Infinitivo abide arise awake be bear beat become beget begin bend beseech bet bid bind bite

bleed blow break breed bring build burn burst buy can cast catch chide choose cleave (fendre) cleave (sattacher) cling come cost creep cut dare

Pretrito abided/abode arose awoke/awaked was, were bore beat became begot/begat began bent besought/beseeched bet/betted bade/bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought built burned/burnt (Brit) burst bought could cast caught chided/chid chose cleft/clove cleaved clung came cost/costed crept cut dared/durst (arch.)

Participio de Pasado abided/abode arisen awoken/awaked been borne beaten become begotten begun bent besought/beseeched bet/betted bidden/bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought built burned/burnt (Brit) burst bought cast caught chided/chidden chosen cleft/cloven cleaved clung come cost/costed crept cut dared

Traduccin aguantar surgir despertar ser, estar llevar, aguantar batir, golpear hacerse, ponerse engendrar comenzar torcer suplicar apostar ofrecer atar, amarrar morder, picar sangrar soplar romper criar traer, llevar construir quemar reventar(se), romper(se) comprar poder echar, lanzar coger, agarrar reprender elegir, escoger partir, hender adherirse, aferrarse pegarse, agarrarse venir, llegar costar, valer arrastrarse cortar atreverse

deal dig dive do draw dream drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forget forsake freeze get gild gird give go grind grow hang have hear heave hew hide hit hold hurt keep

dealt dug dived/dove (US) did drew dreamed/dreamt drank drove dwelt/dwelled ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbad(e) forgot forsook froze got gilded girded/girt gave went ground grew hung/hanged (Jur) had heard heaved/hove (Naut) hewed hid hit held hurt kept

dealt dug dived done drawn dreamed/dreamt drunk driven dwelt/dwelled eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forgotten forsaken frozen got/gotten (US) gilded/gilt girded/girt given gone ground grown hung/hanged (Jur) had heard heaved/hove (Naut) hewn/hewed (US) hidden/hid hit held hurt kept

tramitar, operar cavar, excavar tirarse, sumergirse hacer tirar, sacar soar beber, tomar conducir, manejar morar, vivir comer caer(se) avivar, alimentar sentir luchar, pelear encontrar huir lanzar, arrojar volar prohibir olvidar abandonar helar conseguir dorar ceir de, rodear de dar ir(se) moler, picar crecer colgar tener or tirar, empujar cortar, tallar esconder(se) pegar, golpear tener, abrazar lastimar, perjudicar guardar

kneel know lade lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie (sallonger) lie (mentir) light lose make may mean meet mow pay put quit read rend rid ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake

knelt/kneeled knew laded laid led leaned/leant leaped/leapt learned/learnt left lent let lay lied lit/lighted lost made might meant met mowed paid put quit/quitted read rent rid/ridded rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook

knelt/kneeled known laden laid led leaned/leant leaped/leapt learned/learnt left lent let lain lied lit/lighted lost made meant met mowed/mown paid put quit/quitted read rent rid/ridded ridden rung risen run sawed/sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewed/sewn shaken

arrodillarse saber cargar de poner, colocar llevar, guiar apoyarse saltar aprender dejar, partir prestar dejar tenderse, acostarse mentir encender, iluminar perder hacer poder significar encontrar(se), conocer segar, cortar pagar poner, meter renunciar, abandonar leer rasgar, desgarrar deshacerse de montar en, ir en llamar, sonar levantarse, elevarse correr serrar decir ver buscar vender enviar poner coser sacudir, mover

shave shear shed shine (briller) shine (faire briller) shoe shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep slide sling slink slit smell smite sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit (cracher) spit (embrocher) split spoil spread spring stand stave steal stick sting

shaved sheared shed shone shone/shined shod/shoed shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slung slunk slit/slitted smelled/smelt smote sowed spoke sped/speeded spelt/spelled spent spilt/spilled spun/span spat spitted split spoiled/spoilt spread sprang stood stove/staved stole stuck stung

shaved/shaven sheared/shorn shed shone shone/shined shod/shoed shot shown/showed shrunk shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid slung slunk slit/slitted smelled/smelt smitten sowed/sown spoken sped/speeded spelt/spelled spent spilt/spilled spun spat spitted split spoiled/spoilt spread sprung stood stove/staved stolen stuck stung

afeitar(se), rasurar(se) esquilar derramar brillar sacar brillo a herrar pegar un tiro a mostrar encoger(se) cerrar cantar hundir sentarse matar dormir deslizarse lanzar zafarse cortar, abrir oler golpear sembrar hablar correr a toda prisa deletrear gastar derramar hacer girar escupir ensartar dividir arruinar tender, desplegar saltar estar de pie evitar, aplazar robar pegar picar

stink strew stride strike string strive swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think thrive throw thrust tread wake wear weave weep win wind wring write

stank strewed strode struck strung strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought throve/thrived threw thrust trod woke/waked wore wove/weaved wept won winded/wound wrung wrote

stunk strewed/strewn stridden struck/stricken (rare) strung striven sworn swept swollen/swelled swum swung taken taught torn told thought thriven/thrived thrown thrust trodden woken/waked worn woven/weaved wept won winded/wound wrung written

apestar esparcir andar a pasos largos golpear, pegar ensartar, encordar esforzarse jurar barrer hincharse nadar balancearse, oscilar tomar ensear romper decir pensar prosperar echar empujar, clavar pisar despertar(se) llevar tejer llorar ganar dejar sin aliento, ovillar torcer escribir

Past Perfect Continuous (Pasado perfecto continuo)

Affirmative I had been eating. You had been eating. He/She/It had been eating. We had been eating. You had been eating. They had been eating. Interrogative Had I been eating? Had you been eating? Had he/she/it been eating? Had we been eating? Had you been eating? Had they been eating? Negative I had not been eating. You had not been eating. He/She/It had not been eating. We had not been eating. You had not been eating. They had not been eating.

El pasado perfecto continuo en ingls corresponde al pluscuamperfecto del espaol en el que se usa el indicativo del verbo "estar" y el gerundio. En general, lo usamos para acciones en proceso de realizacin en el pasado antes de otra accin ocurrida.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales) Form (Forma) Como en el presente perfecto continuo, se forma el pasado perfecto continuo con el verbo auxiliar "to have", "been" y el gerundio. Sujeto I, You, He,, They Structure (Estructura) Auxiliares Had been Gerundio Studing, Working,...

1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)

Estructura Sujeto + "had" + "been" + gerundio... Ejemplos: I'd been studying English for 2 years when I went to London. (Haba estado estudiando ingls durante 2 aos cuando fui a Londres.) Lindsay had been working at the store since 2005 when it closed. (Lindsay haba estado trabajando en la tienda desde el ao 2005 cuando se cerr.) They were surprised when the airline lost their baggage as they'd been traveling for weeks without a problem. (Se sorprendieron cuando la aerolnea perdi su equipaje ya que haban estado viajando durante semanas sin problemas.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) Estructura Sujeto + "had" + "not" + "been" + gerundio... Ejemplos: I had not [hadn't] been studying English long when I went to London. (No haba estado estudiando ingls mucho tiempo cuando fui a Londres.) Lindsay had not [hadn't] been working at the store for long when it closed. (Lindsay no haba estado trabajando en la tienda mucho tiempo cuando se cerr.) They had not [hadn't] been traveling long before they had their first problem. (No haban estado viajando mucho antes de que tuvieran su primer problema.)

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas) Estructura "Had" + sujeto + "been" + gerundio...? Ejemplos: Had you been studying English for a long time before you went to London? (Habas estado estudiando ingls mucho tiempo antes de que fuiste a Londres?)

Had Lindsay been working at the store for a long time when it closed? (Lindsay haba estado trabajando mucho tiempo cuando se cerr?) Had they been traveling for a long time when the airline lost their luggage? (Haban estado viajando mucho tiempo cuando la aerolnea perdi su equipaje?) Uses (usos) 1. Usamos el pasado perfecto continuo para acciones en proceso de realizacin en el pasado antes de otra accin ocurrida. El pasado perfecto continuo se utiliza para la accin en el proceso y el pasado simple para la accin que interrumpe la accin en proceso. Nos referimos a algo que hemos estado haciendo en un perodo de tiempo, por lo tanto, solemos usar las preposiciones de tiempo "for" y "since". Ejemplos: I'd been working for hours when I fell asleep at my desk. (Haba estado trabajando durante horas cuando me qued dormido en mi escritorio.) Frank bought a new car. He'd been wanting one since last year. (Frank compr un nuevo coche. Lo haba estado esperando desde el ao pasado.) We'd been disagreeing for days when Elizabeth found a resolution. (Habamos estado en desacuerdo durante das cuando Elizabeth encontr una resolucin.) 2. Se utiliza para demostrar causa y efecto en el pasado. Ejemplos: She was tired because she'd been working too much. (Estaba cansado porque haba estado trabajando demasiado.) They were angry because they'd been waiting for me for hours. (Estaban enfadados porque haban estado esperndome durante horas.) Nota: Como hemos visto en las ltimas lecciones, hay algunos verbos con los que no podemos usar las formas continuas. Puedes consultar la lista de verbos de tiempos continuos y su explicacin.

Past Perfect (Pasado perfecto)

Affirmative I had eaten. You had eaten. He/She/It had eaten. We had eaten. You had eaten. Interrogative Had I eaten? Had you eaten? Had he/she/it eaten? Had we eaten? Had you eaten? Negative I had not eaten. You had not eaten. He/She/It had not eaten. We had not eaten. You had not eaten. They had not eaten.

They had eaten. Had they eaten?

El pasado perfecto en ingls corresponde al pluscuamperfecto de espaol. En general, lo usamos para acciones que han ocurrido antes de otra accin en el pasado. Grammatical Rules (Reglas Gramaticales) Form (Forma) Igual que en el presente perfecto, se forma el pasado perfecto con el verbo auxiliar "to have" y el participio pasado. El verbo auxiliar estar en pasado. Sujeto Auxiliares Short Form Past Participle I, You, Had I'd, you'd, he'd, studied, visited, worked... He,, she'd, it'd, we'd, They they'd Structure (Estructura)

1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) Estructura Sujeto + "had" + participio pasado... Ejemplos:

I'd visited the Louvre before so I knew where the Mona Lisa was. (Haba visitado el Museo del Louvre antes, as que saba dnde estaba la Mona Lisa.) They'd studied English before they went to London. (Haban estudiado ingls antes de irse a Londres.) Henry changed careers because he'd worked as an accountant for many years and was bored. (Henry cambi de profesin porque haba trabajado como contable durante muchos aos y estaba aburrido.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) Estructura Sujeto + "had" + "not" + participio pasado... Ejemplos: I hadn't visited the Louvre before so I didn't know where the Mona Lisa was. (No haba visitado el Museo del Louvre antes, as que no saba dnde estaba la Mona Lisa.) They hadn't studied English before they went to London. (No haban estudiado ingls antes de irse a Londres.) Henry changed careers even though he hadn't worked as an accountant for long. (Henry cambi de profesin a pesar de que no haba trabajado como contable durante mucho tiempo.)

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas) Estructura "Had" + sujeto + participio pasado...? Ejemplos: How did you know where the Mona Lisa was? Had you visited the Louvre before? (Cmo sabas dnde estaba la Mona Lisa? Haba visitado el Museo del Louvre antes?) Had they studied English before they went to London? (Haban estudiado ingls antes de irse a Londres?) Had Henry worked as an accountant for long before he changed careers? (Henry haba trabajado como contable durante mucho tiempo antes de cambiar de profesin?)

Uses (Usos) 1. Usamos el pasado perfecto para referirnos a una accin o evento que comenz en el pasado y que es anterior a otra accin tambin en el pasado. La accin que ocurri primero es en pasado perfecto y la que sigue en pasado simple. Ejemplos: I'd read the book before I saw the movie. (Haba ledo el libro antes de ver la pelcula.) Donna had just left when you called. (Donna haba salido justo cuando llamaste.) Had you ever flown before the trip to France? (Alguna vez habas volado antes del viaje a Francia?) 2. Se usa para acciones especfico en el pasado. Ejemplos: I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am. (Ya me haba despertado cuando son el despertador a las 7.) He hadn't been to France before the trip in 2008. (No haba estado en Francia antes del viaje del 2008.) 3. Tambin, como en el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos el pasado perfecto para situaciones que han empezado en el pasado y que siguieron hasta un punto especfico en el pasado. Ejemplos: She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW. (Haba tenido un coche antes de que lcompr su nuevo BMW.) I'd been depressed for a long time before I changed jobs. (Haba estado deprimido durante mucho tiempo antes de que cambiara de trabajo.) que ocurrieron antes de un tiempo

PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO (PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS)

El presente perfecto continuo, muchas veces tiene la equivalencia de la traduccin "llevar + gerundio" en espaol, pero el uso de esta forma es ms frecuente en ingls. Se utiliza para acciones que has empezado en el pasado pero continuan en el presente.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales) Form (Forma) Como en el presente perfecto, usamos el verbo auxiliar "to have" adems de "been" (el participio pasado del verbo "to be") y ms el gerundio del verbo. Sujeto I, You, We, They He, She, It Structure (Estructura) 1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas) Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to have") + "been" + gerundio. Ejemplos: They've been talking for three hours. (Han estado hablando durante tres horas.) She has been studying English since she was 16. (Ha estado estudiando ingls desde que tena 16 aos.) I've been waiting for you for over an hour! (Te llevo esperando durante ms de una hora!) 2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas) Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to have") + "not" + "been" + gerundio. Auxiliares Have been Has been Gerundio Studing, Working,... Studing, Working,...

Ejemplos: They haven't been talking for more than a few minutes. (No han estado hablando ms de unos minutos.) She hasn't been studying English for very long. (No ha estado estudiando ingls durante mucho tiempo.) Don't worry, I haven't been waiting long. (No te preocupes, no llevo esperando mucho tiempo.) 3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas) Estructura Verbo auxiliar ("to have") + sujeto + "been" + gerundio? Ejemplos: Have they been talking for a long time? (Han estado hablando durante mucho tiempo?) Has Mary been waiting long? (Lleva Mary esperando mucho tiempo?)

Use (Uso) Usamos este tiempo cuando queremos expresar el sentido de la continuidad de una accin que ha comenzado en el pasado y que dura todava en el presente o que acaba de terminar. Nos referimos a algo que hemos estado haciendo en un perodo de tiempo, por lo tanto, usamos las preposiciones de tiempo "for" y "since". Si usamos el presente perfecto continuo sin un perodo de tiempo, significa "lately" o "recently". Ejemplos: I can't believe it is still raining. It's been raining for a week now! (No puedo creer que todava est lloviendo. Lleva lloviendo desde hace una semana!) John has been working at the bank since 2003. (John lleva trabajando en el banco desde 2003.) We've been planning our vacation for over a month. (Llevamos planeando nuestras vacaciones desde hace ms de un mes.)

Amanda and Tom have been dating since last June. (Amanda y Tom han estado saliendo desde el junio pasado.) He hasn't been studying enough. (No ha estado estudiando bastante.) Have you been feeling ok lately? (Te has sentido bien ltimamente?) I've been working too much. (He estado trabajando demasiado.) Nota: Como hemos visto en las ltimas lecciones, no podemos usar las formas continuas con algunos verbos En estos casos, usamos el presente perfecto.

Futuro perfecto 'Future perfect'

El futuro perfecto o " future perfect " se usa para acciones o estados que habrn terminado en un momento dado en el futuro. Suele ir acompaado por la preposicin " by " (por/para) o la expresin adverbial " by the time " (para cuando). I'll have finished my exams by next Monday. Habr terminado mis exmenes para el lunes que viene. Tambin se usa para indicar suposicin. Dont phone her. She will have left. No la llames por telfono. Se habr marchado. Afirmativo Sujeto + shall/will + have + past participle del verbo + ... Para la primera persona del singular y plural se utilizan

indistintamente " shall " y " will " aunque la tendencia es a usar " will " para todas las personas. En ingls americano normalmente no se usa " shall ". En las formas afirmativas contradas no es necesario distinguir entre will y shall , como 'll. Forma larga I shall/will have worked You will have worked He will have worked She will have worked It will have worked We shall/willl have worked You will have worked They will have worked Forma corta I'll have worked You'll have worked He'll have worked She'll have worked It'll have worked We'll have worked You'll have worked They'll have worked ya que grficamente ambas se expresan

Ejemplos I'll have finished by the time you get home. He will have decided to leave. They'll have studied the lesson by Saturday. Habr terminado para cuando llegues a casa. Habr decidido marcharse. Habrn estudiado la leccin para el sbado.

Negativo

Forma larga Forma corta

Sujeto + shall /will + not + have + verbo en past participle + ... Sujeto + shan't/ won't + have + verbo en past participle + ...

Forma larga I shall/will not have worked You will not have worked He will not have worked She will not have worked It will not have worked We shall/will not have worked You will not have worked They will not have worked

Forma corta I shan't/won't have worked You won't have worked He won't have worked She won't have worked It won't have worked We shan't/won't have worked You won't have worked They won't have worked

Ejemplos Ill not have cleaned the house by Saturday. You will not have finished your exam by 10 oclock. He wont have translated the letters by the time she leaves. Shell not have visited her mother by noon. It will not have sailed before we get to the port. No habr limpiado la casa para el sbado. No habrs terminado tu examen para las diez. No habr traducido las cartas para cuando se vaya. No habr visitado a su madre para el medioda. No habr zarpado antes de que lleguemos al puerto.

We shall not have finished our task by this evening. Youll not have travelled to Lisbon by the end of the year. They wont have forgotten me by then.

No habremos terminado nuestra tarea para esta tarde. No habrs viajado a Lisboa para finales de ao. No me habrn olvidado para entonces.

Interrogativo
Shall/Will + sujeto + have + verbo en past participle + ...?

Negativo

Forma larga Forma corta

Shall/Will + sujeto + not + have + verbo en past participle + ...? Shant/Won't + sujeto + have + verbo en past participle + ...?

Afirmativo Shall/Will I have worked? Will you have worked? Will he have worked? Will she have worked? Will it have worked? Shall/Will we have worked? Will you have worked? Will they have worked?

Negativo Shall/Will I not have worked? Will you not have worked? Will he not have worked? Will she not have worked? Will it not have worked? Shall/Will we not have worked? Will you not have worked? Will they not have worked? Shant/Won't I have worked? Won't you have worked? Won't he have worked? Won't she have worked? Won't it have worked? Shant/Won't we have worked? Won't you have worked? Won't they have worked?

Ejemplos

Will I have received it by 8 o'clock?

Lo habr recibido para las 8?

Where will you have discussed it with your husband? Wont he have typed his essay by the time his teacher arrives? Will she have paid a lot of money by the end of the season? Will it not have rained by then? Shall we have done the ironing tomorrow? Wont you have repaired the washing machine before the party? When will they have arrested the criminal?

Dnde lo habrs discutido con tu marido? No habr escrito a mquina su ensayo para cuando llegue su profesor? Habr pagado mucho dinero para final de temporada? No habr llovido para entonces? Habremos planchado para maana? No habris reparado la lavadora antes de la fiesta? Cundo habrn arrestado al criminal?