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Matthew M. Peet
Illinois Institute of Technology
Overview
In this Lecture, you will learn: Review of Nyquist Drawing the Nyquist Plot
Using the Bode Plot What happens at r = Poles on the imaginary axis
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Review
Systems in Feedback
The closed loop is kG(s) 1 + kG(s) We want to know when 1 + kG(s) = 0 Question: Does
1 k
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Review
The Nyquist Contour
Denition 1.
The Nyquist Contour, CN is a contour which contains the imaginary axis and encloses the right half-place. The Nyquist contour is clockwise. A Clockwise Curve
Starts at the origin. Travels along imaginary axis till r = . At r = , loops around clockwise. Returns to the origin along imaginary axis.
r=
Review
Contour Mapping Principle
s*= G(s)
= < G(s)
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encirclements of poles.
1 k .
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1 (1 s + 1)(2 s + 1)
2 Imaginary Axis
6 12
10
6 4 Real Axis
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A
0 -20 -40
B C D
E
-60 -80 -100 -120 0
A B C
-90
D
-135
E
-180 10
-2
10
-1
10 Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
10
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Imaginary Axis
Point A B C D E
.1 1 3 10 100
G 0 45 90 135 175
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
E
0
D
-0.2
C
-0.4
-0.6
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0.6
0.4
E
0
D
-0.2
C
-0.4
-0.6
1 There are no encirclements of k . Stable for all k > 0. We already knew that from Root Locus.
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1 (s + 1)3
Root Locus
1.5
0.5
1.5
2 2.5
1.5
1 Real Axis
0.5
0.5
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A
0 -10
B C D
Phase (deg)
C
-135
D
-180 -225 -270 10
-2
10
-1
10 Frequency (rad/sec)
10
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Imaginary Axis
Point A B C D E
.1 .28 1 1.8 10
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
D
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
B
-0.8 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 Real Axis 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
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0.6
0.4
D
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
B
-0.8 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 Real Axis 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
r=
lim |G(s)| = 0
Im(s)
lim |G(s)| = c
Constant Magnitude at .
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G(s) =
i=1
(s zi )
i=1
( s p i )
Nyquist Diagram 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
The innite loop is mapped to a single point! Either (0, 0) or (c, 0).
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0.8 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 Real Axis 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
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0 20 40 45
2 Imaginary Axis
0 Phase (deg)
0
45
90
135 10
6
2
10
10 Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
1.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
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We Modify the Nyquist Contour. We detour around the poles. Can detour to the right or left. If we detour to the left, then the poles count as unstable open loop poles. P=2 Assume we detour to the right. P=0
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(s p) = 90
In the middle of the Detour, the phase from the
< (s - p) = 80o
pole is (s p) = 0
At the end of the Detour, the phase from the pole
< (s - p) = -5o
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___ =(g/l)
10
Imaginary Axis
10
10
0 Real Axis
10
Now we can gure out what goes on at . g There is a 180 loop at each = l.
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___ =(g/l)
10
1000
Imaginary Axis
500
1000
10
10
0 Real Axis
10
200
800
For 0 <
1 k
< 1, we have N = 1
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Stability Margins
Recall the denitions of Gain Margin.
Denition 2.
The Gain Margin, Km = 1/|G( )| when G( ) = 180 Let Km is the maximum stable gain in closed loop.
Km G(s) is unstable in closed loop Sometimes expressed in dB
It is easy to nd the maximum stable gain from the Nyquist Plot. 1 Find the point K which m destabilizes
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Stability Margins
Example
Recall G(s) =
1 (s + 1)3
0.6
0.4
Km = 10 or
20dB.
Imaginary Axis
D
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
B
-0.8 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 Real Axis 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
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Stability Margins
Example
CW loop at .
Nyquist Diagram 50
40
9.5
30
20
2
Imaginary Axis 10
Imaginary Axis
10
20
30
-2
40
-4
1 k
> 9.5.
-6
-8 -14
-12
-10
}
-8 -6 Real Axis -4 -2 0 2
Km = .105
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or
19.5dB
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Stability Margins
Question: What is the eect of a phase change on the Nyquist Diagram.
A shift in phase changes the angle of all points. A Rotation about the origin. Will we rotate into instability?
Nyquist Diagram 0.8 0.8 Nyquist Diagram
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
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Stability Margins
Nyquist Diagram 3
Denition 3.
1
The Phase Margin, M is the uniform phase change required to destabilize the system under unitary feedback.
Imaginary Axis
M
0
3 3
Imaginary Axis
3 3
0 Real Axis
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Stability Margins
Example
1.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2 -3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1 Real Axis
-0.5
0.5
Looking at the intersection with the circle: Phase Margin: M = 40 Gain Margin is innite.
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Stability Margins
Example
Nyquist Diagram
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-1.5
-1
0.5
Even though open-loop is unstable, we can still nd the phase margin: Phase Margin: M = 35 Gain Margin is technically undened because open loop is unstable. There is a minimum gain, not a maximum.
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Summary
What have we learned today? Review of Nyquist Drawing the Nyquist Plot
Using the Bode Plot What happens at r = Poles on the imaginary axis
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