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Understanding Goals:
1. To understand the rectangular coordinate system.
2. To understand how to find the distance between two points and midpoints of line
segments connecting two points.
3. To understand how to translate points in a coordinate plane.
4. To understand how to sketch graphs of equations by hand.
5. To understand how to find the x- and y- intercepts of equations and points of
intersection of two graphs.
6. To understand how to complete the square and write the standard forms of
equation of circles.
7. To understand the use of mathematical models and to use it to solve real-life
problems.
Cartesian Plane (rectangular coordinate system) is formed by x-axis and y-axis. The
point of intersection of these two axes is the origin.
Example 1: Plot the points (2,1) , (0, 0) , (0,5) and (1, 2) .
d ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2 .
1
Example 2: Use the Distance Formula to show that the points (2,5), (2, 2) , and (6, 2)
are vertices of a right triangle.
x1 x2 y1 y2
Midpoint ,
2 2
Example 3: Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the points (5, 3) and (9,3) .
2
Example 4: Find the vertices of the parallelogram [ (1, 0), (3, 2), (3, 6), (1, 4) ] after it has
been translated 1 unit to the left and 2 units down.
3
Example 2: Find the center and radius of the circle 4 x 2 4 y 2 20 x 16 y 37 0 .
A point of intersection of two graphs is an ordered pair that is a solution point of both
graphs. To find the points analytically, set the two y-values or two x-values equal to each
other and solve the equation.
Example 3: Find the points of intersection (if any) of the graphs of the equations.
4
a) y x , y x ;
b) x 2 y 4, 2 x y 1
5
Graphs of six basic algebraic equations:
6
Section
Lecture s Objective Assignment
slope-intercept, point-slope form of a 1.3: 7, 9, 19, 23, 39, 45,
2 1.3 linear equation 49, 53, 65, 69,
equations of parallel and perpendicular
lines
Understanding Goals:
1. To understand the slope-intercept form of a linear equation and how to use it to
sketch graphs and to write equations of a line.
2. To understand how to find slopes of lines passing through two points.
3. To understand how to find equations of parallel and perpendicular lines.
4. To understand how to use linear equations to model and solve real-life problems.
Slope of a line:
7
Example 2: Find the slope of the line passing through each pair of points.
8
Example 3: Find the equation of the line that has a slope of 2 and passes through the
point (1, 1) .
Summary:
9
Example 4: Write the equations of the lines through the point (6, 4)
(a) parallel to the line 3 x 4 y 7 .
(b) perpendicular to the line 3 x 4 y 7 .
7 3
Example 5: Write the equations of the lines through the point ,
8 4
(a) parallel to the line 5 x 3 y 0
10
(b) perpendicular to the line 5 x 3 y 0 .
11
Section
Lecture s Objectives Assignment
1.4: 1-7 odds, 17-29 odds, 37,
3 1.4 Domains, ranges of functions 39, 41, 47-57 odds
Evaluate functions, inverse
functions
Understanding Goals:
1. To understand the definition of functions and know how to find the domains and
ranges of functions.
2. To be able to determine whether a relation between two variables is a function or
not.
3. To be able to evaluate functions and combine functions to create other functions.
To understand the definition of inverse functions and to find inverse functions
algebraically
a) x y 4
b) x 2 y 2 4
c) x 2 y 4
12
d) x y 2 4
Vertical line test: If every vertical line intersects the graph of an equation at most once,
then the equation defines y as a function of x.
(a) y x 1
1 x, x 1
(b) y
x 1, x 1
A function is one-to-one if to each value of the dependent variable in the range there
corresponds exactly one value of the independent variable.
13
Horizontal line test: If every horizontal line intersects the graph of the function at most
once, then the function is one-to-one.
Note: The graph of a one-to-one function must satisfy both the vertical line test and the
horizontal line test.
(a) f ( x Vx)
f ( x Vx) f ( x)
(b)
Vx
a) f ( g ( x))
b) g ( f ( x ))
14
The graphs of f and f 1 are mirror images of each other with respect to the line
y x.
15
Lecture Sections Objective Assignment
4-5 1.5 Limits of functions 1.5: 3, 5, 13, 15, 17, 19, 23-57 eoo.
Understanding Goals:
1. To understand what limit is.
2. To be able to find limits of functions graphically and numerically.
3. To use the properties of limits to evaluate limits of functions.
4. To use different analytic techniques to evaluate limits of functions.
5. To understand one-sided limits to be able to evaluate it.
6. To be able to recognized unbounded behavior of functions.
Example 1: Find the limits of the following functions both numerically and graphically
as x 1 .
x3 1
a)
x 1
x 3 1 ( x 1)( x 2 x 1) x3 1
Question: We know that , is it true that x2 x 1?
x 1 x 1 x 1
What is the behavior of the graph of this function near x 1?
16
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999 1 1.0001 1.001 1.01 1.1
2.970
f(x) 2.71 1 2.997 2.997001 ? 3.0003 3.003 3.0301 3.31
| x 1|
b) f ( x )
x 1
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999 1 1.0001 1.001 1.01 1.1
f(x)
17
x2 1
c) f ( x)
x 1
18
19
Example 2: Find the following limits:
x2 1
(b) lim
x 1 x 1
x 1 1
(c) lim
x 0 x
(d) lim
2 h
2
4
h 0 h
x2 5x 4
(e) xlim
4 x 2 3x 4
x 1
(f) lim
x 1 x x
20
One-sided limits: xlim f ( x) L Limit from the right
c
Example 3: Find the limit as x 0 from the left and the limit as x 0 from the right
x
for the function f ( x) .
x
21
Example 4: Find the limit of f ( x ) as x 1 .
4 x, x 1
f ( x)
4x x , x 1
2
1
Example5: Find the limit (if possible) lim .
x 1 x 1
5
Example 6: Find the limit (if possible) lim .
x 2 x 2
22
Example7: Given the following graph,
23
Lecture Sections Objective Assignment
6 1.6 Continuity of functions 1.6: 1-37 eoo. 39, 43, 45, 53,55
Understanding Goals:
24
Example 1: Discuss the continuity of each function:
(a) f ( x) x 2 2 x 3
1
(b) f ( x)
x
1
(c) f ( x)
x 1
2
25
removable
Two types of discontinuity gap
nonremovable infinity
26
Example 2: Discuss the continuity of each function:
(a) f ( x) 2 x
5 x 1 x 2
(b) g ( x)
x 1 2 x3
2
x2 if x 1
(c) f ( x)
x
2
if x 1
27
2x 1
Example 3: Determine where the function f ( x) is discontinuous.
x 2 x 15
2
28
Lecture Sections Objectives Assignment
Tangent line, limit
definition of derivative 2.1: 5, 9, 15-47 eoo.
6 2.1 Differentiability and 49-55 odds, 68-71
continuity
Understanding Goals:
For a line, the slope (rate of change) is the same at every point on
the line. How about for graphs other than lines?
29
The tangent line to the graph of a function at a point is the line that
best approximates the graph at that point. How do we define a
tangent line then?
30
Example 2: Find the slope of the graph of f ( x) 3x 1 .
31
dy y f ( x Vx) f ( x )
Notation: lim lim f '( x )
dx Vx 0 x Vx 0 x
32
Example 4: Find the derivative of f ( x) 2 x 2 x 1 .
differentiability continuity ?
continuity differentiability ?
33
34
Lecture Sections Objectives Assignment
2.2: 3, 5, 9, 13-53 eoo.
Some Rules for 55, 57
7 2.2 Differentiation
Understanding Goals:
1. To understand how to use the Constant, Power, Constant Multiple, Sum and
Difference Rules to find the derivatives of functions.
2. To understand how to use derivative to solve real-life problems.
d
(a) 2 (b) f ( x) 0 , f '( x )
dx
dy 1
(c) y 1, (d) f (t ) , f '(t )
dx 2
35
1
(a) f ( x) x 5 , f '( x ) (b) f ( x) , f '( x )
x5
dy dA
(c) y t, (d) A x2 ,
dt dx
(a) y 33 x
36
3x 2
(b) f ( x)
4
1
(c) y
3x 2
1
(d) y
(3 x) 2
37
Lecture Sections Objective Assignment
38
2.3: 3-9 odds, 13, 15,
8 2.3 Rates of Change 19, 21, 27, 33(c. d. e)
Understanding Goals:
1. To understand the difference between average rates of change and instantaneous
rates of change.
2. To understand how to find the average rates of change of functions over intervals.
3. To understand how to find the instantaneous rates of change of functions at points.
4. To understand how to find the marginal revenues, costs and profits for products.
39
Example 1: The concentration C (in milligrams per milliliter) of a drug in a patient’s
blood stream is monitored over 10-minute intervals, where t is measured in minutes, as
shown in the table. Find the average rate of change over each interval.
(a) [0, 10] (b) [20, 50] (c) [60, 80]
t 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
C 0 3 11 35 71 89 111 103 73
The average velocity is the average change in a function over a given time interval. If we
let s (t ) represent the position of a particle at time t, then the average velocity over the
time interval t1 , t2 is calculated as:
s s(t2 ) s (t1 )
Average velocity =
t t2 t1
s s(t ) s (t1 )
Instantaneous velocity = lim lim 2
t 0 t t 0 t2 t1
40
Example 2: A man standing on a platform that is 200 meters above the ground drops a
baseball. Let s (t ) 4.9t 2 200 be the Law of Motion for the path of the baseball.
(a) Sketch the function by plotting the points at t 0, 2,3, 4 , and 6 seconds.
t 0 2 3 4 6
s
(b) Find the average velocity between 2 and 3 seconds, and between 3 and 4 seconds.
41
(d) Find the average velocity between t and t h seconds.
The general position function for a free-falling object, neglecting air resistance is
h 16t 2 v0t h0
h : height (in feet)
t : time (in seconds)
where
v0 : initial velocity (in feet per second)
h0 : initial height (in feet)
Example 3: At time t 0 , a diver jumps from a diving board that is 32 feet high. Because
the diver’s initial velocity is 16 feet per seconds, his position function is
h 16t 2 16t 32 .
(a) When is the diver hit the water?
(b) What is the diver’s velocity at impact?
42
4 3
Example 4: Find the instantaneous rate of change of V r r and A r r
2
Example 6: The revenue (in dollars) from renting x apartments can be modeled by
43
R 2 x (900 32 x x 2 )
(a) Find the additional revenue when the number of rentals is increased from 14 to
15.
Example 7: The position of an object at any time t (in hours) is given by,
s t 2t 3 21t 2 60t 10
Determine when the object is moving to the right and when the object is moving to the
left.
44
45
Lecture Sections Objectives Assignment
9 2.4 The Product and Quotient Rule 2.4: 1-37 eoo. 39, 43, 45,47
Understanding Goals:
1. To understand how to use the Product Rule and Quotient Rule to find the
derivatives of functions.
2. To be able to simplify derivatives.
3. To understand the meaning of derivative and use it to answer questions about real-
life situations.
d
Note: f ( x) g ( x) f '( x) g '( x)
dx
(a) y ( x 2 2)( x 5)
1
(b) f ( x) 1( x 1)
x
46
1
(c) y ( x 3 x)
5
2
x
d f ( x) f '( x)
Note:
dx g ( x) g '( x )
x 1
(a) y
2x 3
1
3
(b) x
f ( x)
x5
47
3(3 x 2 x 2 )
(c) y
7x
x5
Example 3: Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of g ( x) ( x 2)
x 1
when x 0 .
Example 4: As blood moves from the heart through the major arteries out to the
capillaries and back through the veins, the systolic pressure continuously drops. Consider
a person whose blood pressure P (in millimeters of mercury) is given by
25t 2 125
P , 0 t 10
t2 1
where t is measured in seconds. At what rate is the blood pressure changing 5 seconds
after blood leaves the heart?
48
Example 5: It is possible for one medication to reduce the effectiveness of other
medicines taken simultaneously. If a patient taking an antibiotic also takes a kaolin-pectin
medication for diarrhea, the antibiotic adsorbs to the surface of the kaolin particles and
passes out of the body. The amount of antibiotic available to the body is reduced.
Suppose the adsorption coefficient for the amount of antibiotic adsorbed to the kaolin
16C
particles is given by: A(C ) where C represents the resulting concentration of
k 2C
antibiotic in the blood plasma (mg/dL), A represents the adsorption coefficient of
antibiotic (mg of antibiotic/g of kaolin-pectin mixture), and k is a constant. Find an
equation that represents the rate of change of the adsorption coefficient.
49
Lecture Sections Objectives Assignment
2.5: 1-39 eoo. 45-63 eoo. 67,
10 2.5 The Chain Rule 69, 73
Understanding Goals:
1. To understand where the Chain Rule is used and to find derivatives using it.
2. To understand how to use the General Power Rule to find derivatives.
3. To be able to write derivatives in simplified form.
4. To understand the application of derivatives in real-life situations.
5. To understand how to use the differentiation rules to differentiate algebraic
functions.
1
(a) y (b) y x 2 2 x 5
x 1
Example 2: Find the derivative of y respect to x and simplify your result, where
y u 1 u , u x2 .
50
5
Example 3: Find the derivative of y x 3 x 2 1 .
4
Example 4: Find the derivative of y 3 x 2 x 2 .
51
2
3x 1
Example 5: Find the derivative of f ( x ) .
x 3
2
x 2
Example 6: Find the derivative of h x using
x 2
(a) the Quotient Rule and (b) the Chain Rule respectively.
52
53
54
Lecture Sections Objectives Assignment
11 2.6 Higher-Order Derivatives 2.6: 1-39 eoo. 43, 47, 51-57
Understanding Goals:
dy d
First derivative: y ', f '( x ), , f ( x) , Dx y
dx dx
d2y d2
Second derivative: y ", f "( x), , f ( x) , Dx 2 y
dx 2 dx 2
d3y d3
Third derivative: y '", f '"( x), , f ( x) , Dx 3 y
dx3 dx 3
d4y d4
Fourth derivative: y (4) , f (4) ( x), , f ( x) , Dx 4 y
dx 4 dx 4
.
.
.
dny dn
nth derivative: y (n) , f ( n ) ( x ), , f ( x) , Dx n y
dx n dx n
function.
55
1
Example 2: Find the value of f (4) (2) if f ( x) .
x
56
differentiate differentiate
Position function s(t ) Velocity function v(t ) Acceleration function a(t )
ds d 2s
s (t ) v (t ) v '(t ) a(t )
dt dt 2
Example 3: A ball is thrown into the air from the top of a 160-foot cliff. The initial
velocity of the ball is 48 feet per second, which implies that the position function is
s 16t 2 48t 160
where the time t is measured in seconds. Find the height, the velocity, and the
acceleration of the ball when t 3.
57
Example 4: Find the second order derivative of f x | x 4 | .
2
58
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
12 2.7 Implicit Differentiation 2.7: 1-39 eoo.
Understanding Goals:
1. Understand the difference between explicit form and implicit form of functions.
2. Understand how to find derivatives explicitly.
3. Understand how to find derivatives implicitly.
4. Understand how to use implicit differentiation to answer questions about real-life
situation
The process that we used in the second solution to the previous example is called implicit
differentiation. In the previous example we were able to just solve for y and avoid
implicit differentiation. However, that won’t always be the case. For example it is
difficult to express y as a function of x explicitly if x 3 y 3 2 y 1 .
(a) 3x 2
(b) 2 y 3
(c) x + 2 y
(d) xy 2
59
Example 3: Use implicit differentiation to find y ' :
(a) x 2 y 2 1
(b) x 2 xy y 5 3
60
(c) x 1 y 3 2 xy
5 2
(d) x 6 y 3 2
61
Example 4: Find the tangent line to the graph given by x 2 ( x 2 y 2 ) y 2 at the point
2 2
,
.
2 2
62
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
13 2.8 Related Rates 2.8: 1-19 odds, 23
Understanding Goals:
Related rates: the rates of two of more related variables that are changing with respect to
time.
Related rates problems: Find and solve a relation between different rates of changes.
63
Example 1: A pebble is dropped into a calm pond, causing ripples in the form of
concentric circles. The radius r of the outer ripple is increasing at a constant rate of 1
ft/second. When the radius is 4 feet, at what rate is the total area A of the disturbed water
changing?
64
Example 2: Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon at a rate of 4.5 ft 3 / min . Find the
rate of change of radius when the radius is 2 feet.
Example 3: A conical tank (with vertex down) is 10 feet across the top and 12 feet deep.
If water is flowing into the tank at a rate of 10 ft 3 / min , find the rate of change of the
depth of water when the water is 8 feet deep.
65
Example 4: A tumor is modeled as being roughly spherical, with radius R. If the radius of
the tumor is currently R = 0.54 cm and is increasing at the rate of 0.13 cm per month,
4 R 3
what is the corresponding rate of change of the volume V ?
3
Example 5: A boat is pulled by a winch on a dock, and the winch is 12 feet above the
deck of the boat. The winch pulls the rope at a rate of 4 feet per second. Find the speed of
the boat when 13 feet of rope is out. What happens to the speed of the boat as it gets
closer and closer to the dock?
66
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
14 3.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 3.1: 3, 7, 9-33 odd, 37
Understanding Goals:
1. Understand the definition of increasing and decreasing functions and know how
to test it.
2. Understand what critical number(s) of a function is and know how to find it.
3. Understand how to use critical number(s) to find the open intervals on which a
function is increasing or decreasing.
4. Understand how to use increasing and decreasing functions to model and solve
real-life problems.
67
b g
Example 1: Show that the function f ( x ) x 4 is decreasing on the open interval ,0
bg
and increasing on the open interval 0, .
68
3 2
Example 2: Find the open intervals on which f ( x ) x
3
x is increasing or decreasing.
2
Interval
Test Value
Sign of f'(x)
Conclusion
69
x4 1
Example 3: Find the open intervals on which the function f ( x ) is increasing or
x2
decreasing.
Example 4: Find the critical numbers and the open intervals on which the function
1
f ( x ) x 4 2 x 2 is increasing or decreasing.
4
70
Example 5: Find the critical numbers and the open intervals on which the function
x 3 1, x0
y is increasing or decreasing.
x 2 x, x 0
2
Interval
Test Value
Sign of f'(x)
Conclusion
71
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
15 3.2 Extrema and the First-Derivative Test 3.2: 1, 5-11 odd, 19-29 odd, 35, 39
Understanding Goals:
A function has a relative extremum at points where the function changes from increasing
to decreasing or vice versa.
72
For a continuous function, the relative extrema must occur at critical numbers of the
function.
73
74
Example 1: Find all relative extrema of the function f ( x ) 2 x 3 3x 2 36 x 14 .
Interval
Test Value
Sign of f'(x)
Conclusion
2
Example 2: Find all relative extrema of the function f ( x ) 2 x 3x 3 .
75
76
t2
Example 3: Find the minimum and maximum values of g (t ) 2 on the interval
t 3
1,1 .
77
Example 4: Coughing force the trachea (windpipe) to contract, which affects the velocity
v of the air passing through the trachea. The velocity of the air during coughing is
v k ( R r )r 2 , 0r R
where k is constant, R is the normal radius of the trachea, and r is the radius during
coughing. What radius will produce the maximum air velocity?
Example 5: Poiseuille’s Law asserts that the speed of blood that is r centimeters from the
central axis of an artery of radius R is S (r ) c R r , where c is a positive constant.
2 2
78
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
16 3.3 Concavity and The Second-derivative Test 3.3: 1, 7, 9-17 odd, 23-33 odd, 47, 65
Understanding Goals:
79
1
Example 1: Determine the open intervals on which the graph of f ( x) is concave
x 1
2
upward or downward.
80
Interval
Test Value
Sign of f''(x)
Conclusion
x2 1
Example 2: Determine the open intervals on which the graph of f ( x) is concave
x2 4
upward or downward.
81
Example 3: Determine the points of inflection and discuss the concavity of the graph of
f ( x) x 3 ( x 4) .
82
Question: Are all points where the second derivative is zero points of inflection?
83
Example 6: Find the relative extrema of f ( x) 3 x 5 5 x 3 .
84
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
17 3.4 Optimization Problems 3.4: 1-23 odd, 27, 33
Understanding Goals:
Example 1: Find two numbers whose difference is 100 and whose product is a minimum.
85
Example 2: We need to enclose a field with a fence. We have 500 feet of fencing
material and a building is on one side of the field and so won’t need any fencing.
Determine the dimensions of the field that will enclose the largest area.
86
Example 3: We are going to construct a box whose base length is 3 times the base width.
The material used to build the top and bottom cost $10/ ft 2 and the material used to build
the sides cost $6/ ft 2 . If the box must have a volume of 50 ft 3 , determine the dimensions
that will minimize the cost to build the box.
87
Example 4: A sheet of cardboard 3 ft. by 4 ft. will be made into a box by cutting equal-
sized squares from each corner and folding up the four edges. What will be the
dimensions of the box with largest volume?
88
Example 5: Determine the point(s) on y x 2 1 that are closest to (0, 2).
89
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
18 3.6 Asymptotes 3.6: 1-35 eoo, 39, 41, 53, 61, 63
Understanding Goals:
1. Understand how vertical asymptotes of functions are defined and know how to
find them and find infinite limits.
2. Understand how horizontal asymptotes of functions are defined and know how to
find them and find limits at infinity.
3. Understand how to use asymptotes to answer real-life situations.
1 1
a) lim lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
1 1
b) lim lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
1 1
c) xlim lim
1 ( x 1) 2 x 1 ( x 1) 2
90
1 1
d) xlim lim
1 ( x 1) 2 x 1 ( x 1) 2
x 1
a) f ( x )
x2 x
x2 4x 5
b) f ( x )
x2 1
91
1 1
Recall that lim r
0, r 0 and lim r 0, r 0
x x x x
1
a) lim 2 2
x
x
1
b) xlim 5 3
x
92
Example 4: Find the horizontal asymptote of the graph of each function:
5 x 7
a) y
4x2 3
5 x 2 7
b) y
4 x2 3
5 x 3 7
c) y
4x2 3
93
Example 5: Find vertical and horizontal asymptotes of following functions:
x2 5x 6
a) g x
x2 9
9 x6 x
b) f x
x3 1
ttt
x 3
Example 6: Sketch the graph of the equation y . Use intercepts, extrema, and
x2
asymptotes as sketching aids.
94
95
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
19 3.7 Summary of Curve Sketching 3.7: 1, 5, 7, 9, 13, 19, 33, 37, 43-51 odd
Understanding Goals:
So far, we have studied several concepts that are useful in analyzing the graph of a
function.
x-intercept and y-intercept
Symmetry
Domain and range
Continuity
Vertical asymptotes
Differentiability
Relative extrema
Concavity
Points of inflection
Horizontal asymptotes
96
Summary of Simple Polynomial Graphs
97
Example 1: Analyze and sketch the graph of f ( x) x 3 3x 2 9 x 5 .
Symmetry
x-intercept
y-intercept
Vertical asymptotes
Horizontal asymptotes
First order derivative
Second order derivative
Relative extrema ;;
points of inflection
Test intervals
98
2x2 5x 5
Example 2: Analyze and sketch the graph of f ( x) .
x2
Symmetry
x-intercept
y-intercept
Vertical asymptotes
Horizontal asymptotes
First order derivative
Second order derivative
Relative extrema
points of inflection
Test intervals
99
100
2( x 2 9)
` Example 3: Analyze and sketch the graph of f ( x) .
x2 4
Symmetry
x-intercept
y-intercept
Vertical asymptotes
Horizontal asymptotes
First order derivative
Second order derivative
Relative extrema
points of inflection
Test intervals
101
5 4
Example 4: Analyze and sketch the graph of f ( x) 2 x 3 5 x 3 .
Symmetry
x-intercept
y-intercept
Vertical asymptotes
Horizontal asymptotes
First order derivative
Second order derivative
Relative extrema
points of inflection
Test intervals
102
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
20 3.8 Differentials and Marginal Analysis 3.8: 1-15 odd, 21, 23, 26, 42
Understanding Goals:
103
Example 1: Let y x 2 . Find dy when x 1 and dx 0.01 . Compare this value with y
for x 1 and x 0.01 .
104
Example 2: A state game commission introduces 50 deer into newly acquired state game
10(5 3t )
lands. The population N of the herd can be modeled by N where t is the
1 0.04t
time in years. Use differentials to approximate the change in the herd size from t 5 to
t 6.
105
Example 3: Find the differential dy of the given functions.
a) y x 2
2
b) y 3x 3
c) y x x 1
1
d) y x
x
e) y x 2 1
106
f ( x x) f ( x) y
Example 4: The radius of a ball bearing is measured to be 0.7 inch. If the measurement
is correct to within 0.01 inch, estimate the propagated error in the volume V of the ball
bearing.
107
Example 5: Use differentials to approximate 3
26 .
108
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
Exponential Functions 4.1: 1-33 eoo, 35, 39, 41b
Natural Exponential Functions 4.2: 1-21 eoo, 39-45 odd
21 4.1-4.3 Derivatives of Exponential Functions 4.3: 1-29 eoo, 39, 41
Understanding Goals:
1. Understand the properties of exponents and know how to use it to evaluate and
simplify exponential expressions.rl
2. To be able to sketch the graphs of exponential functions.
3. Understand how to evaluate and graph functions involving the natural exponential
function.
4. To be able to solve compound interest and present value problems.
5. To be able to differentiate natural exponential functions.
6. Understand how to use calculus to analyze the graphs of functions that involve the
natural exponential function.
7. Explore the normal probability density function.
109
Example 1: After t years, the initial mass of 16 grams of a radioactive element whose
t
2
a) How much of the initial mass remains after 50 years?
110
Example 2: A bacterial culture is growing according to the logistic growth model
1.25
y , t0
1 0.25e 0.4t
Where y is the culture weight (in grams) and t is the time (in hours). Find the weight of
the culture after 0 hours, 1 hour, and 10 hours. What is the limit of the model as t
increases without bound?
111
Example 3: How much should be deposited in an account paying 7.8% interest
compounded monthly in order to have a balance of $21,154.03 fours years from now?
112
Example 4: The demand function for a product is modeled by
3
p 10, 000 1 0.001 x
3 xe
Find the price of product if the quantity demanded is (a) x 1000 units and
(b) x 1500 units. What is the limit of the price as x increases without bound?
Example 5: Find the slope of the tangent lines to f ( x) e x at the point (0,1) and (1, e) .
113
Example 6: Differentiate each function.
(a) f ( x) e5 x
2
(b) f ( x) e 2 x
3
(c) f ( x) 6e x
(d) f ( x) e x
(e) f ( x) xe x
ex
(f) f ( x)
x
(g) f ( x) xe x e x
e x e x
(h) f ( x)
2
114
Example 7: Show that the graph of the normal probability density function
2
1 2x
f ( x) e
2
has points of inflection at x 1 .
115
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
Logarithmic Function 4.4: 1-17 odd, 21, 23-67 eoo. 71
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions 4.5: 1-57 eoo. 61, 63, 67, 69
22-23 4.4-4.6 Exponential Growth and Decay 4.6: 1-21 odd, 31, 39, 41
Understanding Goals:
116
117
Example 1: Simplify each expression:
a) ln e 2
b) ln e e
c) eln 2 x
2
1)
d) eln( x
118
Example 2: Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite each expression as a sum,
difference or multiple of logarithms. (Assume x > 0 and y > 0)
5
a) ln
4
b) ln x 3 1
xy
c) ln
2
d) ln x ( x 1)
3
Example 3: Use the properties of logarithms to rewrite each expression as the logarithm
of a single quantity. (Assume x > 0 and y > 0)
a) ln 2 x 3ln y
b) 2 ln( x 1) 5ln x
119
Example 4: Solve each equation.
a) e x 2
b) 10 e0.1t 14
c) ln x 2
d) 3 2 ln x 7
120
Example 5: Find the derivative of each function:
a) f ( x ) ln 5 x
b) f ( x ) ln 5 x 4
2
c) f ( x ) x ln x
ln x
d) f ( x )
x
d) f ( x ) ln 3 x 1
e) f ( x ) ln x x 1
2 2
121
ln x
Change-of-base formula: log a x
ln a
a) f ( x ) log 2 5 x
b) f ( x ) 5x
2
c) f ( x ) 5x
122
Example 9: A sample contains 1 gram of radium. How much radium will remain after
1000 years? (The half-life of Radium is 1599 years)
123
Example 10: Find the half-life of a radioactive material if after 1 year 99.57% of the
initial amount remains.
124
Example 11: The effective yield is the annual rate I that will produce the same interest
per year as the nominal rate r compounded n times per year.
a) For a rate r that is compounded continuously, show that the effective yield is
i er 1 .
b) Find the effective yield for a nominal rate of 6%, compounded continuously.
125
Example 12: On the Richter scale, the magnitude R of an earthquake of intensity I is
ln I ln I 0
given by R , where I 0 is the minimum intensity used for comparison.
ln10
Assume I 0 1 .
a) Find the intensity of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake in which R 8.3 .
b) Find the factor by which the intensity is increased when the value of R is doubled.
dR
c) Find .
dt
126
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
5.1: 1-19 odd, 23, 25, 33-41 odd,
24 5.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals 49-61 odd, 71, 75, 77
Understanding Goals:
127
Example 1: Find
a) 5 dx
b) 2 x dx
c) x dx
d) 2 dt
e) dx
128
1
f) x 7
dx
g)
x x dx
h) ( x 1) dx
i) (2 x 5 x x 1) dx
3 2
x 1
j) x
dx
129
Differential equation: an equation involves x, y and derivatives of y.
130
1
Example 2: Find the general solution of f '( x ) , x 0 and find the particular
x2
solution that satisfies the initial condition f (1) 0 .
a) f '( x ) 2 x 3 2 x 3 , f (3) 0
131
Example 4: A ball is thrown upward with an initial velocity of 64 ft/s from an initial
height of 80 feet.
a. Find the position function giving the height s as a function of the time t.
b. When does the ball hit the ground?
132
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
25 5.2 The General Power Rules 5.2: 1-27 odd, 35-47 odd
Understand Goals:
1. Understand how to use the General Power Rule to find indefinite integrals.
2. Understand how to use substitution to find indefinite integrals.
3. Understand how to use the General Power Rule to solve real-life problems.
a) 2(2 x 1) dx
5
b) (3 x 1)( x x ) dx
2 3
c) 2 x x 2 9 dx
133
6 x
d) (1 3x 2 2
)
dx
1
4 x
2
e) dx
2 x
Multiply and divide integrand by a necessary constant multiple based on the Constant
Multiple Rule: kf ( x) dx k f ( x) dx
Example 2: Find
2
x( x 1) dx
2
a)
x (3x 1) 2 dx
3 4
b)
c) 8(3 4 x ) dx
2 2
134
d) 5 x x 2 1 dx
2
3
e) x 4 x dx
2
Change of variables:
Example 3: Find
a) 2 x -1 dx
b) x 2 x -1 dx
135
x(2 x 1) 2 dx in two ways. Explain any
2
Example 4: Find the indefinite integral
difference in the forms of the answers.
136
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
26 5.3 Exponential and Logarithmic Integrals 5.3: 1-27 odd, 39-57 odd
Understanding Goals:
1. Understand how to use the Exponential and Log Rule to find indefinite integrals.
a) 3e dx
x
b) 3e dx
3x
c) (e x ) dx
x
d) e
2 x 1
dx
e) e
3 x 1
dx
137
f) 3xe dx
2
x
g) 4 xe dx
2
x
2
a) x dx
2x
b) x 2
5
dx
3x 2
c) x3 dx
138
2
d) 2 x 1 dx
1
e) 4 x 1 dx
3x
f) x 2
4
dx
4 x 2 3x 2
h) x2 dx
2
i) e x
1
dx
x2 2x 5
j) dx
x 1
139
Example 3: Because of an insufficient oxygen supply, the trout population in a lake is
dying. The population’s rate of change can be modeled by
t
dP
125e 20
dt
where t is the time in days. When t 0 , the population is 2500.
c) According to this model, how long will it take for the entire trout population to die?
140
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
5.4: 1-45 eoo, 53, 57,
27 5.4 Area and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 61-73 odd, 75, 81, 91
Learning Objectives:
We know how to use geometric formulas to find area of simple regions such as
rectangles, triangles and circles. How can we find the area of nonstandard regions such
as the region R shown in the Figure shown below?
141
3
Example 1: Evaluate 4 x dx .
0
Let be a partition of [a, b] with a = x0 < x1 < x2 < ... < xn-1 < xn = b
n
Using this partition, F (b) F (a ) can be rewritten as F (x ) F (x )
i 1
i i 1
By the Mean Value Theorem, there exists a number in each subinterval (call it
F ( xi ) F ( xi 1 )
ci) such that F '(ci )
xi xi 1
Because F' is f, F '(ci ) f (ci ) . We let xi = xi - xi-1, which means we can rewrite
n
the sum, above, as F (b) F (a ) f (ci )xi
i 1
142
b
Note: The definite integral do not necessarily represent areas and can be negative, zero,
or positive.
143
Example 2: Find the area of the region bounded by the x-axis and the graph of
f ( x) x 2 1 , 2 x 3 .
a) e dx
3x
144
5
1
b) dx
2
x
c) 3 x dx
1
d)
1
2 x 1 dx
145
Example 4: The velocity v of blood at a distance r from the center of an artery of radius
R can be modeled by v k ( R 2 r 2 ) where k is a constant. Find the average velocity
along a radius of the artery. (Use 0 and R as the limits of integration.)
146
Example 5: Evaluate each definite integral
x
4
a) dx
1
x
5
b) dx
2
Example 6: You deposit $2000 each year for 15 years in an individual retirement account
(IRA) paying 10% interest. How much will you have in your IRA after 15 years?
147
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
5.5: 1-7 odd, 15-29 odd,
28 5.5 The Area of a region Bounded by Two Graphs 35, 37 , 51
Learning Objectives:
148
The Area between Curves
b b
A f ( x ) g ( x) dx or A [ upper function lower function ] dx, a xb
a a
Case II: The area between two continuous functions x f y and x g y on the
interval [c, d] with f y g y
d d
A [ f y g y ] dy or A [ right function left function ] dy , c yd
c c
b
signs of f and g.
149
Guidelines:
2
Example 1: Find the area bounded by y xe x , y 2 x 1, x 2, and the y -axis.
150
Example 2: Determine the area of the region enclosed by f x x 2 , g x x
151
Example 3: Determine the area of the region bounded by
y 2 x 2 10, y 4 x 16, x 2 and x 5
152
Sometimes it is easier to integrate with respect to y than with respect to x to find the area
between two curves.
153
Example 5: An epidemic was spreading such that t weeks after its outbreak it had
infected N1 (t ) 0.1t 0.5t 150 , 0 t 50 people. Twenty-five weeks after the
2
outbreak, a vaccine was developed and administered to the public. At that point, the
number of people infected was governed by the model N 2 (t ) 0.2t 6t 200 .
2
Approximate the number of people that the vaccine prevented from becoming ill during
the epidemic.
154
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
The Definite Integral as the Limit of a Sum
29 5.6 – the Midpoint Rule 5.6: 1-12 odd, 17-25 odd
Learning Objective:
1. Use the Midpoint Rule to approximate definite integrals.
Sometimes you cannot use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to evaluate a definite
integral unless you can find an antiderivative of the integrand. For example,
x 1 x dx , 1 x3 dx . In those cases, you can approximate the value of the
3
integral using some approximation techniques, like Midpoint Rule, Trapezoidal Rule and
Simpson’s Rule.
Example 1: Use five rectangles to approximate the area of the region bounded by the
graph of f ( x) x 2 5 , the x-axis, and the lines x 0 and x 2 .
155
Note: as n increases, the approximation tends to improve.
Example 2: Use the Midpoint Rule with n 4 to approximate the area of the region
bounded by the graph of f and the x-axis over the interval.
f ( x) 2 x x 3 , 0, 1
156
Example 3: Use the Midpoint Rule with n 4 to approximate the area of the region.
Compare your result with the exact area obtained with a definite integral.
f ( y ) 4 y y 2 , 0, 4
157
The midpoint approximation becomes better and better as n increases. In fact, the limit of
this sum as n approaches infinity is exactly equal to the definite integral on the closed
interval a, b .
158
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
30 6.5 The Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s Rule 6.5: 1-12 odd, 17-25 odd
Learning Objectives:
1. Use the Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s Rule to approximate definite integrals.
2. Understand how to analyze the sizes of the errors when approximating definite
integrals with the Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson’s Rule.
In this section, we will develop two methods for estimating f x dx by thinking of the
a
integral as an area problem and using known shapes to estimate the area under the curve.
ba
We will break up the interval [a, b] into n subintervals of width Vx , where Vx .
n
Then on each subinterval we will approximate the function with a straight line that is
equal to the function values at either endpoint of the interval. Here is a sketch of this case
for n 4 . Each of these objects is a trapezoid and the area of the trapezoid in the interval
Vx
[ xi 1, xi ] is given by Ai f xi 1 f xi
2
159
b
Vx Vx Vx
f ( x)dx f ( x0 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( xn 1 ) f ( xn )
a
2 2 2
Upon doing a little simplification we arrive at the general Trapezoid Rule.
b
Vx
a f ( x)dx 2 [ f ( x0 ) 2 f ( x1 ) 2 f ( x2 ) 2 f ( xn1 ) f ( xn )]
ba
where Vx and xi a i Vx
n
Note that all the function evaluations, with the exception of the first and last, are
multiplied by 2.
160
In the Trapezoid Rule we approximated the curve with a straight line. For Simpson’s
Rule we are going to approximate the function with a quadratic and we’re going to
require that the quadratic agree with three of the points from our subintervals. Below is a
sketch of this using n 6 . Each of the approximations is colored differently so we can
see how they actually work.
161
Notice that each approximation actually covers two of the subintervals. This is the
reason for requiring n to be even. It can be shown that the area under the approximation
on the intervals [ xi 1, xi ] and [ xi , xi 1 ] is,
x
Ai
3
f xi 1 4 f xi f xi 1
If we use n subintervals the integral is then approximately,
b
Vx Vx
a f ( x)dx 3 f ( x0 ) 4 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) 3 f ( x2 ) 4 f ( x3 ) f ( x4 )
Vx
L f ( xn2 ) 4 f ( xn 1 ) f ( xn )
3
b
Vx
f ( x)dx
a
3
[ f ( x0 ) 4 f ( x1 ) 2 f ( x2 ) 4 f ( x3 ) 2 f ( xn 2 ) 4 f ( xn 1 ) f ( xn )]
ba
where n is even and Vx
n
Note that all the function evaluations at points with odd subscripts are multiplied by 4
and all the function evaluations at points with even subscripts (except for the first and
last) are multiplied by 2.
162
Example 1: Using n 4 and all three rules to approximate the value of the following
integral.
2
e
x2
dx
0
e
x2
dx =16.45262776
0
2
1 0.252
e
x2 2 2 2
b. Midpoint Rule: dx e e0.75 e1.25 e1.75
0
2
2
1/ 2 02
c. Trapezoid Rule: e dx
2 2 2 2 2
x
e 2e0.5 2e1 2e1.5 e 2
0
2
2
1/ 2 02
d. Simpson’s Rule: e dx
2 2 2 2 2
x
e 4e0.5 2e1 4e1.5 e 2
0
3
163
None of the estimations in the previous example are all that good. The best
approximation in this case is from the Simpson’s Rule and yet it’s still had an error of
almost 1. To get a better estimation we would need to use a larger n. So, for completeness
sake here are the estimates for some larger value of n.
Example 2: Cardiac output, the volume of blood pumped by a person’s heart over an
interval of time can be measured by injecting dye into a vein near the heart. Cardiac
Rt
F t
output can be measured by the quantity . F(L/min) represents the cardiac
C (t )dt
0
output(flow rate), R(mg/s) is the constant rate at which the dye is injected into the vein,
and C(t) (mg/dL) is the concentration of the dye in the bloodstream at time t(sec).
a. Use the following data and the trapezoidal rule to estimate area under the
concentration curve of the 30 second measurement period.
Time (sec) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
C(mg/dl) 0 10 36 35 15 13 8
164
b. Use Simpson’s rule to estimate area under the concentration curve of the 30
second measurement period.
c. If the flow at 30 seconds is 5L/min, find R. Use the estimate for area under the
concentration curve determined by Simpson’s Rule.
Example 3: Clearance measures the volume of blood that flows through an organ of
elimination per unit time from which all drug is extracted. Clearance can be determined
by dividing the dosage of a drug by the area under the concentration curve (IV).
dose
Cl
C (t )dt
a. Find the clearance for a 50 mg dosage of a drug using the following times and
respective concentrations.
Time(hr) 1 1. 2 2. 3
5 5
C(mg/dl) 1. 1. 1. 1.
8 5 2 2 1.1
165
b. Find the clearance for a 35 mg dosage of a drug using the following times and
respective concentrations.
Time(hr) 0.5 1. 1. 2. 2.5
0 5 0
C( g/L) 12 76 42
0 25 15
166
Read Example 3 on page 432.
167
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
6.1: 1-45 eoo, 55, 57,
31 6.1 Integration by Substitution 64
Learning Objectives:
1. Use the basic integration formulas and substitution to find indefinite integrals and
evaluate definite integrals.
2. Understand how to use integration to solve real-life problems.
168
x
Example 1: Use the substitution u x 1 to find the indefinite integral ( x 1) 2
dx .
e5 x
Example 2: Find 1 e5 x dx .
169
Example 3: Find the indefinite integral x x 5 dx .
5
x
Example 4: Evaluate
1 2x 1
dx .
170
Example 5: The probability of recall in an experiment is modeled by
b
15
P (a x b) x 1 x dx , where x is the percent of recall. What is the probability of
a
4
recalling between 40% and 80%?
171
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
6.3: 1-43 eoo, 55, 56, 57,
Learning Objectives:
Case 1: The numerator is the derivative of the denominator or a constant multiple of the
derivative of the denominator,
2x 1 1
x 2
x6
dx u x 2 x 6 du ln | x 2 x 6 | c
u
Case 2: The numerator is not the derivative of the denominator and it is not a constant
multiple of the derivative of the denominator. How do we evaluate it?
3 x 11
x 2
x6
dx
If we notice that
3x 11 4 1
x x 6 x 3 x 2
2
172
3 x 11
Example 1: Write the partial fraction decomposition for x
2
x6
dx and evaluate it.
173
5 x 2 20 x 6
Example 2: Find x3 2 x 2 x dx .
174
x 4 5 x 3 6 x 2 18
Example 3: Find x3 3x 2
dx .
175
176
Deriving the Logistic Growth Function
dy
Example 4: Solve the equation ky (1 y ) . Assume y 0 and 1 y 0 .
dt
177
Example 5: On a college campus, 50 students return from semester break with a
dN 100e 0.1t
contagious flu virus. The virus has a history of spreading at a rate of dt
1 4e0.1t
2
(a) Find the model giving the number of students infected with the virus in terms of
the number of days since returning from semester break.
(b) If nothing is done to stop the virus from spreading, will the virus spread to infect
half the student population of 1000 students? Explain your answer.
178
Lecture Section Objectives Assignment
7.3: 1-13 eoo, 15
7.4: 1-27 eoo, 29, 35, 39,
Functions of Several Variables
35-36 7.3-7.4 Partial Derivatives 43, 45, 55, 57, 63
Understanding Goals:
Many quantities in science, business, and technology are functions of several variables.
179
2x2 z
b) For f ( x, y, z ) , find f ( 3, 2,1) .
y3
z z
Example 3: Find and for z 2 x 2 4 x 2 y 3 y 4 .
x y
180
2
Example 4: Find the first partial derivative of f ( x, y ) xe x y and evaluate each at the
point (1, ln 2) .
181
Graphical Interpretation of Partial Derivatives:
182
Example 6: Find the three partial derivatives of the function w xe xy 2 z .
183
2 z z z 2 z
2 2
Example 7: Find the second partial derivatives , , , and of
x 2 y y x xy
2
z xe y ye x .
184
Lecture Section Objective Assignment
34 None Zero Order Differential Equations Attached
Zero-order Process
185
Example 2. Sketch the linear function A and the rate equation.
186
Example 4. The eliminating rate of alcohol by humans is constant at 0.02/hr.
a. If the initial percent blood alcohol is 0.162, write the equation that can be used
to determine the amount of alcohol at any hour after ingestion (solve the rate
equation for A).
b. The legal blood alcohol limit in many states is 0.08. At what time is the
percent alcohol 0.08?
187
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Suppose the absorption rate by some organism of a chemical is constant at 0.12/h.
a. If the initial concentration in the blood is 0.02 mg/dL, find the equation that can
188
Lecture Section Objective Assignment
34 None First Order Differential Finish the problems on this
Equations worksheet
First-order Process
kt
• Modeled by a exponential function A A0 e , where k is the rate constant.
dA
Rate of change for a decreasing 1st order process is : kA1
dt
dA
Rate of change for a increasing 1st order process is : kA1
dt
189
2. Sketch the exponential function and the rate equation.
190
4. The rate of a chemical reaction at any time (s) during the reaction is given by
dA
1.3 103 A
dt
a. If the initial concentration of the reactant was 1.2 M, find the function A.
191
5. The rate of change of the concentration of cyclosporine in the blood plasma t
minutes after an intravenous dose is given by
dC
9.2 104 C
dt
a. Determine the concentration function if the initial concentration is 0.1
mg/dL. What is the concentration after 1 hour?
192
6. A certain industrial machine depreciates so that its value after t years becomes
Q(t ) 20, 000e 0.4t dollars. (Courtesy of Applied Calculus, Hoffman, L.)
a. What is the rate equation for the value of the machine?
193
Lecture Section Objective Assignment
34 None Second Order Differential Equations
Second-order Process
1
A
Modeled by a rectangular hyperbolic function 1 , where k is the rate
kt
A0
constant.
dA
Rate of change for a decreasing 2nd order process is : kA2
dt
dA
Rate of change for a increasing 2nd order process is : kA2
dt
1/[A] = 1/[A]0 + k t
194
3. Determine the half-life formula of A.
195
b. Determine the half-life of HI.
2. The rate of change of the number of bacteria remaining following treatment with
an antibiotic is proportional to the number of bacteria squared.
a. If the initial number of bacteria is 1200, find the equation that can be used
to determine the number of bacteria at any time (hours).
196
b. When will the number of bacteria be half of the initial amount?
197