INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT

Lecture No 01

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Zubair Mehmood, Lecturer Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Gujrat, Gujrat Email: zubair.mehmood@uog.edu.pk

Recommended Books

Text:

Elements of Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement. Joseph J. Carr 3rd Edition

Reference:

Instrumentation and Measurement BERLIN . GETZ

Objectives

Be able to list the basic categories of measurement. Know the meaning of the terms

Accuracy Precision Resolution Reliability Validity

as applied to measurements. Understand and evaluate the role and nature of measurement error. Know how to minimize error in measurement.

Categories of Measurement

Direct Measurement Indirect Measurement Null Measurement

Direct Measurement

Holding the measurand up to some calibrated standard and comparing the two. Example

Meter-Stick Ruler

Indirect Measurement

Indirect Measurement are made by measuring some thing other than the actual measurand. Examples

Temperature Measurement Blood Pressure Measurement

Null Measurement

Null Measurement are made by comparing a calibrated source to an unknown measurand and then adjusting either one or the other until the difference between them is zero. Example

Electrical Potentiometer

Factors in Making Measurement

Error Validity Reliability and Repeatability Accuracy and Precision Resolution

Error

Normal Random variations Neither Mistake nor Blunder

Repeated Measurement Different Instruments Instrument Operators

Validity

How well an instrument actually measures what it purports to measure Example

Electronic Pressure Sensor

Specific Conditions, Specific Range

Reliability and Repeatability

Reliability: Consistency when the values of the measurand are discerned to different trials Repeatability: Ability of the instrument to repeat the same value when repeatedly exposed to the same external stimulus

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy: Freedom from error Precision: Exactness of successive measurements

Resolution

The Degree to which a measurand can be broken into identifiable adjacent parts

Categories of Errors

Theoretical Errors Static Errors Dynamic Errors Instrument Insertion Errors

Theoretical Errors

Theoretical Models are valid only for specific range of phenomenon Example:

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Static Errors

Always present even in an unchanging system These errors are not function of time and frequency variations Reading Errors

Parallax Reading Error Interpolation Error Last digit bobble error

Environmental Static Errors Characteristic Static Errors

Dynamic Errors

When measurand is changing or in motion during the measurement process. Inertia of mechanical indicating devices

Instrument Insertion Errors

Measurement process should not significantly alter the phenomena being measured

Weighting a Cow

Home Work