Motors 5.

CHAPTER-5

MOTORS

SNO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. . !. ". 1#. 11. 12. 4" 5# PRINCIPLE OF INDUCTION MOTOR TYPE OF MOTORS - : AC & DC THREE PHASE AC INDUCTION MOTOR SINGLE PHASE AC INDUCTION MOTOR MOTOR STARTING METHODS VOLTAGE & FREQUENCY VARIATION EFFECT TESTING OF MOTORS DC MOTOR MOTOR STARTING METHODS TYPE & DEGREE OF PROTECTION ENCLOSURES INSULATION PROTECTION THERMAL & ELECTRIC PROTECTION OF MOTOR TESTING OF MOTORS

Motors 5.2

PRINCIPLE OF INDUCTION MOTOR MMF OF DISTRIBUTED AC WINDING Ni Ampere conductor

Coil Magnetic Axis

Figure-1 A cylindrical rotor machine with small air gap is shown a o!e. "he stator is imagined to e wound #or two poles with a single N turns #ull pitched coil carrying current in direction indicated the #ig shows some #lux line o# the magnetic #ield set up. $ach #lux line radially crosses the air gap twice i.e #rom rotor to stator and stator to rotor. From the pattern o# #ield north and south pole on rotor and stator can e insulated. %n assumption that reluctance o# iron path is negligi le hal# o# the mm# &Ni'2( is consumed to create #lux #rom rotor to stator in air gap and other hal# is used upto esta lish #lux #rom stator to rotor in air gap. "a)ing mm# and #lux radially outward #rom rotor to stator * +e and stator to rotor as , +e it can e seen that mm# is &Ni '2( at North pole side o# rotor and &Ni '2( at south pole side o# rotor. MMF is changing #rom * &Ni '2( to - &Ni '2( at the winding slot as shown elow*Ni'2 -Ni'2 Figure-2 Fundamental harmonic o# rectangular wa!e can e descri ed y &S.ure wa!e as sum o# sinusoidal wa!e(

Motors 5./

0n distri uted winding other harmonic cancel outs and the wa!e shape is nearly sinusoidal. 1hen phase 2a3 carries a sinusoidal current i.e ia 4 0m cos t As per a o!e e.uation mm# o# one phase is standing wa!e in space5 whose pea) always coincide phase axis while pea) amplitude sinusoidally !aries with time. 1hen all three windings are carry alance alternating current. ia 4 0m Cos t i 4 0m Cos&t-126( ic 4 0m Cos&t-276( "hree pulsating mm# wa!es are set up in air gap which ha!e a time phase di##erence o# 126 degree #rom each other as. a 4Fm Cos t Cos 4Fm Cos&t-126( Cos&-126( c 4Fm Cos&wt-276( Cos&-276( "he resultant is the sum o# three pulsating wa!e 4 a * *c 4 Fm 8Cos t Cos* Cos&t-126( Cos&-126(* Cos&t-276( Cos&-276(9 #&5t(4/'2 Fm Cos&-t( :esultant is distri uted in space and time. 0t is tra!elling wa!e with sinusoidally space distri ution which rotate in air gap at a constant speed w m 4 &;'p( m-is the speed o# rotor 2<n'=6 42'> ? 2<# n 4 126 # ' > n is called synchronous speed. Consider a wound rotor machine5 when stator windings are connected to / phase supply. :otating magnetic #ield is set as per a o!e e.uation. :otating magnetic #ield induces em# in rotor winding &rotor is wound #or same no. o# poles and same no. o# phases(. A alance /phase em# is induced in rotor5 i# rotor winding short circuited a alance / phase current #low in rotor winding. "his alance /phase current in rotor winding create it3s own rotating magnetic #ield5 rotating at same speed as stator #ield. "wo magnetic #ields and #luxes are stationary to each other. 0nteraction o# two create the tor.ue tending to mo!e the rotor in direction o# #ield. 0nduction motor is thus sel# starting. 0# rotor is permitted to rotate it runs in direction o# stator #ield and a.uire steady speed 2n3. % !iously n@ ns ecause i# n 4 ns relati!e speed etween stator #ield and rotor winding will e ;ero and there#ore induced em# and rotor current will e ;ero. Aence

Motors 5.7

no tor.ue is de!eloped. :otor thus cannot reach the synchronous speed ns and hence can not exceed ns5 with rotor running at speed n5 relati!e speed o# the stator #ield with respect to rotor conductor is ns-n in direction o# ns5 #re.uency o# rotor induced em# in rotor is there#ore. # 2 4 &ns , n (> ' 126 4 &&ns , n (' ns ( B &ns > ' 126 ( 4 s #
S 4 & ns

- n ( ' ns 4 slip o# rotor

"he slip is per unit speed at which the rotor slips ehind the stator #ield. "he slip #re.uency current in rotor winding cause a rotor #ield rotating with respect to rotor in same direction as stator #ield. "he speed o# rotor #ield w.r.t. rotor 4 ns , n Since the rotor is running at speed n and the rotor #ield at &n s -n( with respect to rotor in same direction. Aence the net speed o# rotor #ield as seen #rom stator is ns i.e same as stator #ield. "hus oth #ield are stationary to each other and motor continuously produces tor.ue.

TYPES OF MOTORS AC & DC TYPES OF MOTORS: &i( &ii( %n asis o# power #eeding source motor can e classi#ied as CC Motor AC Motor 0n CC motors armature windings are on rotor and #ield winding on salient poles at stator while in ac motors armature is wound on stator and #ield is on rotor. 0n dc motors end o# armature coils are connected to commutator segments. 0n ac motors #ield winding are connected to slip rings. "hrough car on rushes power is #ed to commulator or slip ring. CC Motors can #urther e classi#ied as a( Shunt motor ( Series motor c( Compound motor 0n shunt motor #ield winding are parallel to armature as shown elow0# + uuuuu 0a D *

Motors 5.5

Figure- / Separately excited shunt motor has #ield windings #ed y separate dc source5 motor speed is controlled y connecting a resistance in series with #ield winding and controlling #ield current y !arying the resistance. 0n shunt motors tor.ue is almost constant at all speed. SERIES MOTOR: 0n series motor #ield winding are connected in series with armature as shown elow. 0# * 0a * + uuuuu D Figure- 7 0n series motor #ield current is same as armature current when armature current is low5 #ield is low. As motor speed is in!ersely proportional to #ield #lux at low armature current &i.e at hight load or no load( speed is !ery high. Con!ersely at high tor.ue speed is low. Series motor has a application in traction crane5 hoist dri!es. COMPOUND MOTOR: 0n compound motor oth series and shunt #ield excitation is used. 1hen series #lux aid to shunt #lux5 motor is called cumulati!ely compounded5 when oth #ield opposes each other5 motor is called di##erentially compounded. * + uuuuu uuuuu D Figure- 5 Cumulati!e compounded motor has no load speed corresponding to shunt #ield and due to series winding has load relie!ing properties i.e it can operate at high tor.ue with low speed.

Motors 5.=

0n di##erentially compounded motor as load increases #lux decreases due to increase in series #ield5 so at large loads #lux is small which generate !ery high speed and create unsta le operation #or this reason di##erentially compounded motors are not use#ul AC MOTORSAc motors operate on a three phase or single phase ac supply. AC motors can e roadly classi#ied asE i( ii( iii( 0nduction Motor Synchronous motor Fractional horse power motors INDUCTION MOTOR: "his is most commonly used motor. 0nduction motor has three phase distri uted winding on stator. 0nduction motor rotor is cylindrical in shape ha!ing slots #or rotor windings or ars. :otors are o# two types. 1. 2. 1ound rotor S.uirrel cage rotor 1ound rotor has / phase distri uted winding in rotor slots. 1indings has same no o# poles as stator. :otor winding are connected in star or delta5 three leads are ta)en out #rom rotor y slipring and car on rush. "hree leads are short circuited at car on rush5 #or speed and tor.ue control and !aria le series resistance is added in each phase o# rotor winding at car on rush. S.uirrel cage rotor has copper or aluminum ar placed in rotor slots. "hese ars are short circuited at oth ends y copper end rings. Aence no commutator car on rush is re.uired also tor.ue speed control is not possi le in s.uirrel cage induction motor5 s.uirrel cage motor is most ro ust construction o# motor hence it is most used motor. 1hen induction motor winding are connected to three phase supply5 a rotating #ield is set up in air gap inducing current in short circuited rotor windings. :otor current create its own magnetic #ield in air gap rotating at same speed as stator #ield. 0nteraction o# oth rotor and stator #ield produces tor.ue at rotor. "hus induction motor is sel# starting. Single phase induction motor operate on same principle. 0t has two windings on stator. %ne main winding #ed y 1phase F ac supply other auxilary winding ha!ing high :'? ratio and connected to capacitor in series. Goth auxiliary and main windiness are connected in parallel5 current in oth winding has phase di##erence and due to high :'? ratio and presence o# capacitor in auxiliary winding.

Motors 5.H

SYNCHRONEOUS MOTOR: Stator o# synchronous motor is same as induction motor ut rotor has dc winding on it. :otor dc winding are connected to dc power source through commutator car on rush. 1hen #ield windings are energi;ed with dc !oltage5 magnetic poles are created in air gap. 1hen stator windings are energi;ed y / phase supply5 a rotating #ield is produced in air gap. 0# rotor is connected to dc !oltage source5 rotor also create stationary magnetic #ield in air gap. 0nteraction o# rotor stationary #ield and stator rotating #ield creates pulsating tor.ue at rotor with a!erage !alue ;ero. Aence synchronous motor is non sel# starting. "o ma)e synchronous motor sel# starting copper ars are placed in rotor slots li)e induction motor5 short circuited at oth ends. Motor ta)es start as induction motor on energi;ing stator winding5 when speed reaches close to synchronous speed dc #ield is switched on so rotor #ield loc)s with stator #ield and motor runs at synchronous speed. ns 4 126 # ' > Iine current power #actor can e !aried y !arying excitation o# rotor in synchronous motor. %!er excited synchronous motor draws leading power #actor current. Aence synchronous motor can e used to impro!e power #actor o# system. FRACTIONAL KILOWATT MOTOR: "hese are !ery small motor o# !ery low rating5 depending on their principle o# operation can e classi#ied as i( ii( iii( i!( :eluctance motor Aysteresis motor Stepper motor >ermanent magnet motor

THREE PHASE A.C INDUCTION MOTOR CONSTRUCTION AND GENERAL FEATURES>hysically a induction machine consists o# a stationary mem er called stator and rotating mem er called rotor. STATOR: Stators are constructed o# magnetic laminations stated in axial direction and separated y thin #ilm o# electrically insulating material. A stator consist o# / asic magnetic

Motors 5.J

schemes-Slot5 teeth and stator yo)e5 winding are placed in stator slots. Gasic type o# winding used in 0nduction machine is / phase distri uted winding. 0n this type o# winding5 winding is laid in slots distri uted around the stator air gap sur#ace and is constructed o# insulated undle o# wires. ROTOR: :otor is #ormed #rom laminated electrical steel punching and rotor winding consists o# ars contained in slots punched in lamination. "hese ars are short-circuited at oth ends y short circuiting rings. "his arrangement is )nown as s.uirrel cage rotor. 0n would rotor5 rotor is wound #or same no o# phase and poles as stator. And winding leads are ta)en out #rom rotor through slipring 5 car on rush arrangement. ENCLOSURES: $nclosure is important #eature in motor which determines suita ility wor)ing area. $nclosures are classi#ied on asis o# degree o# protection o##ered which is indicated y simple code. "he #irst digit designate the type o# protection o# personal against contact with li!e or mo!ing part inside the enclosure and o# machine against ingress o# solid !ouches. "he second digit designate the type o# protection against ingress o# water into the enclosure. "he detail o# !arious degree o# protection o##ered as per 0S-7=K1 are gi!en in #ollowing ta leCode 0>-2/ 0>-77 0>-57 0>-55 So$"d P%r "!$e W% er Pro e! "o#. Pro e! "o# Against contact with Against #oreign odies L12 >re!ent water #alling at an #inger mm dia angle =6 degree #rom !ertical. Against contact o# o Mects Against #oreign odies L >re!ent damage #rom water thic)er than 1 mm 1mm dia splash #rom any direction. Against contact o# all type Against ingress o# dust - do o# #oreign odies - do - do >re!ents damage #rom water Met #rom all directions. Pro e! "o#

FRAME SI&E: Frame si;e is manu#actures indication o# physical si;e o# motor and its mounting dimensions. As per standard practice5 the center height o# sha#t is used #or designations o# #rame si;e. Standard si;es are =/5H15 J65 K651665 1125 1/251=65 1J65 2665 2255 2565 2J65 /155 /555 766.

Motors 5.K

Cesignation o# #rame length is gi!en as S Machine length small M Machine length medium I Machine length long. MOUNTINGMotor mounting is either hori;ontal or !ertical5 it is either #lange mounted or #oot mounted. As per 0S-225/ di##erent sym ol and code has een assigned to di##erent type o# mounting arrangement #or exampleE Aori;ontal #oot mounting motor has code -0M G/ Aori;ontal #lange mounting -0M G5 +ertical #lange mounting downward -0M +1 +ertical #lange mounting upward -0M +/ DUTY CYCLE0n many application electric machines are operated at power le!els that changes with time instead o# eing at constant power5 when the !ariation in power le!el can e descri ed as a periodic #unction5 it is )nown as duty cycle. Motors o# same output power rating ut ha!ing di##erent duty cycle are assigned di##erent designation #or di##erent duty cycle #or example S1 indicate continuously rated motor5 designation S2 to S= stands #or di##erent intermittent loads. MOTOR CLASSFor di##erent e##iciency and starting tor.ue characteristics o# ac motor N$MA & National $lectric Manu#acturers Association5 NSA( has #ollowing designations. N$MA Cesign-G Normal tor.ue5 normal slip5 normal loc)ed Amp. N$MA Cesign-A Aigh tor.ue5 low slip5 high loc)ed Amp. N$MA Cesign-C Aigh tor.ue5 normal slip5 normal loc)ed amp. N$MA design-C Aigh loc)ed rotor tor.ue5 high slip. T'("!%$ !)%r%! er"* "!* %re *)o+# ,e$o+:C A G C
" % : O N $

S>$$C

Fig. =

Motors 5.16

Peneral purpose ac motors are design G motors Cesign A motors are used when more than normal starting tor.ue re.uired. Cesign C motor has higher loc)ed rotor tor.ue than design G. Cesign-C motors are closed when higher rea) away tor.ue are encountered in getting load started. Cesign-C motors are used where starting and acceleration are more demanding #eature o# load. "ypical examples are cranes and hoists. INSULATION CLASS0nsulation class re#ers primarily to the sa#e operating temperature o# insulation. $lectrical insulation is designated y alpha etical listing #rom A to A. 0nsulation Class A G F A %perating &Sa#e temp range(. 165 C. 1/6 C 155 C 1J6 C

INCREASE SAFETY AND E-PLOSION PROOF MOTORS: 0n increased sa#ety motor extra margins are ta)en in insulation5 air gap5 terminals to reduce the chances o# #ault. 0n explosion proo# motor at occurrence o# #ault inside the motor or terminal ox5 ody temperature does not rise to #lash point o# gases o# gas group #or which it is designed.

"%:ON$ S>$$C CAA:AC"$:0S"0CS0nduction motor tor.ue can e expressed as " 4 &&/'s(+th2& r32 's(( ' &&:1 * r32 's(2 * &?1* x32(2( 1hereas is s synchronous speed5 +th is "hie!ing e.ui!alent !oltage. +th 4+ 8 M xm ' r1
* M &?1* ?m(

?m is magneti;ing reactance5 r and x are stator resistance and reactance. $.uation &1( is expression o# tor.ue de!eloped as a #unction o# !oltage and slip. "or.ue is proportional to s.uare o# !oltage. Speed tor.ue is plotted elow at constant !oltage.

Motors 5.11

"max Full load point "or.ue Starting tor.ue slip Motoring mode operating

Grea)ing mode

Penerating Mode

F"..-/ Speed tor.ue characteristic has / region5 hence / mode o# operation1. Mo or"#. 0ode 12 3 * 3 4 5- At slip 4 1 i.e rotor is stationary5 motor generate tor.ue "s &Starting tor.ue(. "his tor.ue must o!ercome any rea)away #orces imposed y load #or success#ul starting o# motor. Grea) down tor.ue is maximum tor.ue that the motor generate in motoring region. Normal operating region o# motor is elow "-max and slip is usually 2- JQ. Ge#er% "#. 0ode: 1S 3 25- At speed a o!e synchronous speed the machine operate as induction generator. And this region o# speed tor.ue cur!e is called generating region. %peration in generating region results #rom motor eing dri!en y prime mo!er. 0nduction generator has application as wind dri!en generators5 they are connected to a power line and deli!er power to the system whene!er wind !elocities reach a certain minimum !alue. Br%6"#. Mode 1* 745"hird region o# speed tor.ue cur!e is plugging region. A motor tra!erses this region when it is operating in one direction and direction o# rotating magnetic #ield is changed &i.e two phases o# stator interchanged(. M%8"090 1Bre%6 do+#5 Tor:9eNsing max. power trans#er theorem on e.ui!alent circuit. r32'Smax" 4 &:1 2 * &?1* x32(2(

2.

/.

Motors 5.12

Smax" 4 r32 ' &&:1 2 * &?1* x32(2( "max 4 &/'s( &6.5+th2' &&:1 2 * &?1* x32(2(( 0t is e!ident #rom a o!e e.uation that max. tor.ue is independent o# rotor resistance while the slip at which it occur is directly proportional to it. S"A:"0NP "%:ON$- at starting s 4 1 "start 4 &/'s( &+th2 r32 ' &&:1 * r32 (2 * &?1* x32(2(( "o achie!e max. starting tor.ue &"max( r32 4 &&:1 2 * &?1* x32(2((

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION Single phase distri uted winding in stater when #ed with single phase supply generate pulsating #ield in air gap as F 4 F>ea) cos cos t

"his can e trigonometrically seen F 4 &1'2( F>ea) cos & -t( * &1'2( F>ea) cos & *t(

So pulsating mm# can e seen as sum o# two sinusoidal mm# rotating in re!erse direction to each other. &1'2( F>ea) cos & -t( &1'2(F>ea) cos & *t( Forward rotating #ield ac)ward rotating #ield

"a)ing rotor rotating in #orward direction at speed n S# S 4 4 4 &ns , n(' ns 4 s &2ns ,&ns- n((' ns

&ns ,&- n((' ns 4 2-s

Motors 5.1/

0# #orward slip is s5 ac)ward slip is &2-s( Nnder stationary rotor condition & n 4 65 s 4 1(5 two rotating #ield5 pass the rotor at same slip inducing e.ual current in s.uirrel cage rotor. "wo rotating #ield ha!e same strength and produce e.ual and opposite tor.ue5 resulting net starting tor.ue o# ;ero !alue. Aence the motor is non sel# starting. 0# howe!er5 rotor is made to run at speed n in direction o# #orward #ield. "he two slip are now s and &2-s(5 &2-s(LLs5 As 02 4 S+'?. So ac)ward #ield induced rotor current are much larger and ha!e a low power #actor5 corresponding rotor mm# is reduced in strength. %n other hand low slip #orward rotating #ield induces smaller current o# high power #actor in rotor than standstill this leads enhancement o# #orward #lux wa!e5 at near a out synchronous speed #orward #ield dominate the re!erse #ield se!eral times. Forward #ield o# rotor and ac)ward #ield mo!e in opposite direction with relati!e speed o# 2 ns5 producing pulsating tor.ue with ;ero a!erage !alue. As a conse.uence single phase motor is noiser than / phase motor. TYPE OF SINGLE PHASE MOTOR Single phase motor run on main winding5 they are not sel#-starting5 so second winding usually called auxiliary winding is needed. "he a o!e consideration lead to se!eral type o# single phase motor as.

1. 2.

/.

Split phase motor Capacitor motor &a( Capacitor start motor & ( >ermanent capacitor motor &c( "wo !alue capacitor motor Shaded pole motor SPLIT PHASE MOTOR "his type o# motor employs an auxiliary winding with high :'? ratio compared to main winding. A high :'? ratio is achie!ed y using smaller num er o# turns o# thin wire o# auxiliary winding. "he di##erence in :'? ratio causes auxiliary winding current to lead main winding current y an angle . "he #ield created y two currents has a phase di##erence . "he result is production o# rotating #ield and a starting tor.ue. %nce the rotor is up to the speed the auxiliary winding is cut out o# circuit y a centri#ugal switch in order to a!oid excessi!e losses5 so auxiliary winding is short time rated.

Motors 5.17

Centri#uge switch uuuu 1R supply :otor uuuuuuuu Aux. 1inding F".. ; "his type o# motors has moderate starting tor.ue. CAPACITOR MOTOR 0n capacitor motors5 a capacitor is used in series with auxiliary winding to enhance starting tor.ue5 as capacitor in auxiliary winding increase phase di##erence etween auxiliary and main winding current. CAPACITOR START MOTOR Main winding Centri#uge switch uuuu 1R supply :otor Capacitor uuuuuuuu aux winding F".. < "he motor is so named ecause it uses capacitor only #or starting purpose. Capacitor is ta)en out o# circuit y centri#ugal switch a#ter motor reached #ull speed. Main and aux winding

tor.ue

Main winding

F".. 42

speed

Motors 5.15

PERMANENT CAPACITOR MOTOR A permanent split capacitor motor uses single capacitor5 which is in the circuit all the time5 circuit is same as capacitor start motor except centri#ugal switch omitted. Capacitor impro!es the power #actor and e##iciency5 starting tor.ue o# motor. "hey ha!e an important ad!antage that they re.uire no starting switch or relay &centri#ugal switch(. TWO =ALUE CAPACITOR MOTOR
MA0N 10NC0NP

Centri#uge switch uuuu 1R supply :otor uuuuuuuu

AN? 10NC0NP

:NN CA>AC0"%: S"A:"0NP CA>AC0"%:

F".. 44 "wo !alue capacitor motor also re#erred as capacitor start capacitor run. As name suggest two !alue capacitor motor not only uses capacitor #or starting ut also in run operation5 capacitor used permanently is called run capacitor use o# which impro!es motor running per#ormance5 starting capacitor re.uired is same as capacitor start motor. "he e##ect o# adding running capacitor are 1. 2. /. 7. 5. 0ncrease the rea)down tor.ue #rom 5 to /6Q. 0mpro!e the e##iciency #rom 5 to 16Q. :aise power #actor up a o!e K6Q. :educe noise under #ull load operating condition. 0ncrease starting tor.ue 5- 16Q. SHADED POLE MOTORS 0n shaded pole motors starter is salient pole construction one coil on each pole. "here is short-circuited shading coil around a portion o# each main pole. :otor is s.uirrel cage construction.

Motors 5.1=

Iet us #irst consider motor without shading coil. An alternating mm# is set up y passing a current through stater winding hence alternating #lux is set up across the air gap that is proportional to and in phase with alternating mm#. Now let us surround a part o# each pole with a shading coil. "his time !arying #lux will induce em#5 hence current in shading ring. 1hich in turn will ha!e its own magnetic #ield. Magnetic #ield under the shaded pole will e resultant o# two #ield and will lag the #ield in unshaded area. 0nteraction o# two #ield #luxes will create tor.ue in rotor and rotor starts mo!ing #rom unshaded portion to shaded portion o# pole. UNI=ERSAL MOTOR A series motor can e run either dc or ac &single phase( supply5 pro!ided that oth stator or rotor cores are laminated to limit the iron loss. 0n series motor armature and #ield windings are in series5 when #ed with ac supply direction o# armature and #ield current re!erses simultaneously. As a conse.uence tor.ue de!eloped is unidirectional tor.ue is pulsating in nature in ac operation5 which is #iltered out y rotor and load inertia so that speed pulsation are almost negligi le. Geing a series motor it3s operating speed is !ery high ranges #rom 7666 to 1=666 rpm. 0t3s load characteristics are similar to series motor i.e at low speed tor.ue is high and at high speed tor.ue is low.

MOTOR STARTING METHOD

DIRECT ON LINE 1D.O.L5 STARTING , 0n this method motor is directly connected to / phase supply. "S ' "FI 4 & 0S ' 0FI( 2 SFI Assuming #ull load slip 7Q and starting tor.ue e.ual to #ull load tor.ue. 1 or5 0S 4 6.67& 0S ' 0FI( 2 4 5 0FI

Starting current is #i!e times #ull load current with such a large starting current motor must accelerate and reach normal speed .uic)ly5 otherwise o!er heating may damage motor. REDUCED =OLTAGE STARTING Starting current can e reduced y reduced !oltage starting. "his causes starting tor.ue to reduce hea!ily as it is proportional to s.uare o# !oltage5 such starting can only e carried out on no load or light load.

Motors 5.1H

AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTING :educed !oltage starting can e o tained #rom auto-trans#ormer connected in star as shown elow . 0# !oltage is reduced to a #raction ? o# rated !oltage motor starting current is 0S 4 ? 0SC 0s &line( 4 ? & ? 0SC( 4 ?2 0SC "S ' "FI 4 ?2 &0SC ' 0FI(2 SFI&( 1here 0SC 4 Starting current with #ull !oltage 0s 0s 4? 0sc

F"..4> 0t is #ound that while the starting tor.ue is reduced y #raction ? 2 o# that o tained y direct starting5 starting line current is also reduced y same #raction. Smooth starting and high acceleration are possi le y gradual raising !oltage to #ull line !oltage. A#ter starting auto trans#ormer is cut out and motor is connected to mains directly. STAR-DELTA STARTING Motor designed #or delta running is started across line !oltage y connecting the phases in star. 0n direct delta winding Starting phase current 0SC 4 + ' SSC Starting line current 0S &( 4 / 0SC 0n star winding Starting phase current 4 line current 4 + ' & / SSC( 4 &1'/( 0SC 0S &S"A:(' 0S &Celta( 4 1'/ "S &S"A:( ' "S&( 4 1 '/ &0SC ' 0FI(2 SFI "hus it is seen that star delta starting reduces the starting tor.ue to one third that o taina le y direct delta starting and also the starting line current to one third.

Motors 5.1J

: T G

C1 GM:

C2

C/

Fig-17 For star operation C1 F C/ operation5 #or delta C1 F C2 will close. STARTING OF SLIP RING MOTOR From e.ui!alent c)t r2' Smax" 4 &&:12 * &?1 * x32(2( Smax" 4 r23 ' &&:12 * &?1 * x32(2( So slip at which maximum tor.ue occurs is directly proportional to rotor resistance. "o achie!e maximum starting tor.ue Smax 4 1 Smax" 4 1 4 r23 ' or r32 4 &&:12 * &?1 * x32(2(

:1 * &?1 * x32(2

"o get maximum starting tor.ue external resistances are added to rotor windings through slip ring. :esistance are cut o# in steps as motor accelerates5 #inally all rotor windings are short circulated at #ull speed. STARTING IN FRE?UENCY CONTROL DRI=E

Motors 5.1K

Synchronous speed o# induction motor is controlled in a step less way o!er a wide range y changing the supply #re.uency in magnetic circuit . + 4 $ 4 7.77 U1 Nph r # r 4 + '& # 7.77 U1 Nph ( "o operate motor at constant #lux density &"o a!oid saturation ( + ' # shall e )ept constant. /

ac
Con!erter 0n!erter Fig- 15 A typical !aria le speed dri!e is shown a o!e. "or.ue Slip Characteristic o# +aria le #5 Constant &+ ' # ( +6 #o ?o 4 4 4 Nominal +oltage Nominal Fre.uency Nominal rotor stand still reactance.

+aria le &+5 #(

"hen at any #re.uency + 4 &# ' #o (+o x32 4 &#'#6( x6 s 4 &#'#6( s6 Smax" 4 &#6 '# (B &r32 ' x36( 4 &#6 '# (B &r32 ' x36( &Neglecting starter impedance( At low #re.uency5 slip at which maximum tor.ue occur is high / 6.5 &F(2 +2 "max 4 &/' so( &6.5 +2'x6( 4 Constant Maximum tor.ue is independent o# #re.uency Starting tor.ue increases with decrease in #. &1(

"max

Motors 5.26

#L#o #4#o #@#o S41 F".. 45 A o!e analyses show that ac induction motor with !aria le #re.uency dri!e can e used loads ha!ing high starting tor.ue #or example traction dri!e. S46

EFFECT OF =ARIATION OF =OLTAGE & FRE?. ON INDUCTION MOTOR EFFECT OF =ARIATION OF =OLTAGE Neglecting stator impedance Motor current5 02 4 S+ ' r23 And "or.ue5 " 4 / S+2 ' s r23

0# !oltage is reduced to 1'2 o# nominal !oltage5 then at constant tor.ue5 slip get dou led and current get V2 times higher. "here#ore5 conclusion can e drawn any reduction in !oltage leads to increase in slip &i.e. decrease in motor speed( and increase in current. 0n induction motor induced !oltage in starter due to air gap #lux is e.ual to terminal !oltage i.e. + 4 $ 4 7.77 U1 Nph # . 0# terminal !oltage is increased and #re.uency is )ept constant5 #lux & ( will increase as other parameters are constant. Motors are designed at )nee point o# magnetic cur!e. Any increase in motor air gap #lux will demand high current #rom starter winding so motor current will increase i.e. at higher !oltage motor draws large current.

Motors 5.21

EFFECT OF =ARIATION OF FRE?UENCY ns 4 126# ' > 1here ns is synchronous speed o# motor5 # is #re.uency F > is no. o# poles. Any increase in #re.uency result in corresponding increase in synchronous speed. 0ncrease in #re.uency5 increases starter and rotor impedances5 hence power #low across air gap reducer resulting in decrease in maximum tor.ue a!aila le and starting tor.ue. 0t is e!ident #rom expression o# induced $MF that + 4 $ 4 7.77. Npn Upn Any decrease in #re.uency at constant !oltage increases operating air gap #lux hence motor current. No load losses &hysteresis5 eddy5 windage( are proportional to #re.uency. 0ncrease in #re.uency results increase in losses hence reduction in e##iciency .

TESTING OF MOTORS NO LOAD TEST Motor is operated at rated !oltage and #re.uency without any load on sha#t. Applied !oltage5 current and power input to the motor are measured.
A + A

11

12

F".. @4A &i( &ii( Sum o# two watt meter reading is no load loss. No load loss has two components. 0ron loss Friction and windage loss. SEGREGATION OF LOSSES

Motors 5.22

Separation o# two losses can e done y conducting no load test at series o# !oltages !arying #rom 125Q o# rated !oltage down to a !oltage at which current increases with #urther reduction in !oltage. A power !erses !oltage graph is plotted. 0ntersection o# extrapolated graph at power axis gi!es windage losses5 ecause at the point !oltage is ;ero so core losses are ;ero and all power consumed in windage and #riction. 0ron losses can e calculated as >i 4 >o , i2o: - >w# 1here >i >o >w# i2o: 4 0ron losses 4 No load power consumption 4 1indage F #riction loss 4 Iosses in stater resistance5 : is starter resistance >

1indage losses + F".. 4/

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST 1ith same metering arrangement as no load test5 rotor is )ept mechanically loc)ed and pre!ented #rom rotation and starter is #ed #rom !aria le !oltage supply. Supply !oltage is gradually increased till motor draws rated current. As !oltage applied much less than rated !oltage so magneti;ing current as negligi le hence magneti;ing losses. Sum o# two wattmeter reading gi!es copper loss &02:( o# machine. From no load and loc) rotor tests readings e.ui!alent circuit parameters are calculated and e##iciency speed tor.ue characteristics are plotted. INSULATION TEST 0nsultion test is done with the help o# megger5 1 minute5 76WC !alue in megaohm shall e : 4 U+ * 1 or more. 1here U+ is rated machine !oltage5 terminal to terminal in Uilo!olt. 566 + ' 1666+ megger is used #or 715 + motor5 2.5 U+ megger is used #or /./ U+ motor and 5 U+ megger is used #or 11 U+ motors. POLARISATION INDE>olarisation index is ratio o# 16 minute megger !alue to one minute megger !alue. As per 0$$$ standard minimum !alue #or class A insulation is 1.5 and 2 #or class G-F insulation. >olarisation index indicate the presence o# moisture in winding. >olarisation index decrease with increase in moisture content in winding.

Motors 5.2/

INTERTURN FAULT DETECTION 0nterturn #ault occurs in motors when insulation etween turns o# a coil o# stater winding get #ailed. Conse.uence o# interturn #ault is o!erheating o# motor. "o detect interturn #ault5 resistance and inductance !alue o# windings are measured at terminals o# motors &:-T5 T-G5 G-:(. Ciscrepancy in reading indicate #ault. Motors are also tested #or Aigh potential5 temperature rise at #ull load5 !i ration5 noise5 sha#t circulating current earing insulation.

D.C. MOTOR An electric motor is a machine which con!erts electric energy into mechanical energy. 0ts action is ased on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic #ield5 it experiences a mechanical #orce whose direction is gi!en y Flemings le#t hand rule and whose magnitude is gi!en y F 4 G0l newton 1here G , Magnetic #lux density5 0 , Current #lowing in conductor5 l , length o# conductor. "he #ig. 1J shows a multipolar CC motor when its #ield and armature windings are connected to supply source the armature conductor experienced a #orce tending to rotate the armature. Armature conductor under N pole are assumed to carry current downward &crosses( and those under S pole to carry current upward &dots(. Gy applying #lemings le#t hand rule5 the direction o# #orce on each conductor can e #ound. 0t is shown y small arrows shown a o!e the conductor. $ach conductor experience a #orce F which tend to rotate the conductor in anticloc)wise direction5 collecti!ely this total #orce 2F3 tends to rotate the armature in anticloc)-wise direction. As the armature starts rotating5 dynamically induced em# is produced in armature conductor. "he direction o# induced em# as #ound y #leming right hand rule is outward i.e. in direction opposite to applied !oltage.

F".. 4; "his induced em# is )nown as ac) em# $ the !alue o# $ is expressed as

Motors 5.27

$ 4 d'dt 4 A!erage em# generated per conductor Flux cut per conductor in one re!olution d 4 > Num er o# re!olution per second 4 N'=65 N , re!olution per minute &:>M(. "ime #or one re!olution dt 4 =6'N seconds. $ 4 d'dt 4 >N'=6 !olt'conductor5 S'A 4 num er o# conductor per parallel path "otal $ 4 &SN'=6( &>'A(5 N , :>M 0a *

:# 0# +# F"..4<

$ :a

"he applied !oltage + has to #orce current through the armature against this ac) em# $ . "he electric wor) done in o!ercoming this opposition is con!erted in mechanical energy de!eloped5 in the armature. "he current drawn in armature current 0a $ 4 4 4 Net !oltage ' :esistance &+-$ (':a &SN'=6( &>'A(

"he ac) em# depends on the armature speed. At higher speed $ is high i.e. 0a is less. Iess current drawn i.e. less tor.ue de!eloped. 0# speed o# armature is less $ is less than 0a is more which means more tor.ue de!eloped. "his indicates that ac) em# act li)e go!ernor. + 4 $ *0a:a - +oltage e.uation

+0a 4 $ 0a*0aX:a $lectrical 0nput to motor armature5 con!erted into mechanical wor) $ 0 and a litle part wasted as loss &copper loss 0aX:(. Armature tor.ue o# motor "a 4 1'2 &$ 0 'N( 4 6.15K $ 0a'N N-M Speed CC motor5 N 4 &$ '( &A=6'S>( 4 U $ '

Motors 5.25

TYPE OF DC MOTORS Cepends on the #ield winding connection to armature. a( ( c( Series motor Shunt motor Compound motor a( SERIES MOTOR

"he #ield winding is connected in series to armature. "hey carries #ull load current5 they consists o# relati!ely #ew turns o# thic) wire or strip Speed o# motor N 4 U $ ' 4 U&+-0a&:a*:se((' "or.ue o# motor " 4 U$ 0a 4 U0aX Gy this5 it is o ser!ed that at no load series motor speed tends to in#inite5 so a series motor ne!er started at no load. Such motors are most suita le where starting tor.ue re.uired are high. Some typical uses are #or traction wor)5 electric locomoti!e5 rapid transit system5 trolley5 cranes5 hoist5 con!eyors etc. 0a *

*
:se $a :a D D F".. >2 ( SHUNT MOTORS 0n such motors5 #ield winding is connected is parallel to armature winding i.e. same terminal !oltage applied to armature and #ield. N 4 Un &+-0a:a(' " 4 Ut 0a such motors are most suita le #or uses where constant speed and medium starting tor.ue is re.uired. "he most common places o# use are lathes5 centri#ugal pumps5 machine tools5 lowers and #ans5 reciprocating pumps etc. +

Motors 5.2=

0# 0a

*
:# $a :a D F".. >4 c( COMPOUND MOTORS "hese motors ha!e oth series and shunt #ield windings. 0# series exaltation helps the shunt exaltation i.e. oth #ields are in same direction the motor is said commutati!e compound motor5 such machines are re.uired where series characteristic is used and where in addition the load is li)ely to e remo!ed totally such on in coal cutting machine. 0# the series #ield opposes the shunt #ield #lux the motor is called di##erential compound motor. Since series #ield opposes the shunt #ield the #lux is decreased as load increases so the motor speed almost remain constant. Since the #lux reduces with increase in load there is chances o# speed insta ility. Such type o# motors are not used commonly only used #or research wor). 0# 0a :se :sh D F".. >> 1. 2. /. 7. 5. =. H. J. K. 16. 11. MOST COMMON PARTS OF A DC MOTOR Armature core Main #ield pole Main pole winding 0nter pole 0nter pole winding Commulater Grush F Grush Aolder Cooling Fan Motor Sha#t Gearing Coupling * $a :a + 0 D +

Motors 5.2H

MOTOR STARTING METHODS 0n 0FFC% Aonla unit most o# the motors used are s.uirrel cage induction motor. "he most common practices used #or starting o# a o!e motors are mentioned elow. a( ( c( d( Cirect-on-line starting &C%I( Gy use o# auto trans#ormer Gy resistance in series with stator. Gy Star Celta Starters A( DIRECT-ON-LINE 1DOL5 STARTING

0n this mode o# starting the induction motor is directly connected to supply !oltage. 1hen rated !oltage is applied to the stator winding &either star or delta connected( o# a s.uirrel cage motor a hea!y current is drawn #rom the line ranging #rom 7-H times o# #ull load current depending on the type o# motor. "his high current is momentary and #alls o## rapidly as the motor increases its speed. "he magnitude o# current depends on the design o# motor and is independent o# dri!en load. "he duration o# starting current depends on the time re.uired #or acceleration which in turns depends on the nature o# dri!en load. S.uirrel cage motor o# rating 16A> or less are mostly started y C%I starting method. "he modern practice is to use C%I starting #or large motors upto 5666 A> directly5 pro!ided that the starting current does not cause !oltage #luctuation5 inter#ering with the power supply ser!ice. "hen so started a magnetic contactor is usually employed5 operated #rom start-stop push utton station. 1ith large motors rated a o!e 166 A>5 776 +5 circuit rea)ers are generally used. A common electrical wiring diagram is shown #or direct on line starting. : T G N ICS S"%> U1 GM: ICS %N U1 GM: >rocess "rip U1 %N %FF ":0> M F".. >B U1 U1 GM:

Motors 5.2J

G(

AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTING "his method is also )nown as reduced !oltage starting method. 1hen #ull !oltage is applied to the stator there is an in rush o# hea!y current which can e controlled y applying reduced !oltage at starting and #ull !oltage at running. "his method is only used where limiting in starting current is re.uired.

C(

RESISTANCE IN STATOR "his method used #or applying reduced !oltage in starting. An calculated resistance !alue is connected in series o# stator winding. As the motor pic)s up the speed5 the resistance c)t shorted. %ne o# the maMor disad!antage o# this method is the losses o# power &0X: loss( in starting resistance and conse.uent heat uilt up.

C(

STAR-DELTA STARTER For starting in this motor starter #irst start the motor at stator winding connected in star i.e. 1' / +I only phase !oltage is applied at starting which results in lower starting current and a#ter completion o# starting time the stator winding connected in delta i.e. at normal running #ull line !oltage applied at stator winding. "his type o# starter widely used #or motors a o!e 16A> and where starting current is restricted to a!oid !oltage #luctuation. A most commonly used star delta starter circuit is shown elow : T G Switch Fuse Nnit C1 GM:

C2

C/ F".. >C A common electrical wiring diagram is shown #or S"A:- C$I"A starting. For star operation C1 F C/ operation5 #or delta C1 F C2 will close.

Motors 5.2K

>AAS$

ICS S"%> C1 GM: ICS %N "7

N$N":AI

C1

GM:

C1 C1 C/

C2 "7 C/ C2 C1 %N %FF ":0> "7 C2

F".. >5

TYPE & DEGREE OF PROTECTION "o protect an electric machine ' electrical apparatus against contact with li!e or mo!ing parts housed within the motor enclosure and protection o# e.uipment #rom ingress o# solid odies or li.uids. "he degree o# protection classi#ied according to purpose o# use o# apparatus and degree o# protection re.uired. "he term used #or protection classi#ication is 20>3 , index o# protection. 0# a machine ' e.uipment is de#ined as class o# protection 20>-553 this indicates that the machine is so designed to pre!ent ' protect against ingress o# #ine dust and protected against Met o# water #rom all direction. 0n the index o# protection the #irst digit used shows the degree o# protection against solid odies and the second digit #or protection against li.uid. "he details o# protection are as elow4* F".9re Pro e! "o# A.%"#* So$"d Bod"e* 0> "est Cescription 6 No >rotection 1 >rotcted against solid odies larger than 56 mm. &e.g. Accidental contact with the hand( 2 >rotcted against solid odies larger than 12 mm. &e.g. Finger o# the hand( / >rotcted against solid odies larger than 2.5 mm. &e.g. "ools5 1ires( >#d F".9re Pro e! "o# A.%"#* L":9"d* 0> "est Cescription 6 No >rotection 1 >rotected against !ertically #alling drops o# water & condensation( 2 / >rotected against drops o# water #alling at upto 15 #rom the !ertical >rotected against drops o# water #alling at upto =6 #rom the !ertical

Motors 5./6

7 5 =

>rotcted against solid odies larger than 1.6 mm. &e.g. Fine "ools5 small 1ires( >rotcted against dust &No harm#ul deposit( Completely >rotcted against dust

7 5 = H J

>rotected against proMections o# water #rom all directions. >rotected against Met o# water #rom all directions. >rotected against Mets o# water o# similar #orce to hea!y seas. >rotected against the e##ects o# immersion. >rotected against prolonged e##ects o# immersion under pressure.

ENCLOSURES Motors5 depending on their application are pro!ided with di##erent types enclosures. 1( SCREEN PROTECTED MOTORS 1SP5 0n such type o# motors all !entilation and openings in the #rame and end shield are protected with wire screen. 2( DRIP PROOF MOTORS 1DP5 "hese are protected or screen protected motor in which the #rame and end shields are pro!ided with openings #or !entilation. "hese openings are protected so as to exclude dripping water and #alling dirt. /( TOTALLY ENCLOSED FAN COOLED 1TEFC5 "hese totally enclosed motor which has #orced !entilation y means o# a #an dri!en y the motor itsel# lowing external air to the cooling sur#ace and cooling passage. 7( TOTALLY ENCLOSED NON =ENTILATED 1TEN=5 "he motor is so constructed that the enclosed air gets no connection with the external air ut not necessarily air tight. 5( HOSE PROOF MOTORS A motor constructed in such a way that water applied in the #orm o# a hose stream under speci#ied condition will not enter it in an amount su##icient to inter#ere with the satis#actory operation o# the enclosed motor.

Motors 5./1

=(

SPLASH PROOF MOTORS A splash proo# motor constructed openings are so constructed that the li.uid or solid particles #alling on or coming towards it under prescri ed conditions can not enter in an amount su##icient to inter#ere with the satis#actory operation o# the enclosed parts.

H(

WEATHER PROOF MOTORS "hese motors are so designed that they should e suita le #or out door installation as per the standard o# N$MA &National $lectric Manu#acturers Association5 NSA( in which air passes are so designed to minimise entry o# dust5 water and other #oreign particles inside the motor.

J(

TOTALLY ENCLOSED WITH AN HEAT E-CHANGERS 0t is a motor in which internal air is circulated y an internal #an around a set o# tu es through which cool external air is #lowing in opposite direction5 thus creating e##ecti!e heat exchangers.

TYPE OF INSULATION MATERIAL "he electrical insulation system o# rotating machine must e constructed to endure oth the electrical stresses and se!ere mechanical stresses induced y the magnetic #ield o# the mo!ing rotor. Also a machine which is designed open to atmosphere #or the purpose o# !entilation cooling must resist oxidation5 contamination and moisture which can seriously reduce insulating materials li#e. "he insulating material are classi#ied according to this temperature classes . Class o# 0nsulating Material T A $ G F A C "emperature =6WC 165WC 126WC 1/6WC 155WC 1J6WC L1J6WC

"he permissi le hot spot temperature is set y thermal capa ility o# the organic &resin( insulation used in the machine i.e. y chemical sta ility o# the insulation to maintain its mechanical and electrical integrity su##iciently to pre!ent turn to turn or turn to ground shorts at operating !oltages or expected transient o!er !oltages. "he electrical industry has classi#ied the insulation material according to their temperature sta ility

Motors 5./2

classes5 ased on the temperature at which they are a le to endure satis#actorily #or their expected ser!ice li#e time. Iist o# insulation material according to their temperature class. 1( 2( /( 7( 5( =( H( 2T3 - Such materials can e up to temp. K6WC. "he most commonly used materials are , cotton5 sil)5 paper5 wood5 cellulose5 #i re etc. 0nsulation materials o# class 2A3 &165WC( are , same material o# Class 2T3 ut material impregnated or oil immersed. 0nsulating material o# class 2$3 &126WC( are , synthetic resin5 enamel. 0nsulating material o# class 2G3 &1/6WC( are , Mica5 glass5 #i re5 as estos etc. 0nsulting material o# class 2F3 &155WC( are , class 2G3 materials with onding. 0nsulating material o# class 2A3 &1J6WC( are , glass5 #i re5 as estos with silicon onding. 0nsulating material o# class 2C3 &L1J6WC( are , Mica5 ceramics5 glass5 .uart; and as estos with silicon resins.

ELECTRIC PROTECTION OF MOTOR "he !arious type o# protection depends upon the particular motor application. "he most commonly used protection application to motors are E 1( 2( /( &1( %!er load protection Nnder !oltage protection >hase re!ersal protection O=ER LOAD PROTECTION "he o!er load protection o# motor is intended y de#inition to protect the motor and control apparatus and ranch circuits against excessi!e heating due to motor o!er load. "he upper limit o# excessi!e heating in a motor is usually set y design standard. "hus most AC motors are rated on asis o# 76WC am ient temp. and the #inal temp. is approximately K6WC. "he time re.uired #or a motor to reach #inal temp. o# K6WC under !arious amounts o# o!er load is in!esaly proportional to the s.uare o# the current #lowing in the motor. From this is #ollows that any protecti!e de!ice that is installed with an attempt to match the motor5 heating characteristic must e o# the in!erse-time element type. O=ER LOAD RELAYS"wo common type o# o!er load relays use are A( "hose operati!e directly on temp. , thermal relays

Motors 5.//

G(

"hose operati!e on magnetic principle.

"he #irst class elongs to !arious type o# thermal relays and second class the induction disc type relays. &A( THERMAL RELAYS "hermal relays operates as a result o# the changing con!exity o# the certain type o# metals when heated y electric current. "hey are used in oth A.C. F C.C. circuits. "he time o# response !aries with the amount o# o!er load and design o# relay. Aeat is produced in a resisti!e type o# heater as a result o# motor current #lowing through it. Mounted adMacent to heater is the strip o# thermostatic metal anchored at one end and the other end eing #ree to mo!e. Since the thermostatic metal is made o# two metals rolled together5 each metal ha!ing a di##erent thermal expansion constant5 the thermostatic strip. "he thermostatic strip will end or wrap when heated. Since one end in anchored the other end is #ree to mo!e. 1hen meal is cold5 the end position pre!ent a trigger #rom tripping. As the metal heat up the end mo!es along the trigger unit it comes to a point where the trigger is allowed to trip. A relay o# this type is widely used and is .uite accurate and its operating characteristics well de#ined. Since some time is re.uired to transmit the heat #rom the heater coil to the thermostatic strip. "his ma)es it possi le to start the motor with an inrush o# six times the normal current without tripping the relay. G1. INSTANTANEOUS O=ER CURRENT RELAYS "hese relays usually ha!e magnetic operating coil through which motor current #lows5 when the o!er load current #lows through the coil the magnetic pull is su##icient to operate5 the relay mechanism. "he #unction o# relay is independent to time it depends only on magnitude o# current. "he relay o# such type remo!es the motor .uic)ly #rom the line when the o!er current exceeds the preset !alue. G2. INDUCTION TYPE O=ER LOAD RELAYS "hese relays ma)e use o# induction principle to e##ect the operation Grie#ly the contacts are closed on o!er current y rotation o# disc actuated y an N shaped dri!ing electromagnet. 0n relays o# this type o# winding o# actuating coils ha!e taps #or di##erent current settings. "hese relays are designed #or use in alternating current system and usually operates with a time that is in!erse at low o!er current !alues ut approaches a de#inite time at higher o!er current. &2( UNDER =OLTAGE PROTECTION

Motors 5./7

0n certain motor application it is necessary to employ relays which are designed to operate on certain speci#ied !oltage. Nnder normal !oltage applied to the relay coil5 it hold the plunger up5 when !oltage reduces under a pre-de#ined set !oltage le!el the plunger operates actuating the trip coil &a set o# contacts changed( to open the motor switching de!ice. &/( PHASE RE=ERSAL PROTECTION "he relay coils are designed to e in alanced condition as long as operating conditions are correct5 when a single phase re!erse phase or re!erse current exists5 the relay coils are su Mected to un alanced #orces that operate the relay control contacts. "hese contacts in turn operate either to stop the motor or pre!ent the starting o# the motor.

TESTING OF MOTORS >roo# o# guaranteed per#ormance5 the determination o# tor.ue or e##iciency o# dri!en machines and the e!aluation o# design changes are some o# the purpose #or testing o# a motor. Gy testing a motor user ma)e sure that the supplies ha!e een properly constructed and winding insulation are as per re.uirement. "he !arious types o# testing methods are adopted as per the !arious standard #ollowed5 as per 0S 762K - 1K=H5 0$C /7-2 and 0$C /H. "he most common test are a( ( a( 1( 2( /( 7( ( 1( 2( /( 7( :outine test "ype test Ro9 "#e e* 0nsulation resistance test No load test Ioc)ed rotor test Aigh !oltage test T'(e e* "emp. rise test +i ration measurement Noise le!el measurement >olari;ation index.

Motors 5./5

1hen a motor is recei!ed #or installation and commissioning in #ield the most commonly test used are1( 2( /( 0: !alue test Measurement o# winding resistance F inductance >olari;ation index "he other test as No load test , #or measuring no load losses i.e. magnetic loss5 loc)ed rotor test , #or measuring copper losses in the machine are done on the manu#acturers wor)s and are not re.uired at #ield. Motor !i ration5 noise le!el and temp. rise test may e done in #ield y using special testing e.uipment ut are not re.uired #or maintenance purpose. 1( INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTFor this test we use electrical test e.uipment called 2Meggar3. "he winding &1 phase %r / phase( each to e meggered with respect to earth and also phase to phase. 0# !alue o# insulation resistance is more than 1 M &in worst condition ( #or 715+ electrical e.uipment5 the machine is suita le to carried with supply system. >5 MEASUREMENT OF WINDING RESISTANCED INDUCTANCE: For this test we use electrical testing e.uipment called 2Multimeter3 or 2Motor Chec)er3. "he stator winding lead resistance and inductance is noted. 0t is noted that all the three winding coil inductance should y o# same !alue. B5 POLARI&ATION INDE-: "his test is done with the use o# megger. "his test is re.uired only #or ig machines rated /./U+ or 11 U+. For this winding phase to earth insulation resistance measurement is done #or 1 min and 16 min at rated !oltage. "he ratio o# insulation !alue o# 16 min to 1 min is called polari;ation 0ndex. >0 !alue more than 1 is satis#actory.