:

http://www.cepp.iliauni.edu.ge/

2012

I.

Preamble

Particle Physics Timeline

Earliest times - 1550 AD (from Ancient to Arab Science & Bacon, Copernicus)

1550 - 1900 AD: Mechanics & Electrodynamics (from Galilei and Newton to Maxwell and Tompson)

1900 1964 AD: Quantum Theory (from Planck to Heisenberg, Dirac, Feynman, )

1964 - 2010: Standard Model (and beyond) (from Gell-Mann to Glashow, Salam, Weinberg, )

2010 2020: New Physics at LHC

Hydrogen atom
Intersection of Atomic and Particle Physics

Particle Physics
from collective phenomena to individual acts

Electromagnetic force everywhere Strong force Weak force

sm sm
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II. Standard Model of particle physics

Conceptual Background

Space-Time Symetries Relativistic Invariance and 4-Translations

from space and time (3-sphere + clock)

(x2 y 2 z2 r2)

(t)

<< Velocities are combined as v = v + V >>

to spacetime (3+1) hyperboloid (depicted below as the 2+1 one )

(c 2 t 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 s 2 )

and light cones

<< Velocities are combined as

>>

Internal Symmetries Conservation of Charges

Electric Color Weak etc. etc.

Spontaneous Symmetry Violation Non-stability of Starting Internal Symmetries

rotation => symmetry

Mexican hat potential (U= ) describing symmetrical but non-stable system

Theoretical Framework Quantum Field Theory

Particles

Pointlike

10

17

cm
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Particles of matter

Generation 1 Up u Quarks Down d Electron Leptons Neutrino Electron e e

Generation 2 Charm c Strange s Muon Neutrino Muon

Generation 3 Top t Bottom b Tau Neutrin o Tau

Force mediating particles

Weak Force Strong Force

Electromagnetic Force

Photon

W+ W Z
Weak Bosons Gluons

g
a=18

Mass

100 GeV

Elementary forces
Electromagnetic interaction U(1)

Weak interaction SU(2)

Grand Unification

Strong (or Color) interaction SU(3)

(i)

Standard Model of elementary particle physics is a theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions based on the internal local symmetry SU(3)SU(2)U(1) They are unified at energies ~1016 GeV into the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) with one universal constant. Standard Model through the GUT approaches the Plank scale 1019 GeV (strong gravity region!)
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(ii)

(iii)

Higgs boson H

Main bonus product of Standard Model

hypothetical scalar elementary particle giving masses to all other particles through spontaneous symmetry breaking 114 GeV < MH < 135 GeV A Feynman diagram for H production

A simulated event of H production at LHC

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Founding Contributors
Electroweak theory

Quantum Chromodynamics

Fritzsch, Gell-Mann (1972)

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Problems of Standard Model Is new physics knocking on a door?

Identical matter families A new level of elementarity?

Hierarchy problem (lifting all mases to the highest Planck Mass) Supersymmetry?

Too many symmetries Where do they come from and how? Dynamical origin?

Gravitation Is gravity an elementary force as others?

Phenomenology - abnormal weakness of gravity force:
proton electromagnetic constant - e (4 /137) 0.3 G mp / M P 1019 proton gravity constant 1/ 2

Extra Space-Time dimensions?

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III. Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

LHC preaccelerators
P, Pb, PS, SPS

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ATLAS

CMS - experiment

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