Lecture 2: Exercise and Solution

1)

Rectangular steel cross-section, with constant thickness of 0.1 m. Numbers indicate height g measured in metres. Find end-deflection and compare. Analytical solution for 1) 23.126 mm

2)

1D elements with thickness 0.1 m and varying heights. 10 elements.

3)
2D elements with thickness 0.1 m. 20x4 elements.

Lecture 2: Exercise and Solution

Problem
1) 1 Beam element with constant height equal 0.75 m.

Deformation at free end

23.221 mm

1) 20 Beam element with constant height equal 0.75 m.

23.221 mm

2) 10 Beam elements with separately constant height.

17.696 mm

1 beam element with variable height going from 1 1.00 00 meter at fixed 17 17.176 176 mm end to 0.50 m at free end. Section: Tapered I (1.0;0.1;0.5;0.1;0.1;0.1;0.1) 3) 4 node elements meshed 4x4 elements (height x length). Load 15.815 mm applied at middle node at the free end. Deformation determined at the same node. 3) 4 node elements meshed 4x10 elements (height x length). Load applied at middle node at the free end. Deformation determined at the same node. 3) 4 node elements meshed 4x20 elements (height x length). Load applied at middle node at the free end end. Deformation determined at the same node. 16.010 mm

16.022 mm

Contents

Element stiffness matrix for beam element Assembling the global stiffness matrix from the element stiffness matrices How to investigate the design (e.g. the placement of reinforcement) of a concrete beam Exercise: Find the optimal placement of the longitudinal reinforcement in a concrete beam

Beam Element

General form: Stiffness matrix: Displacement vector: Load vector:

Stiffness Matrix for a Plane Beam Element: Axial Deformation

E: Elasticity module [MPa]

A: Section area [m2]

g moment of inertia [m4] L: Beam length g [m] I: Bending

Stiffness Matrix for a Plane Beam Element: Transversal Deformation

From: "Teknisk STBI" 18. udgave 1999, p. 108

Stiffness Matrix for a Plane Beam Element: Transversal Deformation

Stiffness Matrix for a Plane Beam Element: Rotational Deformation

Element Stiffness Matrix for a Plane 6DOF Beam Element

Shape Functions for Beam Element

10

u: Node displacement or rotation

w(x): Section displacement

Shape Functions for a Beam Element

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Assembling the Global System of Equations

12

Structural system of fixed beam divided into 3 elements

Stiffness Matrix for Beam Element

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Assembling Finite Elements into a Structure

14

Structural Equation

15

Structural Stiffness Matrix

16

Structural Stiffness Matrix

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Structural Stiffness Matrix

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Different Numbering of Nodes and Degrees of Freedom

19

Boundary Conditions

20

Static boundary condition: f3, f6, f9, f12 are moments

Kinematic boundary condition:

Note: One boundary condition specified for each DOF

Changing the Boundary Conditions

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Static boundary condition: f3, f6, f9, f12 are moments

Kinematic boundary condition:

Note: One boundary condition specified for each DOF

Different Stiffness Matrices

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Local element stiffness matrix Independent of element placement in global coordinate system Dependent on material properties (e.g. elasticity modulus, E), section properties (e.g. area, A, moment of inertia, I) and element length, L Global element stiffness matrix Dependent on element placement in global coordinate system F Found d from f multiplying lti l i local l l element l t stiffness tiff matrix t i with ith transformation t f ti matrix Global system y matrix Dependent on degree-of-freedom numbering Found from assembling global element stiffness matrices according to the degree-of-freedom numbering

Design of Concrete Structures

23

A concrete structure is not in an elastic state at failure At failure, failure the cross section is cracked and only a part of the section contributes to the load-carrying capacity i.e. the part in compression The elastic section section-force force distribution gives large values over supports Too expensive to design according to the elastic section forces, because the pressure zone of the cross section becomes very p y small, hence, large g amount of reinforcement would be needed Instead a plastic section-force distribution is chosen according to the lowerbound theory Find a statically acceptable and safe section force distribution, then the section design is on the safe side

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

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Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

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Example: p 2.66 m wide concrete T-beam, reinforced in the longitudinal direction with a maximum of 4 bars at the top and bottom of the section.

Positive Failure Moment Number of reinforcement bars Bars at the top Bars at the bottom z [mm] Failure moment 4 4 0 414.3 229.1 7 4 3 392.9 380.1 8 4 4 388.6 429.7

Negative Failure Moment 2 2 0 390.8 108.0 6 4 2 318.9 264.5

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

26

Firstly, an elastic analysis is made ...

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

27

Load case 1
75 kN/m 34 kN/m

El ti moment Elastic t di distribution t ib ti

451 kNm 476 kNm

98 kNm

198 kNm 285 kNm 299 kNm

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

28

Load case 2
75 kNm k 34 kN/m

El ti moment Elastic t di distribution t ib ti

216 kNm

172 kNm

216 kNm

124 kNm

106 kNm

65 kNm

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

29

Charniers are added left and right of the middle supports making the system statically determinate (fulfilling first part of the lower-bound theory)

In Staad.Pro, use the general/spec fan, choose beam then release and release Mz, both at the start and end location of the beam (two steps!)

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

30

The chaniers model a failure point. Hence, the moment is known at this point. Over the supports the moment is negative (tension at the top of the beam. Be aware that Staad.Pro Staad Pro uses a different sign convention) convention). Hence Hence, the maximum negative failure moment in this example is +264.5 kNm (not -264.5 kNm). At the failure points the known moment (failure moment) is added as an external moment. In Staad.Pro this is done by choosing Member Load, Concentrated Moment GZ and applying a negative moment at right end of the e bea beam (d (d1 = L, ,d d2 = 0) a and d a pos positive e moment o e a at left e e end do of the e bea beam, , i.e. e (d1=0, d2 =0). The moment distribution from this load case should give the same sign of the moment at the failure points as the elastic analysis. Then the total moment distribution is found as a sum of the moment distribution from the external load applied to the statically determinate system and the moment distribution from the applied external moments at the failure points.

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

31

Load case 1 Moment distribution for actual loading on statically determinate system
216 kNm

486 kNm 662 kNm

467 kNm

Moment distribution for external applied failure moments

264 5 kNm 264,5 264 5 kNm 264,5

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

32

Total moment distribution for load case 1

264,5 kNm 264,5 kNm 98 kNm

362 kNm

397 kNm

392 kNm

Total moment distribution for load case 2

264,5 , kNm

264,5 kNm

216 kNm

35,4 kNm 108 kNm

18,9 kNm

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

33

Beam 1:

The moment distribution curve is moved 1/2zcot in the unfavourable direction. On the safe side cot=2.5 (DS411 p. 40)

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

34

Beam 2:

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

35

Beam 2:

Example: Design of a Concrete Beam with Multiple Spans

36

Number of bars at the top

Number of bars at the bottom

Anchoring Lengths for Reinforcement in Concrete

37

Anchoring factor, 0,3 : smooth reinforcement bars 0,8 0,9 : rough reinforcement bars

Output report

38

Modify report file: "." to "," and insert failure moments at the node points

Excel for plotting the moment curve

39

Moment Curves
80 60 40 20 0 -2 -20 -40 40 -60 -80 -100 -120 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

40

18

Today's Exercise

41

Office house

Beam to be designed

Today's Exercise

42

Today's Exercise

43

Positive Failure Moment Number of reinforcement bars Bars at the top Bars at the bottom z [mm] Failure moment 4 2 2 300 50 6 2 4 300 100

Negative Failure Moment 4 2 2 300 50 6 2 4 300 70

1/2zcot=375 mm , fyk y = 500 MPa , fck = 25 MPa Anchoring factor, = 0.8 anchoring length = 600 mm

Today's Exercise

44

Question 1 Fi 1. Find d the h placement l of f the h bending b di reinforcement i f of the beam, i.e. make a moment diagram. Hint: Find the moment curves with Staad.Pro and use e.g. Microsoft Excel for drawing the curves. An Excel file with the failure moments has been put on the homepage of the course.