What is Research?

research is an unusually stubborn and persisting effort to think straight which involves the gathering and the intelligent use of relevant data Origin of the Word Research From the French word "recherche" which means to travel through or survey Research Research means o To Search Again. o To examine carefully. Research seeks answers to questions in an orderly and systematic way. It is a method of problem solving. What is Educational Research? The ability to answer a question or concern facing many of us in the area of Education. Teachers, counselors, administrators, parents, and students continually need to seek information in order to perform their jobs. What is Nursing Research? A scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences clinical nursing practice. Nursing research is systematic inquiry designed to develop knowledge about issues of importance to the nursing profession, including nursing practice, education, administration, and informatics. Concerned with the systematic study and assessment of nursing problems or phenomena, finding ways to improve nursing practice and patient care through creative studies, initiating change and taking action to make new knowledge useful to nursing Purpose of Nursing Research Nursing research has General and Specific purposes. General- it aims to answer or solve perplexities relevant to the nursing profession thereby developing a scientific knowledge base for nursing practice. Specifically, nursing research has the following purposes: 1. Identification. This is identifying or naming an unknown phenomenon in relation to the nursing practice; defining or conceptualizing under inquiry. Example: People with diabetes and hypertension investigation aimed at discovering the basic social problems affecting their adherence to health care directives. 2. Description. It means describing a phenomenon affecting the nursing profession. Example: Describing the experience of waiting in a critical care room. 3. Exploration. A phenomenon of interest is best done in exploratory research where its full nature, manner in which it is manifested and the other factors wherein it is related are investigated. Example: What Factors diminish or increase a patients stress? How is a patients stress related to the behaviors of the nursing staff? 4. Explanation. It offers understanding, clarification, and information why a certain phenomenon occurs. Example: Why do patient in the intensive care unit need to feel safe? 5. Prediction. It estimates and anticipates the probability of a certain outcome in a specific situation, say, the probable effects of nursing interventions on patients and families. Example: What are the effects of health behaviors like balanced diet, regular exercise, and no smoking on health status and longevity? 6. Control. The manipulation of given situation to produce the desired outcome follows prediction of the outcome of the given situation. Example: Down Syndrome Incidence in Infants

Characteristics of Research 1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. 2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. Scientific investigation is done in an orderly manner so that the researcher has confidence on the results. 3. Cyclical. Research is cyclical process. It starts with a problem and ends with a problem. 4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in collecting the data. 5. Methodical. Research is conducted in an orderly manner without bias using systematic procedure. 6. Replicability. The research designs and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. 7. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A higher level of confidence must be established. General Classification of research according to purpose: 1. Basic Research - pure research - conducted to develop, test and refine theories and generate new knowledge - seek knowledge for knowledges seek - is concerned with generating new knowledge Ex. Isaac Newton Law of Gravity and Inertia 2. Applied Research - is concerned with using knowledge to solve immediate problems - Directed toward generating new knowledge that can be used in the near future. It is often conducted to seek solutions to existing problem - received funding than basic research Ex. study the various methods of cleft lip and palate surgery and the effectiveness of this methods Types of research according to use Basic/Pure research o only the research benefits the research o It is only for your personal necessity o Answers your own question Applied research o problem solving o Solving the problems of the patient. Types of Research According to Application Basic/ Pure o For personal knowledge, curiosity Applied o Based on problem solving approach According to Methods Experimental o performing active manipulation, observe and record the result. o Types of Experimental Research control divide group into 2. Group a control/comparison group will use the same soap everyday Group b experimental group those who will use the sample soap randomization using sample by chance. Choose randomly to avoid redundancy of result

Manipulation Performing intervention Validation comparison of the effects Quasi-experimental false experiment. No control sample. Non-experimental o No manipulation is done. Only observation, describe and record down the result. o Types of non-experimental research design base on time element Retrospective (Ex Post Facto) Getting actual experience Studies a group of people after its occurrence, experience or facts. Experience of people in the past Descriptive Observe, describe & record. Study of current events. Prospective Study of research about future occurrence or future events. Historical Past that is written, documented, published and recorded Primary Data o Observe o 1st hand information o person himself Secondary Data o 2nd Hand Information About the past using records, journals, books. Study of the dead people thru his written materials, facts According to data quantitative data base on numerical interpretation, datas that are measurable, using your senses, data that are observable. qualitative subjective data, feelings, perception, beliefs, culture, attitude Ethical Issues in Nursing Research Development of ethical codes and guidelines 1947 Nuremberg Code criteria for research 1. Inform the subjects about the study 2. Qualified to conduct research 3. Based on animal experiments , if possible 4. Avoid injury to research subjects 5. Good of society 6. Stop the study if problems occur The Belmont Report three Basic Principles to Research Subjects: 1. respect for person- the research subjects should have autonomy and self-determination 2. beneficence- research subjects should be protected from harm 3. justice- research subjects should receive fair treatment

Elements of Informed Consent- concerns subjects participation in research in which they have full understanding of the study before the study begins. It is the principal means for ensuring that the rights of research subjects are protected. 1. researchers identified and credentials presented 2. subject selection process is described - one of the primary goal of all researchers is to choose an unbiased sample 3. purpose of the study is described The purpose of the study should be clearly presented. The material should be in the preferred language of the potential subjects and at the subjects reading level for all printed material. The researcher should be honest in presenting the purpose of the study. 4. study procedures are discussed All aspect of the study should be fully explained. Debriefing- is a meeting with research participants that ensures their understanding of the reasons and justification for the procedure used in the study. 5. potential risk are described Subject must be told of the discomfort either physical or psychological as a result of participations. 6. potential benefits are described All research that should be conducted must benefit the society, a research that is conducted to satisfy the researcher curiosity is unethical. 7. compensation if any is discussed Monetary compensation should be avoided and all compensations if possible should come from the listed possible benefits of the study. 8. alternative procedure if any are disclosed 9. anonymity or confidentiality is assured Anonymity- occurs when no one, including the researcher, can link the subjects with the data they provided. Confidentiality- involves protection of the subjects identity by the researcher. 10. right to refuse or to participate or to withdraw from the study without penalty is assured All participation in nursing research must be voluntary. No form of coercion should be involved and there must be no penalty involve for non participation. 11. offer to answer all questions is made 12. means of obtaining study result is presented Documentation of informed consent Consent can be obtain in a written form Oral permission may be obtain in a presence of a third subject - A legally authorized representatives can give consent for subjects who are incapable of proper decision making. The nurse researcher as patient advocate- responsibility to protect the privacy and the dignity of the people involve in the research and to protect them from harm. Clinical trials are studies conducted to evaluate new treatments, new drugs, and new or improve medical equipment. Assent- means that the underage child or adolescent freely chooses to participate in the study. Guidelines for Critiquing the ethical aspect of the study 1. The study must be approved by the international review board. 2. Obtain Informed consent from the subjects.

There is available information about provisions for anonymity or confidentiality. Selection process of subjects used must not be biased. Subjects must not have been coerced into acting as subjects. Benefit of participation in the study must outweigh the risk involved. Provide the subject the opportunity to ask questions about the study and told how to contact the researcher if other questions arose. 8. Subjects must be told how they could get the results of the study. Ethics of a Researcher S Scientific Objective conductive research for a good purpose or object for your pt C Cooperation and Consent. Do not conduct data/experiment w/o a consent (legally the patient owns the chart. However the hospital owns the chart) I Integrity worked hard on the research E Equitable acknowledging works or contribution of others N Nobility protect the rights of your subjects o Right not to be harmed (physical, mental, moral harm) usually done during experimental research Physical Harm/ Negligence - undeliberate physical harm Commission done outside the standard practice of nursing (eg. urinary catheter placed on the nose of the pt) Omission from the very start, you did not do something about it. Moral Harm Assault mental fear/threat without physical harm Battery physically you harm the pt Restraint is never an independent nursing order physical restraint eg. Jacket chemical restraint eg. use of psychotropic drug Moral harm Slander oral defamation Libel published or placed in the newspaper o Right to self-determination o Right to privacy Anonymity identity of subject may not be disclosed. Privacy of the Informant (pt) eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants his name to be written in the newspaper as Mr. X, Mr. Y or Mr. W Confidentiality information acquired must be disclosed. Privacy of the information eg. conduct a study on HIV pt. but the pt wants the nurse should only know T Truthfulness put only the data you have collected I Importance importance to the nursing profession F Factual facts or data I Ideal (follow the 11 steps of research) C Courage

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Central Luzon Doctors Hospital Educational Institution Tibag, Tarlac city

Research

Prepared By: Gilbert T. Manacmul R.N.

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