard and a Agilent E3631A Triple Output DC Power Supply were used to simulate the circuit and the circuit was measured with the Digit Multimeter.

Figure 1: Resistors in series.

Results:
8.8 10 1.13 2.5 6.36 1.13 Experimental .95 2.19 5.5 8.59 0 1.12 2.5 6.3 1.16 %Error 0 .8 5 .4 1.7 2.3 0 .9 -2.6
Table 1: Resistors in series. Parameter Units Theoretical R1 1 R3 k 2.2 5.6 R2 Req Vs VR 1 VR 2 V VR 3 Is mA

Analysis:
The tables show that the resistors have different values. For example, in the 1k Ohm resistor, the Digit Multimeter measured .9k Ohm. But the measurements are between the +- 5% tolerance value band of a resistor. The resistance equivalent was measured by adding resistors in series. Since the measured resistors were a little smaller than the theoretical values the resistance equivalent was 2.3 percent lower. The current flow was found by (Is= Vs/Req). Like the resistance equivalent, the current flow its a little lower because of the resistors with 2.6 difference. With the current we measured the voltage drop of each resistor.

Resistors in Parallel:
In the second part of the lab we used 3 1/8 watt standard carbon based resistors 1.5k Ohm (brown, green, red), 6.8k (blue, grey, red), 8.2k (grey, red, red). We created a DC circuit with a voltage source of 10V and the three resistors connected in parallel. The schematic

is shown below in figure 2. The comparison between theoretical and measured values is shown in Tables 2. In the first table a breadboard and an Agilent E3631A Triple Output DC Power Supply were used to simulate the circuit and the circuit was measured with the Digit Multimeter.

Table 2: Resistors in parallel

Results:
Parameter Units Theoretical Experimental %Error R1 1.5 R3 k 6.8 8.2 R2 Req Vs V 10 0 0 I R1 I R2 I R3 mA Is

1.068 1.47 6.7 8.1 1.04 2 1.4 1.2 2.6

Table 2: Resistors in parallel.

6.7 1.47 1.22 9.3 6.8 1.49 1.23 9.5 6 -1.5 -1.3 -.8 -3.2

Analysis:
The tables show that the resistors have different values. For example, in the 1.5k Ohm resistor, the Digit Multimeter measured 1.47k Ohm. But the measurements are between the +- 5% tolerance value band of a resistor. The resistance equivalent was measured by adding resistors in parallel. Since the measured resistors were a little smaller than the theoretical values the resistance equivalent was 2.6 percent lower. The current flow was found by (Is= Vs/Req). Like the resistance equivalent, the current flow its a little lower because of the resistors with 2.6 differences. With the voltage we measure the current flow on each resistor.

Resistors in series-parallel combination:

In the third part of the lab we used 3 1/8 watt standard carbon based resistors 2.2k (red, red, red), 1k (brown, black, red), .6k Ohm (green, blue, red), 8.2k (grey, red, red). We created a DC circuit with a voltage source of 10V and two groups of two resistors connected in parallel each and the groups are connected in series. The schematic is shown below in figure 3. The comparison between theoretical and measured values is shown in Tables 3. In the first table a breadboard and an Agilent E3631A Triple Output DC Power Supply were used to simulate the circuit and the circuit was measured with the Digit Multimeter.

Table 3: Series-Parallel combination.

Results:
Param R1 R2 R3 R4 Ra c Vab Unit Theor 1.0 2.2 5.6 8.2 Exper %Error Param I R1 I R2 I R3 I R4 Is Vbc Unit Theor Exper %Error

.95 2.19 5.5 8.1 4.01 3.91 1.71 1.71

5 .4 1.7 1.2 2.61 0

1.5 .68 mA 1.3 .892 2.2 V 8.28

1.8 .75 1.54 1.05 2.6 8.28

-20 -10 -18 -17 -18 0

Analysis:
The tables show that the resistors have different values. For example, in the 1k Ohm resistor, the Digit Multimeter measured .9k Ohm. But the measurements are between the +- 5% tolerance value band of a resistor. The resistance Ra-c was measured by adding in parallel R3 and R4. And adding in parallel R1 and R2. Then the resistors were adding together. equivalent was measured by adding resistors in parallel. By KVL we can say that Vab = Vs - Vbc . By KCL we can say that Is = IR1 + IR2 = IR3 + IR4 . The error percentage of the currents in all the resistors is really low. They exceed the maximum margin of error. The measurements might be wrong due to the error given by the multimiter and the resistance error from each resistor.

Voltage, Current Divider and Wheatstone Bridge:

Figure 4: voltage divider.

Figure 5: Current divider.

Figure 6: Wheatstone bridge.

Parameter Units Theoretical Experimental %Error

R2 k 2.2 1.8

R1

Vs V 10 0 0

Vo 4.5

2.19 1.78 .4 1.1

4.4 2.2

Table 4: Voltage divider. Parameter Units Theoretical Experimental %Error RL k 2.2 1.8 R1 IL mA 10 5.5 0 5.5 0 0 Is

2.19 1.78 .45 1.1

Table 5: Current divider.

Parameter Units Theoretical

R1 2.4

R3 k 2.4 2.4

R2

R4

Vs

5.6

Vab V 10 -2

Experimental %Error

2.3 2.3 2.3 5.6 4.1 4.1 4.1 0

0 0

-3 50

Table 6: Wheatstone bridge.

Analysis
4. A voltage divider can provide a voltage at its output, but it cannot provide current. If a device is connected to the output of a voltage divider, what value of resistance should it have? Only an infinite value of resistance at the load will not change the voltage divider output. Or allowing a 1% error, the load has to be at least 100 times higher than the equivalent resistance of the divider. 5. In a Wheatstone bridge, assume R1 =2R2 and R3 =2R4 . What is the value of Vab ? The value of Vab would be zero.