Jackson J. Spielvogel, Ph.D.

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Jackson J. Spielvogel is associate professor emeritus of history
at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from The
Ohio State University, where he specialized in Reformation history
under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in
such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Education, Archiv fr
Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also
contributed chapters or articles to The Social History of the Reformation,
The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, Simon Wiesenthal
Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and Utopian Studies. His book Hitler
and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (fth edition, 2005). His book
Western Civilization was published in 1991 (sixth edition, 2006). He is the
co-author (with William Duiker) of World History, published in 1994 (fth
edition, 2007). Professor Spielvogel has won ve major university-wide
teaching awards, and in 1997, he became the rst winner of the Schreyer
Institutes Student Choice Award for innovative and inspiring teaching.
The National Geographic Society, founded in
1888 for the increase and diffusion of geographic
knowledge, is the worlds largest nonprot
scientic and educational organization. Since
its earliest days, the Society has used sophisti-
cated communication technologies, from color
photography to holography, to convey geographic
knowledge to a worldwide membership. The
School Publishing Division supports the Societys
mission by developing innovative educational pro-
gramsranging from traditional print materials to
multimedia programs including CD-ROMs, videos,
and software.
Jackson J. Spielvogel
Dinah Zike, M.Ed., is an award-winning author, educator, and inventor known for designing three-dimensional hands-on manipulatives and
graphic organizers known as Foldables. Foldables are used nationally and internationally by teachers, parents, and educational publishing
companies. Dinah has developed over 150 supplemental educational books and materials. She is the author of The Big Book of Books and
Activities, which was awarded Learning Magazines Teachers Choice Award. In 2004 Dinah was honored with the CESI Science Advocacy Award.
Dinah received her M.Ed. from Texas A&M, College Station, Texas.
Contributing Author
Academic Consultants
Jeremy Baskes, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of History
Ohio Wesleyan University
Delaware, Ohio
David Berger, Ph.D.
Broeklundian Professor of History
Brooklyn College and the
Graduate Center
City University of New York
Brooklyn, New York
Stephen F. Dale, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of History
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
Steven Gish, Ph.D.
Distinguished Research Professor
Department of History
Auburn University Montgomery
Montgomery, Alabama
Richard Golden, Ph.D.
Professor of History and Director,
Jewish Studies Program
University of North Texas
Denton, Texas
Lyman Johnson, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of History
The University of North Carolina
at Charlotte
Charlotte, North Carolina
Lisa Lindsay, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of History
The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Farid Mahdavi, Ph.D.
Lecturer
Department of History
San Diego State University
San Diego, California
Guy Welbon, Ph.D.
Emeritus Associate Professor
Department of South Asia Studies
Universtiy of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Teacher Reviews
Maggie Favretti
Scarsdale High School
Scarsdale, New York
Jane McGrigor Forde
Needham B. Broughton High School
Raleigh, North Carolina
Carl Hansen
Hilton High School
Hilton, New York
Lee Holder
North Lenoir High School
LaGrange, North Carolina
Thomas J. Lawson
McCluer High School
Florissant, Missouri
Laura Delmore Lay
James River High School
Midlothian, Virginia
Christopher M. Lee
West Memphis High School
West Memphis, Arkansas
Rosanne Lichatin
West Morris Central High School
Chester, New Jersey
Donald V. Morabito
Great Valley High School
Malvern, Pennsylvania
Donald Perreault
Valley Regional High School
Deep River, Connecticut
Richard J. Shaw
Cleveland High School
Cleveland, Tennessee
Christina M. Smith
Algonquin Regional High School
Northborough, Massachusetts
Kathleen H. Stokes
Cherokee High School
Marlton, New Jersey
Denise Tanner
Friendswood High School
Friendswood, Texas
Michele Roussel Wasson
North Little Rock High School,
East Campus
North Little Rock, Arkansas
iii
Big Ideas xxii
Scavenger Hunt xxiv
IEFERENCE ATLAS A1
World: Political A2
World: Physical A4
North America: Political A6
North America: Physical A7
South America: Political A8
South America: Physical A9
Europe: Political A10
Europe: Physical A12
Africa: Political A14
Africa: Physical A15
Asia: Political A16
Asia: Physical A18
Pacific Rim: Physical/Political A20
Worlds People A22
World Population Cartogram A24
Geographic Dictionary A26
JHE IIRST CIVLIZATIONS
AND MPIRES,
PrehistoryA.D. 500 GH14
CHAPTER 1
The First Humans,
Prehistory3500 B.C. 2
1 Early Humans 4
2 The Neolithic Revolution and the
Rise of Civilization 13
CHAPTER 2
Western Asia and Egypt, 3500500 B.C. 24
1 Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia 26
2 Egyptian Civilization 34
3 New Centers of Civilization 46
4 The Rise of New Empires 54
CHAPTER 3
India and China, 3000 B.C.A.D. 500 64
1 Early Civilizations in India 66
2 New empires in India 76
3 Early Chinese Civilizations 84
4 Rise and Fall of Chinese Empires 94
iv
Art Archive/Heraklion Museum/Dagli Orti
CHAPTER 4
Ancient Greece, 1900 133 B.C. 104
1 Early Civilizations in Greece 106
2 The Greek City-States 112
3 Classical Greece 118
4 The Culture of Classical Greece 124
5 Alexander and the Hellenistic Era 134
CHAPTER 5
Rome and the Rise of Christianity,
600 B.C.A.D. 500 144
1 The Rise of Rome 146
2 From Republic to Empire 152
3 Roman Culture and Society 160
4 The Development of Christianity 168
5 Decline and Fall 174
EW IATTERNS OF
CIVILIZATION, 4001500 184
CHAPTER 6
The World of Islam, 600 1500 186
1 The Rise of Islam 188
2 The Arab Empire and Its Successors 192
3 Islamic Civilization 200
4 The Culture of Islam 204
SICIAI IAJ!IS
World Religions 214233
CHAPTER 7
Early African Civilizations,
2000 B.C.A.D. 1500 234
1 Development of African Civilizations 236
2 Kingdoms and States of Africa 242
3 African Society and Culture 250
CHAPTER 8
The Asian World, 400 1500 262
1 China Reunied 264
2 The Mongols and China 270
3 Early Japan and Korea 278
4 India after the Guptas 284
5 Civilization in Southeast Asia 290
CHAPTER 9
Emerging Europe and the Byzantine
Empire, 400 1300 300
1 Transforming the Roman World 302
2 Feudalism 308
3 The Growth of European Kingdoms 316
4 Byzantine Empire and Crusades 322
CHAPTER 10
Europe in the Middle Ages,
1000 1500 332
1 Peasants, Trade, and Cities 334
2 Medieval Christianity 342
3 The Culture of the High Middle Ages 348
4 The Late Middle Ages 352
CHAPTER 11
The Americas, 4001500 366
1 The Peoples of North America 368
2 Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica 372
3 Early Civilizations in South America 382
CONTENTS
v
Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
CONTENTS
JHE ARLY MODERN
WORLD, 1400 1800 34
CHAPTER 12
Renaissance and Reformation,
1350 1600 396
1 The Renaissance 398
2 Ideas and Art of the Renaissance 406
3 The Protestant Reformation 412
4 The Spread of Protestantism 418
CHAPTER 13
The Age of Exploration, 1500 1800 428
1 Exploration and Expansion 430
2 The Atlantic Slave Trade 440
3 Colonial Latin America 444
CHAPTER 14
Crisis and Absolutism in Europe,
15501715 452
1 Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion 454
2 Social Crises, War, and Revolution 458
3 Response to Crisis: Absolutism 464
4 The World of European Culture 472
CHAPTER 15
The Muslim Empires, 1450 1800 482
1 The Ottoman Empire 484
2 The Rule of the S
.
afavids 492
3 The Grandeur of the Moguls 498
CHAPTER 16
The East Asian World, 1400 1800 508
1 China at Its Height 510
2 Chinese Society and Culture 516
3 Tokugawa Japan and Korea 520
4 Spice Trade in Southeast Asia 526
CHAPTER 17
Revolution and Enlightenment,
1550 1800 536
1 The Scientic Revolution 538
2 The Enlightenment 546
3 The Impact of the Enlightenment 554
4 The American Revolution 566
CHAPTER 18
The French Revolution and Napoleon,
1789 1815 574
1 The French Revolution Begins 576
2 Radical Revolution and Reaction 586
3 The Age of Napoleon 596
AN RA OF UROPEAN
IMPERIALISM, 1800 1914 o10
CHAPTER 19
Industrialization and Nationalism,
1800 1870 612
1 The Industrial Revolution 614
2 Reaction and Revolution 624
3 National Unication and Nationalism 630
4 Romanticism and Realism 638
vi
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 20
Mass Society and Democracy,
1870 1914 650
1 The Growth of Industrial Prosperity 652
2 The Emergence of Mass Society 658
3 The National State and Democracy 668
4 Toward the Modern Consciousness 674
CHAPTER 21
The Height of Imperialism,
1800 1914 684
1 Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia 686
2 Empire Building in Africa 692
3 British Rule in India 702
4 Nation Building in Latin America 708
CHAPTER 22
East Asia Under Challenge,
1800 1914 722
1 The Decline of the Qing Dynasty 724
2 Revolution in China 732
3 Rise of Modern Japan 738
JHE JWENTIETH-
CENTURY CRISIS,
1914 1945 754
CHAPTER 23
War and Revolution, 1914 1919 756
1 The Road to World War I 758
2 World War I 762
3 The Russian Revolution 772
4 End of World War I 778
CHAPTER 24
The West Between the Wars,
1919 1939 788
1 The Futile Search for Stability 790
2 The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes 796
3 Hitler and Nazi Germany 804
4 Cultural and Intellectual Trends 812
CHAPTER 25
Nationalism Around the World,
1914 1939 820
1 Nationalism in the Middle East 822
2 Nationalism in Africa and Asia 828
3 Revolutionary Chaos in China 836
4 Nationalism in Latin America 844
CHAPTER 26
World War II, 1939 1945 854
1 Paths to War 856
2 The Course of World War II 864
3 The New Order and the Holocaust 874
4 Home Front and Aftermath of War 880
vii
Hu Weibiao/Panorama/The Image Works
CONTENTS
JOWARD A GLOBAL
CIVILIZATION,
1945Present 8o
CHAPTER 27
Cold War and Postwar Changes,
1945 1970 898
1 Development of the Cold War 900
2 The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 910
3 Western Europe and North America 914
CHAPTER 28
The Contemporary Western World,
1970 Present 928
1 Decline of the Soviet Union 930
2 Eastern Europe 936
3 Europe and North America 940
4 Western Society and Culture 946
CHAPTER 29
Latin America, 1945 Present 958
1 General Trends in Latin America 960
2 Mexico, Cuba, and Central America 966
3 The Nations of South America 972
CHAPTER 30
Africa and the Middle East,
1945 Present 984
1 Independence in Africa 986
2 Conict in the Middle East 996
CHAPTER 31
Asia and the Pacic, 1945 Present 1010
1 Communist China 1012
2 Independent States in Asia 1018
3 Japan and the Pacic 1024
CHAPTER 32
Changing Global Patterns 1036
1 Challenges of a New Century 1038
2 New Global Communities 1048
REFERENCE SECTION
Mini Almanac R1
Foldables R6
Skills Handbook R12
Primary Source Library R32
English and Spanish Glossary R46
Index R74
Acknowledgements and Photo Credits R106
viii
CORBIS
What Did Ancient Societies Believe About Creation 58
What was the Role of Religion in Aztec Society? 386
Who Should Be a Citizen? 594
Describing the Lives of Workers in The Early 1800s 622
What Were the Causes of World War II? 862
What Challenges did Apartheid Create
for South Africans 1004
Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey 6
Meave Leakey, Louise Leakey, and Richard Leakey 6
Ramses II 40
Hatshepsut 40
Siddha rtha Gautama 74
Socrates 128
Plato 128
Julius Ceasar 155
Augustus 155
Sundlata Kelta 244
Timur Lenk 286
Jayavarman II 292
Hildegard of Bingen 345
St. Francis of Assisi 345
St. Thomas Aquinas 350
Pachacuti 384
Leonardo da Vinci 410
Michelangelo 410
Erasmus 414
Martin Luther 414
Henry VIII 420
Sir Thomas More 420
King Alfonso I 442
Charles I 462
Oliver Cromwell 462
Sleyman the Magnificent 488
Voltaire 549
Adam Smith 549
Frederick II (Frederick the Great) 556
Maria Theresa 556
Catherine II (Catherine the Great) 557
Denis Diderot 557
Jean-Paul Marat 588
Maximillien Robespierre 588
Otto von Bismarck 633
Giuseppe Garibaldi 633
Queen Liliuokalani 671
Herbert Spencer 678
Theodor Herzl 678
Saya San 690
Cecil Rhodes 696
Shaka Zulu 696
Mohandas K. Mahatma Gandhi 706
Rabindranath Tagore 706
Jos de San Martn 710
Simn Bolvar 710
Guang Xu 728
Ci Xi 728
Sun Yat-sen 734
General Yuan Shigai 734
Georges Clemenceau 781
John Maynard Keynes 794
Nikita Krushchev 911
Jomo Kenyatta 988
Kwame Nkrumah 988
Indira Gandhi 1020
Mother Teresa of Kolkata 1020
Phoenicia and its Colonies, 1000 B.C.700 A.D. 52
The Indian Ocean Trade 240
Ottoman Empire in the 1450s 490
Africa on the Eve of Colonialism 700
Normandy Invasion, June 6, 1944 872
Germany, 19501961 908
ix
Indira Gandhi
19171984 Indian Prime Minister
Mother Teresa of Kolkata 19101997 Humanitarian
As the only child of Indian independence leader Jawaharlal
Nehru, Indira Nehru Gandhi was swept up in political activism at
an early age. At 12 she was a member of the Monkey Brigade,
a group of children who secretly passed information between members of groups opposed to British rule. Once, while riding in a car that contained secret plans for an anti-British protest, she avoided a police search by pleading that doing so would make her late for school. When she became prime minister in 1966, she attempted to modernize India. However, after assuming dictato- rial powers and brutally suppressing her opposition, she was voted out in 1977. She returned to office three years later and was assassinated in 1984. What was the purpose of the Monkey Brigade?
Born as Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu in Macedonia, Mother Teresa
was of Albanian heritage. She received the name Teresa at Loreto
Convent in Ireland, which sent her to Kolkata, India, where she
taught at St. Marys School. Mother Teresa was greatly affected
by the suffering and poverty she saw in Kolkata. In 1948 she
requested permission to leave St. Marys School. Without funds, she started a school for poor children. Soon she was joined by volunteers and began to receive financial sup- port. She began the Missionar- ies of Charity, a group
dedicated to caring for suffer- ing people who were ignored by society. In 1979 Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. What caused Mother Teresa to leave St. Marys School?
Gandhi refused and in 1984 used her mili-
tary force against Sikh rebels. More than 450
Sikhs were killed. Seeking revenge, two Sikh
members of Gandhis personal bodyguard
assassinated her later that year. Gandhis son Rajiv replaced her as prime
minister and began new economic policies.
He started to encourage private enterprise
and to transfer state-run industries into
private hands. These policies led to a
growth in the middle class. Rajiv Gandhi
was prime minister from 1984 to 1989.
While campaigning for reelection in 1991,
he was assassinated. In the following years,
the Congress Party lost its leadership posi-
tion and had to compete with new parties. Conflict between Hindus and Muslims
continued to be a problem in India. Reli-
gious differences also fueled a long-term
dispute between India and Pakistan over
Kashmir, a territory between the two
nations. The danger from this conflict esca-
lated in 1998 when both India and Pakistan
tested nuclear warheads. Border conflicts
in 2002 led to threats of war between these
two nuclear powers.
Pakistan
Unlike its neighbor India, Pakistan was
a completely new nation when it attained
independence in 1947. The growing divi-
sion between East and West Pakistan, sep-
arate regions that are very different in
nature, caused internal conflicts. West
Pakistan is a dry and mountainous area,
while East Pakistan has marshy land
densely populated with rice farmers.
Many people in East Pakistan felt that the
government, based in West Pakistan,
ignored their needs. In 1971 East Pakistan
declared its independence. After a brief
civil war, it became the new nation of
Bangladesh.
Both Bangladesh and Pakistan (as West
Pakistan is now known) have had diffi-
culty in establishing stable governments.
Military officials have often seized control
of the civilian government. Both nations
also remain very poor.
Reading Check Summarizing Why was British
India divided into two new nations?
1018_1023_CH31S2_874525.indd 1020
Southeast Asia

Colonies in Southeast Asia gained independence, but politics were often unstable; in Vietnam, conflict led to war with the United States. HISTORY & YOU Do you remember reading about
the domino theory of the Cold War? Read how the
fear of the spread of communism led the United States into the Vietnam War.
After World War II, most states in South- east Asia gained independence from their
colonial rulers. The Philippines became
independent of the United States in 1946.
Great Britain also ended its colonial rule in
Southeast Asia. In 1948 Burma became
independent. Malayas turn came in 1957.
France refused, however, to let go of Indo- china. This led to a long war in Vietnam.
Indonesia and Myanmar In Southeast Asia, the Netherlands was
unwilling to give up its colonies and tried
to suppress the Indonesian republic pro- claimed by Sukarno. When the Indonesian
Communist Party attempted to seize
power, the United States pressured the
Netherlands to grant independence to
Sukarno and his non-Communist Nation- alist Party. In 1949 the Netherlands recog- nized the new Republic of Indonesia. Today, Burma is the independent nation
called Myanmar. The people of Myanmar
continue to fight for democracy. Leading
the struggle is Aung San Suu Kyi, the
daughter of Aung San, who led the Burma
Independence Army in 1947. Educated
abroad, Suu Kyi returned to Myanmar in
1988 and became involved in the move- ment for democracy. Her party won a land- slide victory in 1990, but the military rulers
refused to hand over power. Instead, they placed Suu Kyi under house
arrest, where she remains. Although the
Myanmar government said she was free to
leave the country, Suu Kyi knew that if she
left, even to be with her husband who was
dying of cancer in England in 1999, she
would never be allowed to reenter. She
stayed to promote democracy. For her efforts,
Suu Kyi won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991.
Vietnam and the Vietnam War Leading the struggle against French colo-
nial rule was the local Communist Party, led
by Ho Chi Minh. In August 1945, the Viet-
minh, an alliance of forces under Commu-
nist leadership, seized power throughout
most of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh was elected
president of a new republic in Hanoi. Refus-
ing to accept the new government, France
seized the southern part of the country. For years, France fought Ho Chi Minhs
Vietminh for control of Vietnam without
success. In 1954, after a huge defeat at Dien
Bien Phu, France agreed to a peace settle-
ment. Vietnam was divided into two parts.
In the north were the Communists, based
in Hanoi; in the south, the non-Commu-
nists, based in Saigon. Both sides agreed to hold elections in
two years to create a single government.
Instead, the conflict continued. The United
States, opposed to the spread of commu-
nism, aided South Vietnam under nation-
alist leader Ngo Dinh Diem. In spite of this
aid, the Viet Cong, South Vietnamese Com-
munist guerrillas supported by North Viet-
nam, were on the verge of seizing control
of the entire country by early 1965. In March 1965, President Johnson sent
troops to South Vietnam to prevent a total
victory for the Communists. North Vietnam
responded by sending more forces into the
south. By the 1960s, there was a stale-
mateneither side had made significant
gains. With American public opinion
divided, President Richard Nixon reached
an agreement with North Vietnam in 1973
in the Paris Peace Accords. The United
States withdrew. Within two years, Com-
munist armies forcibly reunited Vietnam. The reunification of Vietnam under Com-
munist rule had an immediate impact on the
region. By the end of 1975, both Laos and
Cambodia had Communist governments. In
Cambodia, Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer
Rouge (kuhMEHR ROOZH), massacred
more than a million Cambodians. However,
the Communist triumph in Indochina did not
lead to the falling dominoes that many U.S.
policy makers had feared (see Chapter 27).
Reading Check Identifying Give reasons for U.S. entry into and withdrawal from the Vietnam War.
CHAPTER 31 Asia and the Pacific 1021 1018_1023_CH31S2_874525.indd 1021
Todays Agricultural Revolution 15
Jewish Traditions 50
Civil Service Reform 92
The Sophists and the Art of Debate 130
Washington, D.C. 161
African Rhythms to Rock and Roll 254
Migration and Diversity 434
The Rights of the People 476
Civil Liberties and Social Justice 494
The Martial Arts 524
Guaranteed Freedoms 568
Revolutionary Ideas 578
Louisiana Purchase 598
Nursing and Public Health 636
Womens Rights 661
Made in Japan 741
The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 768
Mass Culture Then and Now 814
The Zaibatsu Economy 834
The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum 878
The American Womens Movement 920
A Growing Hispanic American Population 964
Terrorism in the U.S. 1002
Japanese Anime in the U.S. 1027
Homeland Security 1046
Field Archaeology: How We Learn about the
Spread of Early Humans 9
Ibn Sna s Medical Encyclopedia 205
The Development of Printing in China 274
Gutenbergs Press 402
Technology and Exploration 433
The Scientific Method 544
The Power of Steam 618
The Automobile: Technology that Changed the
Global Landscape 654
The New Technology of World War I 764
Satellite Communications 1039
Features
The Seven Years War in North America 560
Frances Three Estates 577
Evaluating the Terror 592
The Estates-General forging a new constitution 607
The Irish Potato Famine 620
Political Reform in Great Britain 634
William II Fires Bismarck 672
Womens Suffrage 683
The New Imperialism 689
The Clemency of Canning 703
The Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary 713
Open Door Policy 730
Before the Russo-Japanese War 751
Let Sam Do It 763
Chamberlain and Mussolini 819
John Bull hated to drop his bundle 853
The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact 859
The Cuban Missile Crisis 906
Global Warming 1057
x
TO
CONNECTING
TODAY
1. Analyzing What advantages aided the growth of the
zaibatsu and keiretsu into powerful corporations?
2. Identifying Name three products made by Japanese
keiretsu that are commonly sold in the United States.
A Militarist Japan

By the late 1920s, militant forces in
Japan were campaigning for an end to peaceful
policies.
HISTORY & YOU Do you own anything made by
Sony, Mitsubishi, or Toshiba? Read to learn how Japan
developed its modern industrial economy.
Japanese society developed along a
Western model. The economic and social
reforms launched during the Meiji Era led
to increasing prosperity and a modern
industrial and commercial sector.
A Zaibatsu Economy
In the Japanese economy, various manu-
facturing processes were concentrated
within a single enterprise called the
zaibatsu, a large financial and industrial
corporation. These vast companies con-
trolled major segments of the Japanese
industrial sector. By 1937, the four largest
zaibatsu (Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo,
and Yasuda) controlled 21 percent of the
banking industry, 26 percent of mining,
35 percent of shipbuilding, and over 60
percent of paper manufacturing and
insurance.
The concentration of wealth led to grow-
ing economic inequalities. City workers
were poorly paid and housed. Economic
crises added to this problem. After World
War I, inflation in food prices led to food
riots. A rapid increase in population led to
food shortages. (The population of the Jap-
anese islands increased from 43 million in
1900 to 73 million in 1940.) Later, when the
Great Depression struck, workers and
farmers suffered the most.
With hardships came calls for a return to
traditional Japanese values. Traditionalists
especially objected to the growing influence
of Western ideas and values on Japanese
educational and political systems. At the
same time, many citizens denounced Japans
attempt to find security through coopera-
tion with the Western powers. Instead, they
demanded that Japan use its own strength
to dominate Asia and meet its needs.
During Japans Meiji Era, family-controlled conglomerates known as zaibatsu
began to form. By the time World War II began, four zaibatsu controlled much of
Japans banking, trade, and heavy industry. The Japanese government aided the
growth of the zaibatsu by granting monopolies and special privileges in return for
their help with government projects.
After World War II, the Allies broke up the zaibatsu. In the 1950s, however, new
groups called keiretsu formed, based on the old zaibatsu and often retaining
their old names. By pooling their resources, the keiretsu helped make Japan
a global economic power. Today, Japanese keiretsu such as Mitsubishi,
Mitsui, and Fuyo produce brands popular around the world.
American teenagers shopping for
electronics at a mall in California
Mitsubishi: Mitsubishi Electric, Mitsubishi Motors
Mitsui: Fuji, Toshiba, Toyota
Fuyo: Canon, Hitachi, Yamaha, Nissan, Ricoh

4/15/07 10:09:52 AM
Science Museum/SSPL/The Image Works
Features
Egyptian Kingdoms 38
Ancient Empires 181
African Kingdoms 260
Dynasties of China 266
Selected Milestones in Political Thought 572
The Reign of Terror 590
Scientific Advancement Leading Up to the
Publication of Frankenstein 640
Japanese Expansion, 18681910 739
Egypt under Nasser 1009
China Since 1945 1013
Chauvet Cave 10
Bronze Age Artifacts 18
Ziggurat at Ur, c. 2100 B.C. 28
The Standard of Ur 31
Pyramids at Giza 36
Hieroglyphics 42
The Phoenicians 48
Panel of Ashurbanipal, c. 650 B.C. 55
Hindu Gods in Art 72
Stupas Show Spread of Buddhism 80
The Emperors Army 95
Art in the Dark Ages 110
Polis: The Center of Greek Life 113
Everyday Art in Athens 116
The Oresteia 127
Alexanders Army 136
Jason and the Golden Fleece 138
The Gracchus Brothers 153
Roman Life 163
Circus Maximus 164
Ritual and Roman Religion 169
The Great Mosque of Samarra 206
Kinship with Ancestors in African Societies 251
Murasaki Shikibu and the Tale of Genji 282
Islamic Architecture 287
Hindu Temple at Khajuraho 288
Angor Wat 294
Hagia Sophia 325
Gothic Architecture 349
The Reconquista of Spain 358
Olmec Stone Carvings 373
Patronage of the Medici Family 401
Dantes Divine Comedy 407
Differences in Renaissance Art 408
Louis XIV and Absolutism 465
St. Peters Basilica 473
Topkapi Palace 487
The Rule of Akbar 500
Ming Porcelain 518
Japanese and European Feudalism 522
The Dutch at Batavia 528
Rococo Style 562
Tennis Court Oath 579
The King Concedes 580
The Fate of the King 587
The Coronation of the Emperor Napoleon I 597
The Overthrow of King Louis Philippe 627
Romanticism: The Prisoner of Chillon 639
A Romantic Response to Industrialization 640
Realism in the Visual Arts 642
Marx and the Class Struggle 656
Leisure 664
Impressionists and Postimpressionists 675
The Opium War 727
Chinas Changing Culture 736
The Westernization of Japan 742
Assassination of Francis Ferdinand 760
The Treaty of Versailles 782
The Destruction of Guernica 802
Nazi Propaganda Film 813
The Armenian Genocide 824
The Political Art of Diego Rivera 848
The Final Solution at Auschwitz 877
xi
In many African societies, the spirits of ancestors were believed to
participate in family and community life. They also were invoked
and honored during regular celebrations, such as a harvest festival,
and during rites that marked birth, adulthood, marriage, and death.
1. Making Inferences Why were ancestors held in such high
esteem in African societies? 2. Drawing Conclusions Why might mother-and-child figures
have had significance in African societies?
Family and Lineage Few Africans, of course, ever had an
audience with their kings. Most people
lived in small villages in the countryside.
Their sense of identity was determined by
their membership in an extended family
and a lineage group. At the basic level was the extended fam-
ily, made up of parents, children, grandpar-
ents, and other family dependents. They
lived in small, round dwellings made of
packed mud, with a thatch roof of plant
material such as straw. These extended fam-
ily units were in turn combined into larger
communities known as lineage groups.
Lineage groups served as the basic build-
ing blocks of African society. All members
of a lineage group could claim to be
descended from a real or legendary com-
mon ancestor. As in China, the eldersthe
leading members of the lineage grouphad
much power over the others in the group. A
lineage group provided mutual support for
all its members. Members of extended fami-
lies and lineage groups were expected to
take care of one another.
The Role of Women Women were usually subordinate to men
in Africa, as they were in most early societ-
ies around the world. In some cases, they
were valued for the work they could do or
for their role in having children and thus
increasing the size of the lineage group.
Women often worked in the fields while
the men of the village tended the cattle or
hunted. In some communities, women
were merchants.
There were some key differences between
the role of women in Africa and elsewhere.
Kinship with Ancestors in African Societies
Many peoples placed mother-and-child figures in shrines near graves.
CHAPTER 7 Early African Civilizations
251
Face masks worn during initiation and funerary rites also linked the living to ancestors. Ancestors were consulted for advice and aid before a significant event or undertaking.
250_255_CH07S3_874525.indd 251
Features
Neolithic Revolution 17
Hammurabis Code 32
The Rule of Merit 91
Pericles Expands Athenian Democracy 120
The Spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire 172
The Battle of Tours 195
The Bantus Spread Iron Working 246
Japanese Isolation 280
The Magna Carta 318
The Black Death 354
Luthers Ninety-five Theses 416
The Columbian Exchange and International Trade 436
Defeat of the Spanish Armada 455
The British Gain Control of India 502
The Isolation of China 514
The Scientific Revolution 542
Spreading the Principles of the Revolution 600
Industrialization Transforms Society 617
Freud: In Search of the Unconscious 677
Japan Becomes an Imperial Power 744
The Russian Revolution 775
Political Effects of the Great Depression 793
Gandhi and Nonviolence 833
Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and the Nuclear Age 885
The Spread of the Cold War 904
The Collapse of the Soviet Union 933
The Panama Canal Treaty 970
The End of Apartheid in South Africa 991
The Vietnam War 1022
Unit 1 The First Civilizations and Empires 182
Unit 2 New Patterns of Civilization 392
Unit 3 The Early Modern World 608
Unit 4 An Era of European Imperialism 752
Unit 5 The Twentieth-Century Crisis 894
Unit 6 Toward a Global Civilization 1058
Early Housing 12
Preparing for the Afterlife 44
The Silk Road: Famous Fabric 82
The Olympics: Festival and Games in Ancient Greece 132
Games of Death in Ancient Rome 166
Masters of the Sky 208
Preserving the Past 256
Life in Genghis Khans Army 276
The Code of Chivalry 314
The Black Death 360
The House of the Gods 380
Renaissance Society 404
Is it New World or Old World 438
A Palace Fit for the Sun King 470
The Safavids: At the Crossroads of Trade
and of History 496
Kabuki: A New World of Entertainment 530
The 18th Century Salon 564
A Revolution in Clothing 584
A Showcase for Industry and Progress 644
At Home in London, 1890 666
Indochina: French Colonialism in Vietnam 716
Sumo Wresting: The Sport of Giants 746
Technology and Trench Life Define Total War 770
Hitler Youth: The Future of a Doomed State 810
The Two Chinas of the 1930s 842
The Blitz: Londons Finest Hour 888
Popular Culture of the 50s and 60s 922
Rock and Roll Around the World 952
Teenage Life in Argentina 978
Teenagers in Nigeria 994
Teenagers in Tokyo Today 1030
xii
Teenage Life in Argentina
After suffering economic setbacks in the 1980s, Argentina sought to play a
more active role in the global marketplace. Cable television and the Internet
give Argentine teenagers access to global influences, yet extended families and
the living history of festivals preserve the spirit of gaucho life.
PROUD TRADITIONS AND FAMILY TIES
Argentinas customs draw upon its European (especially Spanish and
Italian) influences, as well as the cultures of native South Americans.
These traditions remain a strong influence on many young Argentines,
particularly in the countryside. The close bonds of family help make
festivals and traditional clothes important. For Argentines, the gaucho
(cowboy) is an enduring national symbol of rugged individualism.
978
Many Argentine teens enjoy traditional
festivals. These celebrations often
feature horseback events, music, and dancing.
Traditional attire worn by Argentine girls includes long, colorful dresses with full, ruffled skirts.
In many areas, the traditional attire of the gaucho, or cowboy, is popular among Argentine youths. The gaucho hat is black, broad, and flat-brimmed.
The baggy gaucho pants are called bombachas. Gauchos tuck them into their boots.
978_979_CH29SH_874525.indd 978
ANALYZING VISUALS
1. Making Generalizations What types of activities are popular among teenagers in
Argentina?
2. Synthesizing How do the lifestyles of Argentine teen- agers reflect both traditional
and global influences?
FROM GAUCHOS TO GLOBETROTTERS
Young people in Buenos Aires and other cities in Argentina today
experience international trends and live in ways very similar to teens
in the U.S. Soccer provides Argentina with an athletic connection to
its Latin American neighbors. Young Argentines can grow up dream-
ing of competing in the World Cup, knowing that their nation can
watch and cheer them on anywhere on the globe.
979
Soccer is one of Argentinas most popular sports, in both participation and spectatorship.
Argentina has won two World Cup titles.
Modern urban shopping malls are popular teenage gathering places in Buenos Aires.
Teen fashions are very similar to those in the United States.
978_979_CH29SH_874525.indd 979
Features
Change comes to Indias Civilization 71
Dynastic Cycles and the Mandate of Heaven 88
The Great Wall of China in History and Legend 97
The Palace at Knossos 108
Greek Religion 125
Roman Law 149
Hadrians Wall 157
Understanding the Hijab 202
The Economy of the Kingdom of Ghana 243
The Role of Women in the Tang and Song Dynasties 268
Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam in India 285
Monastic Life 305
The Carolingian Empire 306
Feudalism 311
Medieval Castle 312
The Justinian Code 323
Organization of a Manor 335
The Peasants Wheel of Life 337
The Medieval Guild System 340
The Investiture Controversy 343
The Inquisition 346
Hundred Years War 357
The Iroquois League 370
The Pyramid of Kukulcan 376
The Education of Aztec Boys and Girls 378
The Encomienda System 446
Witchcraft Hysteria 459
The Globe Theatre 475
Economic Changes in China 517
Laissez-Faire Economics 550
John Wesley Brings a New Message of Salvation 552
Britains Suffragists 663
The Suez Canal Opens for Business 694
The Great Rebellion in India 703
The Mexican Revolution 714
The Sinking of the Lusitania 766
Communism in Russia 776
Fascism in Italy 798
The Message of Nazism 805
Himmler and the SS 807
Kristallnacht or Night of Shattered Glass 808
The Balfour Declaration 826
Ho Chi Minh: Vietnams Communist Leader 831
The Long March: Mao Zedongs Rise to Power 838
Chinas New Life Movement 840
Selected Nationalist Movements in the
Early Twentieth Century 846
D-Day: June 6, 1944 870
The Home Front in World War II 881
Japanese Internment in the United States 882
The Berlin Airlift 903
A Comparison of Market and Command
Economies 911
Political Change in Postwar Germany 916
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the
Voting Rights Acts 919
Challenges for the New Russia 934
The Fall of the Berlin Wall 938
North African Immigration to France 942
The United States at War 944
Technology and the Environment 947
Women in the Workforce 948
Fidel Castros Cuban Revolution 968
The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 974
Liberation Theology: A New Role for
the Catholic Church 976
Africas Colonial Legacy 992
Peacemakers in the Middle East 1000
Communism Under Deng Xiaoping 1015
The Continuing Role of the United Nations
in Korea 1028
The Global AIDS Epidemic 1041
Destruction of Tropical Rain Forests 1043
Women Entrepreneurs of the Developing World 1044
UNESCO and World Literacy 1049
Economic Interdependence 1051
The UN Millennium Development Goals 1052
xiii
Shepard Sherbell/CORBIS
PRIMARY SOURCE
Unit 1
The First Civilizations and Empires
Chapter 1 The First Humans
Richard Leakey, on the discovery of a
hominid skeleton 6
Donald Johanson, on the discovery of Lucy,
the first Australopithecus skeleton 7
23
Chapter 2 Western Asia and Egypt
Poem from early Mesopotamia, on destruction of Uruk 27
63
Sumerian petitioner, on the Kings divinity 29
Sumerian writing exercise 30
Scribal students account of a school day 30
Egyptian saying on the treatment of wives 41
Psalm 137: 1, 4-6 49
Isaiah 3:14-17, 24-26 51
Isaiah 2:4 51
King Ashurbanipal, on his treatment of prisoners 55
Chapter 3 India and China
from the Bhagavad Gita 73
As oka, a decree 77
Faxian, Describing Life under the Guptas 79
Court official, on Samudia Gupta 79
Chinese Poem, on women in politics 89
Lao Tsu, from the Tao Te Ching 93
Historian Sima Qian, on the art of
fighting on horseback 96
Historian Sima Qian, on Qin Shihuangdi 103
Confucius, on good government 103
Chapter 4 Ancient Greece
Arthur J. Evans, on the Palace of Knossos 108
Pericles, describing the Greek ideal of Democracy 120
143
Aeschylus, from The Oresteia 127
Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War 128
Plato,The Republic, Book II 130
Aristotle, on the importance of intellectual life 131
Apollonius, Argonautica 138
Chapter 5 Rome and the Rise of Christianity
Roman historian Sallust, on competition
for power in Rome 154
Judas Maccabees, on the Romans 154
Florus, from Epitome of Roman History 155
Virgil, on the Roman art of governing 161
181
Livy, on the study of History 162
Livy, from The Early History of Rome 162
UNIT 2
New Patterns of Civilization
Chapter 6 The World of Islam
Herbert J. Muller, from The Loom of History 198
Albert Hourani, on the success of the Arab Empire 198
Albert Hourani, on the seclusion of Women 203
Omar Khayyam, on the meaning of Life 206
Ibn Sna , on his early training 213
Chapter 7 Early African Civilizations
Al-Bakri, on the Ghanaian kings court 242
Arabian Traveler, on trade in Ghana 261
Chapter 8 The Asian World 400 1500
John of Plano Carpini, on Mongol military tactics 270
Marco Polo, on conditions in China 272
Chinese poet Li Bo, from Quiet Night Thoughts 275
Chinese Poet Du Fu, from Spring Prospect 275
Arab traveler, describing Chinese Porcelain 275
Indian poet, on warriors in India 285
Muslim Ruler, on the treatment of Hindus 287
On the lifestyle of maharajas in India 288
Keith W. Taylor, on the Vietnamese invasion of China 291
Chinese official, on the Vietnamese people 291
Chang Tsai, neo-Confucian philosophy 299
xiv
Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
Chapter 9 Emerging Europe and the
Byzantine Empire
Description of becoming a vassal in feudal society 310
331
A Noblemans poem, on the pleasures of battle 312
Chapter 10 Europe in the Middle Ages
Pope Gregory VII, excommunicating King Henry IV 343
Pope Innocent III, on papal supremacy 344
Jaufr Rudel, troubadour poetry 351
Italian Poet Petrarch, on the riches of the papacy 355
Twelfth-century monk, on his abbeys relics 365
Chapter 11 The Americas
Bishop Diego de Landa, on the destruction of
Mayan writings 375
Aztec King Ahuitzotl, Offering of Prayer to the
god Huitzilopochtli 386
Hernn Corts, Describing an Aztec Temple 386
Bernal Daz, on Tenochtitln 391
UNIT 3
The Early Modern World
Chapter 12 Renaissance and Reformation
Baldassare Castiglione, from The Book of the Courtier 402
A Venice Merchant, on the poor 403
Dante Alighieri, on not writing in Latin 407
Christine de Pizan, on the nature of women 408
Vittorino de Feltre, on intellectual pursuits 409
Martin Luthers Ninety-five Theses 416
Niccol Machiavelli, from The Prince 427
Chapter 13 The Age of Exploration
Dutch trader, on the slave trade 443
Bartolom de las Casas, A Brief Account of
the Destruction of the Indies 446
German Tourist, on the effects of missionaries
in Latin America 447
Christopher Columbus, reporting on his
first journey 451
Chapter 14 Crisis and Absolutism in Europe
Excerpts on Witchcraft, Malleus Maleficarum 459
Jaques-Benigne Bossuet, on the divine right of kings 465
Louis XIV of France, on his own absolute power 465
William Shakespeare, from As You Like It 475
Queen Elizabeth I, The Golden Speech 481
Chapter 15 The Muslim Empires
Akbar the Great, on conquest 500
Traveler, on the lives of Indian people of
the Mogul Empire 507
Chapter 16 The East Asian World,
1450 1800
Ferdinand Verbiest, on Chinese Emperor Kangxi 514
Emperor Qianlong, on Chinas closed country
policy 514
Chinese Woman, on the status of women in China 518
Lord Tokitaka, on how to use a firearm 521
King George III, letter to the Chinese Emperor 535
Chapter 17 Revolution and Enlightenment
1500 1800
Cardinal Bellarmine, on Holy Scripture 541
Galileo Galilei, on scientific truths 541
Margaret Cavendish, on the idea of humans as
the masters of nature 543
Gottfried Kirch, on his wife Maria Winklemanns
discovery of a comet 543
Ren Descartes, Discourse on Method 544
Francis Bacon, on the scientific method 544
John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding 546
George Washington, diary excerpt on the precursor
to the French and Indian War 560
Primary Source Quotes
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Primary Source Quotes
Chapter 18 The French Revolution and
Napoleon 1789 1815
An English Traveler, on the misery of French peasants 574
Olympe de Gouges, from Declaration of the Rights
of Women and the Female Citizen 581
An observer, on the beginning of the war with Austria 583
Philipe Pinel, describing the execution of Louis XVI
in a letter 587
A German Observer, on the French Revolution 589
Henri de Firmont, describing the execution of
Louis XVI 588
Maximillien Robespierre, on virtue and terror 589
Committee of Public Safety, mobilization decree 591
William Wordsworth, from The Prelude, Book X,
Residence in France 492
Maximillien Robespierre, on Citizenship 594
Etta Palm dAelders, from The Injustices of the
Laws and Favor of Men at the Expense of Women 594
Napoleon Bonaparte, on spreading the principles of
the French Revolution 600
Napoleon Bonaparte, advising his brother Jerome,
the new King of Westphalia 607
UNIT 4
An Era of European Imperialism
Chapter 19 Industrialization and Nationalism
British Parliamentary Report on Child Labor 616
Miner Betty Harris on British mining conditions 622
Friedrich Engels on industrial Manchester 622
Carding, Drawing, and Roving by Edward Baines 623
Mary Shelley, about her monster in Frankenstein 640
William Wordsworth, from The Tables Turned, 641
Chapter 20 Mass Society and Democracy
Guglielmo Marconi, reporting discovery of
radio waves 653
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Communist
Manifesto 656
Alfred Lord Tennyson, on the Marriage Ideal
in The Princess 662
Emmeline Pankhurst, on efforts of women to vote 663
Description of massacre of petitioners of
Czar Nicholas II 683
Chapter 21 The Height of Imperialism
Senator Albert Beveridge, on U.S. colonialism in Asia 689
King Lobengula, letter to Queen Victoria 699
Rudyard Kipling, from The White Mans Burden 698
Edward Morel, from The Black Mans Burden 698
Thomas Macaulay, on the English language 704
Rabindranath Tagore, on India 707
Miguel Hidalgo, on Independence in Mexico 709
Chapter 22 East Asia Under Challenge
Zhang Zhidong, arguing against
political reforms 724
Lin Zexu, from a Letter to Queen Victoria 726
Emperor William II of Germany, on the
Boxer Rebellion 731
Ba Jin, on Writing 737
xvi
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Primary Source Quotes
UNIT 5
The Twentieth-Century Crisis
Chapter 23 War and Revolution
German Ambassador at Vienna, on the Assassination
of Francis Ferdinand 760
H.G. Wells, on War Technology 764
War Girls, poem, on jobs for women 769
V.I. Lenin, on the goals of the Bolsheviks 775
V.I. Lenin, remarks to the Congress of Soviets, 1920 776
Erich Ludendorff, on the Second Battle of the Somme 779
Alfred von Wegerer, on the Treaty of Versailles 782
British Ambassador to Vienna, on the
potential for war 787
Chapter 24, The West Between the Wars
Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism 798
Francisco Franco declares an end to
the Spanish Civil War 803
Excerpt from a Hitler Youth Handbook 805
Adolf Hitler, demanding allegiance of
all Germans 806
Heinrich Himmler, Lecture on the Nature and
Tasks of the SS 807
SS Officer Reinhard Heydrich, Kristallnacht Directive 808
Adolf Hitler, on power 819
Chapter 25 Nationalism around the World
Eyewitness account of the Armenian Deportation 824
Enver Pasha, on the Young Turks campaign
against Armenians 824
Harry Thuku, on European authority in Kenya 830
Jomo Kenyatta, on the struggle for African Culture 830
Ho Chi Minh, from The Path which led me
to Leninism 831
Mohandas K. Gandhi, Non-Violence (Satyagraha) 833
Mao Zedong, on the Long March 838
Participant Li Xiannian on the Long March 839
Sun Yat-sen, on Chinas transition 839
Madame Chiang Kai-Shek, on Chinas New Life
Movement 840
Sun Fo, expressing disapproval of the Nanjing
Government 841
Gunther Gerzso on his Art 849
Mao Zedong, calling for massive peasant revolt 853
Chapter 26 World War II
Dr. G.P. Gooch on the Threat of War, 862
Victor Klemperer, diary excerpts on German Power 862
English Skipper Len Deighton, on the
Evacuation of Dunkirk 865
Adolf Hitler, on the war with the Soviet Union 869
Death squad leader, on the Einsatzgruppen 876
Filip Mller, Auschwitz prisoner 877
California Governor Culbert Olson,
on Japanese Internment 882
Rudolf Hss, on the experience of Jews at Auschwitz 893
UNIT 6
Toward a Global Civilization
Chapter 27 Cold War and Postwar Changes
Dean Acheson, on the Cold War 902
Adviser to President Kennedy on the
Bay of Pigs Invasion 906
Nikita Khrushchev, on the Cuban Missile Crisis 906
President Dwight Eisenhower, on Postwar Politics 917
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are A-Changin, 927
Chapter 28 The Contemporary Western World
Boris Yeltsin, on the challenges of the New Russia 934
Economist E.F. Schumacher, on evolving lifestyle 957
xvii
Philip Wolmuth/Alamy Images
Primary Source Quotes
Chapter 29 Latin America
Architect Oscar Niemeyer, describing his work
in Braslia 965
An observers account of the U.S. invasion
of Panama 983
Chapter 30 Africa and the Middle East
Nelson Mandela, opening statement at the Rivonia Trial 991
Tunde Obadina, on industrialization in Africa 992
King Hussein of Jordan, on making peace
with Israel 1000
Humphrey Taylor, on massacre of demonstrators
in South Africa 1009
Chapter 31 Asia and the Pacic
Wei Jingsheng, The Fifth Modernization 1015
Japanese Women, 1955 1035
Chapter 32 Challenges and Hopes
The United Nations, from the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights 1045
Domitila Barrios de Chungara, on Equality
for women in Bolivia 1045
Kofi Annan, on the UN Millennium
Development Goals 1052
Hazel Henderson, on Grassroots Organizations 1053
Rachel Carson, on use of pesticides, from
Silent Spring 1057
PRIMARY SOURCE LIBRARY
An Egyptian Fathers Advice to His Son R34
The Burning of Books R35
Plague in Athens R35
From The Illiad R36
Muhammads Wife Remembers the Prophet R38
A Woman May Need to Have the Heart of a Man R39
The Buddhas Sermon R39
Five Poems R40
A Reformation Debate R42
The Silk Industry in China R43
Declaration of the Rights of Women and the
Female Citizen R43
From Candide R44
Imperial Decree to Free the Serfs R46
The Unfortunate Situation of Working Women R47
The Impact of British Rule in India R47
From Shooting an Elephant R48
Over the TopWorld War I R50
Gandhi Takes the Path of Civil Disobedience R51
The HolocaustThe Camp Victims R51
From A Room of Ones Own R52
Progress Never Stops R54
An Ideal for Which I am Prepared to Die R55
Chinas Gilded Age R55
Civil Peace, from Girls at War and Other Stories R56
xviii
Chip East/Reuters/CORBIS
UNIT 1
Number of Farms in the U.S. 19402004 15
Changes, Prehistory3500 B.C. 23
The Influence of Hammurabis Code 32
Comparing Life in Mesopotamia and Egypt 62
Average Annual Precipitation in Three Indian Cities 67
The Four Noble Troths 74
The Eightfold Path 75
Early Dynasties of China 88
Dynastic Cycle 88
Average Annual Precipitation in Mumbai and Chennai 103
Comparing Democratic Systems 120
Olympian Gods 125
Summary of Ancient Greek Civilizations 142
Twelve Tables of Rome, 449 B.C. 149
Constantines Contribution to the Spread of Christianity 172
UNIT 2
The Five Pillars of Islam 190
Muslim Conquests and Defeats 212
Two Centers of Trade in Africa 238
The Impact of Religions on India 285
States of Southeast Asia, 111 B.C.A.D. 1600 293
A Monks Daily Timetable 305
Charlemagne, King of the Franks 306
The Feudal System 311
The Body of Civil Law (The Justinian Code) 323
The Crusades 331
Peasants Wheel of Life 337
Effects of the Black Death 354
UNIT 3
Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Beliefs 422
Top Ten Organized Religions of the World (2004 estimates) 427
Native American Population 445
Ethnic Groups of Mexico, 2007 451
Changes Made by Peter the Great 481
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire, 14511566 507
Chinese Population Growth 517
Comparing Feudalism 522
Major Explorers 535
Views of Astronomy 542
Three Estates in Pre-Revolutionary France 577
Percentage of Victims of the Terror by Class 592
Napoleons Family & his Empire (17991812) 600
Napoleons 1812 Russian Campaign 602
UNIT 4
Estimated Population of England, 17501851 615
American Civil War Casualties (18611865) 648
Nineteenth-Century Urban Dwellers 682
Major Regions of European Control 689
Troops Employed in British India, 1857 703
Height of European Imperialism 721
Opium Imported into China 727
Japans Foreign Trade, 18781917 739
Significance of the Russo-Japanese
War of 19041905 744
UNIT 5
Estimated Army Size, 1914 759
United States War Casualties 787
Unemployment, 19281938 793
Soviet Industry 801
Great Depression in Latin America 845
Jewish Population in Europe before and after World War II 875
Mobilization for War 881
U.S. Unemployment Rates 893
UNIT 6
Major Developments in the Cold War, 19471973 904
Comparison of Market and Command Economies 911
Marshall Plan Aid, 19481951 915
Percentage of People Without Health Insurance
(United States, 2006) 927
The Former Soviet Republics 933
Key Events in the European Union 941
Percentage of Women in the Workforce 948
U.S. Government Budget Deficit 957
Population of Latin America, 19502020 961
Gross Domestic Product per Capita 961
Growing Hispanic Population in the United States, 19902050 964
U.S. Agricultural Trade with NAFTA Partners, 19892002 983
Arab-Israeli Relations 997
Religion in India, 2001 1019
Foundations of Postwar Japan 1025
Projection of World Population (based on 19952000 levels) 1035
MINI ALMANAC
World Population, A.D. 12001 R2
Population by Continent, 2005 R2
Life Expectancy R2
Infant Mortality R2
Most Populous Countries R2
Worlds Richest Countries R3
Worlds Poorest Countries R3
Highest Inflation Rates R3
Lowest Inflation Rates R3
Worlds Ten Largest Companies. 2000 R3
Most Livable Countries R4
Highest Adult Literacy Rates R4
Lowest Adult Literacy Rates R4
Lowest Inflation Rates R4
Years, by Country, in Which Women Gained the Right to Vote R4
Highest Military Expenditures R5
Nuclear Weapons Capability R5
Communication Around the World R5
xix
REFERENCE ATLAS
World: Political A2
World: Physical A4
North America: Political A6
North America: Physical A7
South America: Political A8
South America: Physical A9
Europe: Political A10
Europe: Physical A12
Africa: Political A14
Africa: Physical A15
Asia: Political A16
Asia: Physical A18
Pacific Rim: Physical/Political A20
Worlds People A22
World Population Cartogram A24
Geographic Dictionary A26
UNIT 1
Archaeological Finds 5
Development of Systematic Agriculture 17
Spread of Early Humans 22
Ancient Mesopotamia 27
City of Ur 27
The Geography of Ancient Egypt 35
The Hittite Empire, 16501200 B.C. 47
The Persian Empire, 500 B.C. 56
Ancient Israel 63
The Impact of Geography 67
Indus Civilization and Trade 68
Three Indian Empires 77
Trade Routes of the Ancient World 78
The Impact of Geography on Early Chinese Civilization 85
Shang and Zhou Dynasties 86
Qin and Han Dynasties 98
Impact of Geography: China 102
The Impact of Geography 107
Greek Colonies and Trade, 750550 B.C. 115
Persian Wars, 499479 B.C. 119
Peloponnesian War, 431404 B.C. 122
The Empire of Alexander the Great, 323 B.C. 135
Greece, 750550 B.C. 143
Italy 500 B.C. 147
Punic Wars, 264146 150
Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion 158
Spread of Christianity, A.D. 325600 171
The Roman Empire Under the Tetrarchs 175
Invasions into the Roman Empire, A.D. 200500 176
Roman Empire 180
UNIT 2
Southwest Asia in Muhammads Time, c. 600 189
Spread of Islam, 632750 193
Arab Campaigns into France 195
Abbasid Empire, 800 197
Trade in Southwest Asia, 7321212 201
Abbasid Trade Rootes, 800 213
Climate Zones and Geography of Africa 237
The Kingdoms of Kush and Axum 238
Trade in West Africa, 8001500 245
The Bantu Migration 246
Indian Ocean Trade 248
Religion in Africa 253
Early West African Trade 261
Empires in China, 5811279 265
Mongol Empire, 1294 271
The Mongol Dynasty in China 272
Early Japan 279
Mongol Campaigns, 1200s 280
Southeast Asia, 1200 291
Population Growth in China, 7501250 299
New Germanic Kingdoms, A.D. 500 303
Invasions of Europe, 8001000 309
Europe, 1160 317
Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe 320
The Crusades 326
Expansion of Moscow, 13001462 330
Medieval Trade Routes 339
Spread of the Black Death 353
Hundred Years War 357
Hundred Years War in France 364
Cultures of North America, 4000 B.C.A.D. 1500 369
Cultures of Mesoamerica, 900 B.C.A.D. 1500 374
Cultures of South America, A.D. 7001500 383
Cuzco of the Inca 390
UNIT 3
Renaissance Italy, 1500 399
Europe after the Peace of Augsburg, 1555 413
European Religions, 1600 419
Holy Roman Empire, 1400 426
European Voyages of Discovery 431
Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500s1600s 441
Colonial Latin America to 1750 445
Routes of Corts, 15191525 450
Height of Spanish Power under Philip II, c. 1560 455
Route of the Spanish Fleet, 1588 456
Europe after the Peace of Westphalia 460
Expansion of Prussia and Austria to 1720 467
xx
MAPS
Expansion of Russia, 15051725 468
Thirty Years War, 16181648 480
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire to 1699 485
S

afavid Empire, 15011722 493

Expansion of the Mogul Empire 15301707 499
The British in India 506
China Under the Ming and Qing Dynasties, 13681911 511
Voyages of Zheng He, 14051433 513
Japan and Korea, 15601600 521
Religions and Cultures of Southeast Asia, 1500 527
Southeast Asia, 1700 534
Intellectuals of the Scientific Revolution 539
Europe and the Age of Enlightenment 547
Enlightened Absolutism 555
The Seven Years War, 17561763 559
The French and Indian War, 17541763 560
Land Claims After the American Revolution, 1783 567
Seven Years War in the West Indies 573
Napoleonic Europe, 17991812 600
Disaster in Russia 602
Reign of Terror 606
UNIT 4
Industry in Great Britain by 1850 615
Europe after the Congress of Vienna, 1815 625
Nationalities in Austria-Hungary, mid-1800s 628
Unification of Italy and Germany 631
Revolutions in Europe, 18481849 649
Industrialization of Europe by 1914 653
European Population Growth and Relocation, 18201900 659
Europe, 1871 669
Imperialism in Southeast Asia, 1900 687
Imperialism in Africa, 18801914 693
British Possessions in India, 18581914 705
European Colonies in Latin America 709
Travel Distance (and the Panama Canal) 720
Spheres of Influence in China, 1900 725
Fall of the Qing Empire 733
Japanese Expansion, 18701918 739
Japanese Expansion, 18731910 750
UNIT 5
Alliances in Europe, 1914 759
World War I in Europe, 19141918 763
Russian Revolution and Civil War, 19171922 773
Europe and the Middle East after World War I 779
Middle East in World War I, 19141918 786
Europe, 1923 791
Politics in Europe, 1930s 797
Soviet Union by 1939 801
Spanish Civil War, 19361939 818
Middle East, 19191935 823
Africa, 19191939 829
China, 19261937 837
Latin America, 1939 845
Japanese Expansion, 19101933 852
German and Italian Expansion, 19351939 857
Japanese Expansion, 19331941 860
World War II in Europe and North Africa, 19391941 865
World War II in Europe and North Africa, 19411945 866
World War II in Asia and the Pacific, 19411945 868
D-Day: The Five Beaches 870
Major Nazi Death Camps 875
Japan, 1945 885
Europe after World War II 886
German-Controlled Territory, 1943 892
UNIT 6
Balance of Power after World War II 901
Divided Germany and the Berlin Airlift 903
European Economic Community, 1957 915
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 926
Breakup of the Soviet Union, 1991 931
Eastern Europe: The Transition from Communism 937
Expansion of the European Union, 19572007 941
Regional Identity in Western Europe 950
Former Yugoslavia, 19911999 956
Main Latin American Exports in the 1990s 961
Major Developments in Latin America since 1945 963
Hispanic Population by State, 2000 964
Political Events in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean 967
The Panama Canal 970
Political Events in South America 973
Population of Latin America, 2000 982
Independent Africa 987
Arab-Israeli Disputes 997
Modern Middle East 998
Israel and Israeli-Occupied Territory 1008
China Since 1945 1013
Korean War, 19501953 1016
Partition of India, 1947 1019
Vietnam War, 19681975 1022
Modern Japan 1025
Indochina, 19461954 1034
People Living with HIV, 2006 1041
Percentage of Population That Is Literate 1049
Radioactive Fallout from Chernobyl, 1986 1056
See Student Works Plus
or glencoe.com.
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