PROJECT WORK ON CARBON FOOTPRINTS

MADE BY: BITAN MUKHERJEE-021 TANYA AGGARWAL-02 ANSHIKA AGGARWAL-023 VISHAL GARG-025

AN CHAL SHARMA-022

WHAT IS CARBON FOOT PRINT???

A carbon footprint is the measure of the environmental impact of a particular individual or organization's lifestyle or operation, measured in units of carbon dioxide. A carbon footprint is composed of two parts, a primary and secondary footprint. The primary footprint is the sum of the direct carbon dioxide emissions of burning of fossil fuels, like domestic energy consumption by furnaces and waters heaters, and transportation, like automobiles and airplane travel. The secondary footprint is the sum of indirect emissions associated with the manufacture and breakdown of all products, services and food an individual or business consumes.

What's My Carbon Footprint???

Inevitably, in going about our daily lives commuting, sheltering our families, eating each of us contributes to the greenhouse gas emissions that are causing climate change. et, there are many things each of us, as individuals, can do to reduce our carbon emissions. !he choices "e ma#e in our homes, our travel, the food "e eat, and "hat "e buy and thro" a"ay all influence our carbon footprint and can help ensure a stable climate for future generations.

UC Berkeley researchers devise challenge for lowering carbon footprint

After releasing research that examined household carbon footprints nationwide, two UC Berkeley researchers are encouraging city and suburban residents to measure and make efforts to lower individual carbon emissions. Led by aniel !ammen, a director of the "enewable and Appropriate #nergy Laboratory on campus, the research, which was published in ecember, focuses on accurately evaluating the carbon footprint of homes by approximating emissions from categories such as transportation, energy and food. "esearch findings indicated households in the central cities of large metropolitan areas were found to have smaller carbon footprints on average than suburban households. Additionally, the centers of large metropolitan areas or suburbs had smaller carbon footprints relative to the outskirts of these areas. $n large metropolitan cities, the center tends to be greener because of shorter travel distances, greater access to public transportation and lower household income, said Christopher %ones, lead researcher at the CoolClimate &etwork on campus, who worked with !ammen on the research. 'e added that lower incomes indicated less consumption and smaller homes, translating to a smaller carbon footprint.

(he release of the research comes with a sense of urgency, !ammen said, as greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by )* percent by +*,*, according to the $ntergovernmental -anel on Climate Change. .(o do this, entirely new methods and tools will be needed to examine the carbon emissions impacts of our current and future potential lifestyles,/ !ammen said in an email. .(he fact that this new paper has been getting over 0**,*** maps views per day attests to the interest we are seeing in the sort of analysis and data./ (he researchers compiled their data on the CoolClimate &etwork website, which also allows users to approximate their household carbon footprints. Another element of the research is the launch of the CoolCalifornia Challenge, a statewide competition that allows cities and their residents to compete for the title of .Coolest City in California./ (he competition is headed by the researchers and offers a pri1e to the city with the most residents actively reducing their household carbon emissions over a year. 2tarting 3onday, city managers can nominate their cities for the challenge by sending a letter of intent to UC Berkeley. According to (imothy Burroughs, climate action coordinator for the city of Berkeley, the CoolCalifornia Challenge is similar to the city4s existing Climate Action Coalition, which produced anaction plan in +**) dedicated to energy reduction by promoting transportation alternatives for automobiles. Because the plan is already consistent with the efforts of the competition, Burroughs said Berkeley would not participate in the challenge. .(he CoolCalifornia Challenge is an exciting program because it4s designed to mobili1e action at the community level,/ Burroughs said. .Berkeley and many other communities have ambitious targets, which will need a significant amount of community engagement./

Lydia Tuan covers research and ideas. Contact her at ltuan@dailycal.org and follow her on Twitter@@tuanlydia.

How do carbon emissions affect the environment?

Planet Green
Carbon emissions, most notably carbon dioxide (CO2), are part of a collection of gases that negatively influence the quality of our air and increase the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases have a direct influence on the environment, causing extreme eather changes, a global temperature increase, the loss of ecosystems and potentially ha!ardous health effects for people. "ome have sought ays to regulate carbon emissions through federal government mandates. #here are t o prevailing schools of thought regarding governmental control of carbon emissions. #he first, a carbon tax, is exactly hat it sounds li$e %% taxing companies directly, based on the amount of carbon they put into the atmosphere. #he goal of a carbon tax ould be to convince businesses and other organi!ations to reduce their total emissions. #he second governmental control approach that has been under study in recent years is referred to as cap%and%trade legislation. &n this system, the government sets a 'cap' on the maximum amount of emissions it ill allo . (rom here, it then auctions off emissions allo ances to companies until it reaches that cap. Companies that cannot cover their emissions ith their allo ances are forced to either reduce their totals or buy allo ances from other companies. #his system is designed to promote stricter emissions standards ithout directly taxing companies. &t does have some potential problems, ho ever. )s the carbon cap gro s more stringent over time under plans that have been discussed, companies may have to buy special permits at high prices, a cost that ould li$ely be passed along to consumers. )lso, the program could have a negative impact on the overall economy* )s utility rates go up, as ell as rates of anything that uses energy in its production, the fear is consumers ill tighten their allets, hich could lead to cutbac$s in production, consumer spending and +obs

'ow oes 5our Carbon 6ootprint $mpact Climate Change7

The U.S. Energy Information Administration states that greenhouse gases are gases that keep heat in the earths atmosphere. They do this by making it easier for sunlight to enter the atmosphere. And when the suns rays hit the earth, they also cause a reflection infrared radiation which is what stays in the earths atmosphere due to greenhouse gases. Although greenhouse gases do occur naturally, human acti!ity contributes a great deal to greenhouse gas emissions. "our carbon footprint or your impact on the en!ironment measures the

greenhouse gases that you are responsible for creating. #ommon acti!ities like using electricity and dri!ing a car emit those gases.

Global warming and fossil fuels

About three$%uarters of greenhouse gas emissions that are attributed to humans come from burning fossil fuels. &e burn fossil fuels nonrenewable energy sources when we operate !ehicles, heat our homes and e!en use electricity, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. The Administration has also concluded that greenhouse gas emissions ha!e been on the rise since industriali'ation, suggesting that humans are to blame for much of the greenhouse gas production. And science has also linked greenhouse gas production to climate change, or the increase in earths temperature. (ecause the )atural *esources +efense #ouncil writes that global warming can cause catastrophic weather e!ents, flooding, water shortages and disturbed ecosystems, it is important for each indi!idual to understand his or her impact on the future and work to make that impact more positi!e.

Climate change and recycling

Although reducing energy use is todays latest rage, a measure of your carbon footprint will also include recycling. According to #arbon ,ootprint, a carbon management business, when you dont recycle, you waste the energy that is used making and transporting new items. *ecycling and reusing allows less energy to go into the process of creating new items. This means fewer fossil fuels are being used. In addition, #arbon ,ootprint points out that when you recycle, your garbage takes up less room in landfills. Thus, by not recycling, you increase your greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate change.

Reducing your carbon footprint

There are se!eral ways to combat climate change by reducing your carbon footprint. ,irst, you can recycle, use less electricity and use public transportation. In addition to these lifestyle changes, many companies now allow you to buy credits that neutrali'e your carbon usage. In fact, this mo!ement has been popular with some commercial companies. A carbon credit is a dollar amount that will go toward offsetting emissions. Indi!iduals and companies buy the credits through en!ironmental impro!ement agencies, who dedicate them to carbon$offsetting pro-ects. .any companies sell carbon credits online, but it is important to ensure

you buy credits from reputable organi'ations in order to ensure that you are reducing your carbon footprint.

Having children is the surest way to send your carbon footprint soaring, according to a new study from statisticians at Oregon State University.

Case studies
'ow does co8product handling affect the carbon footprint of milk7 Case study of milk production in &ew 9ealand and 2weden
Abstract
,urpose
#his paper investigates different methodologies of handling co%products in life cycle assessment (-C)) or carbon footprint (C() studies. Co%product handling can have a significant effect on final -C).C( results, and although there are guidelines on the preferred order for different methods for handling co%products, no agreed understanding on applicable methods is available. &n the present study, the greenhouse gases (G/G)

associated ith the production of 0 $g of energy%corrected mil$ (1C2) at farm gate is investigated considering co%product handling.

2aterials and methods

# o different mil$ production systems ere used as case studies in the investigation of the effect of applying different methodologies in co%product handling* (0) outdoor gra!ing system in 3e 4ealand and (2) mainly indoor housing system ith a pronounced share of concentrate feed in " eden. "ince the co s produce mil$, meat ( hen slaughtered), calves, manure, hides, etc., the environmental burden (here G/G emissions) must be distributed bet een these outputs (in the present study no emissions are attributed to hides specifically, or to manure hich is recycled on%farm). 5ifferent methodologically approaches, (0) system expansion (t o cases), (2) physical causality allocation, (6) economic allocation, (7) protein allocation and (8) mass allocation, are applied in the study.

9esults and discussion

#he results sho large differences in the final C( number depending on hich methodology has been used for accounting co%products. 2ost evident is that system expansion gives a lo er C( for mil$ than allocation methods. "ystem expansion resulted in :6;<:= of G/G emissions attributed directly to mil$, hile allocation resulted in >8;?>=. &t is stressed that meat is an important by%product from mil$ production and that mil$ and beef production is closely interlin$ed and therefore needs to be considered in an integrated approach.

Conclusions
#o obtain valid -C).C( numbers for mil$, it is crucial to account for by%products. 2oreover, if C( numbers for mil$ need to be compared, the same allocation procedure should be applied.

Per capita metropolitan and national carbon footprints for 12 selected areas.
Footprints include direct and responsible emissions from transport, buildings and industry, agriculture (when applicable), and waste (when applicable). The footprints depicted here are almost entirely based on CO2 emissions, although emissions from CH and !2O were incorporated for cities with substantial agricultural, forestry, and"or waste acti#ities and then con#erted to a carbon e$ui#alent. Footprints are for each metropolitan area as defined by its political boundary, rather than the greater metropolitan region, and the numbers are gi#en for carbon instead of carbon dio%ide. Carbon footprint data for &os 'ngeles ta(en from &')*+ (2,,-) and for !ew .or( from )ic(inson (2,,-). Carbon footprint data for /ingapore ta(en from /ingapore 0inistry of the 1n#ironment and *ater 2esources (2,,3). 'll other carbon footprint data for cities calculated based on a methodology similar to 4utler et al. (2,,3) and 4utler and &awrence (2,,5). !umbers for these cities ha#e been synthesi6ed and a#eraged from the emission estimates from spatial grid of the 1missions )atabase for 7lobal 'tmospheric 2esearch (1)7'2) and the in#entory of greenhouse gases compiled by the 8ntergo#ernmental +anel on Climate Change9s Fourth 'ssessment ('2 ). !ational carbon footprints for China, 1urope, :apan, 8ndia, and the ;nited /tates ta(en from 8nternational 1nergy 'gency (2,,<). 2emaining national carbon footprints ta(en from *orld 2esources 8nstitute (2,,5). 7lobal carbon footprint of =.=5 ta(en from ;/ 18' 2,,3, and computed by di#iding global emissions (23.= billion tons of carbon dio%ide) by the world population (<. billion) and again by >.<- to con#ert carbon dio%ide to carbon. !ational +er Capita 8ncome data ta(en from the *orld 4an( 2,,5.

Then a case study was given by a company named OAKHURST, it made deep analysis on the carbon foot prints year by year and also made future analysis

THANK YOU, MAM

It wouldnt have been possible for us to know such an important aspect in the environment without your support to give us an

opportunity to represent our project and also encourage us to do a detail analysis on this topic