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VSRD-MAP, Vol. 1 (3), 2011, 110-119

R RE EV VI IE EW W A AR RT TI IC CL LE E

Optimization of Turning Operation A Review

1

PD Kamble*, 2AC Waghmare, 3RD Askhedhar, 4SB Sahare and 5SS Khedkar

ABSTRACT
In this paper an attempt is made to review the literature on optimizing the machining parameters in turning processes. Various conventional techniques employed for machining optimization include geometric programming geometric plus linear programming, Non-Linear Programming, goal programming, sequential unconstrained minimization technique and dynamic programming etc. The latest techniques for optimization include fuzzy logic, scatter search technique, ant colony technique, genetic algorithm, Taguchi technique and response surface methodology are being applied successfully in industrial applications for optimal selection of process variables in the area of machining. Taguchi methods is latest design techniques widely used in industries for making the product/process insensitive to any uncontrollable factors such as environmental variables. Keywords : Machining Operation, Turning Process, Programming, Fuzzy Logic, Taguchi Methods.

1. INTRODUCTION
It has long been recognized that conditions during cutting, such as feed rate, cutting speed and depth of cut,

should be selected to optimize the economics of machining operations. Turning of composite material substantially different from metallic materials due to its mechanical properties. The turning of this material may generate delamination of work piece. The objective of this research is to study the effect of cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, machining time on metal removal rate, specific energy, surface roughness, volume fraction and flank wear. Taylor showed that an optimum or economic cutting speed exists which could maximize material removal rate. Considerable efforts are still in progress on the use of hand book based conservative cutting conditions and cutting tool selection at the process planning level. The need for selecting and implementing optimal machining conditions and most suitable cutting tool has been felt over the last few decades. Despite Taylors early work on establishing optimum cutting speeds in machining, progress has been slow since all the
____________________________ 1,4,5

Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, INDIA. 2Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Umer College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, INDIA. 3 Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, INDIA. *Correspondence : pdk121180@yahoo.com

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process parameters need to be optimized. Furthermore, for realistic solutions, the many constraints met in practice, such as low machine tool power, torque, force limits and component surface roughness must be overcome.

2. REVIEW OF CONVENTIONAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

Traditionally, the selection of cutting conditions for metal cutting is left to the machine operator. In such cases, the experience of the operator plays a major role, but even for a skilled operator it is very difficult to attain the optimum values each time. Machining parameters in turning process are cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut. The setting of these parameters determines the quality characteristics of turned parts. Following the pioneering work of Taylor (1907) and his famous tool life equation, different analytical and experimental approaches for the optimization of machining parameters have been investigated. Gilbert (1950) studied the optimization of machining parameters in turning with respect to maximum production rate and minimum production cost as criteria. Armarego & Brown (1969) investigated unconstrained machine-parameter optimization using differential calculus.Brewer & Rueda (1963) carried out simplified optimum analysis for non-ferrous materials. For cast iron (CI) and steels, they employed the criterion of reducing the machining cost to a minimum. A number of nomograms were worked out to facilitate the practical determination of the most economic machining conditions. They pointed out that the more difficult- to-machine materials have a restricted range of parameters over which machining can be carried out and thus any attempt at optimizing their costs are artificial. Brewer (1966) suggested the use of Lagrangian multipliers for optimization of the constrained problem of unit cost, with cutting power as the main constraint. Walvekar & Lambert (1970) discussed the use of geometric programming to selection of machining variables. They optimized cutting speed and feed rate to yield minimum production cost. Petropoulos (1973) investigated optimal selection of machining rate variables, viz. cutting speed and feed rate, by geometric programming. Sundaram (1978) applied a goal-programming technique in metal cutting for selecting levels of machining parameters in a fine operation on AISI 4140 steel using cemented tungsten carbide tools. Ermer & Kromodiharajo (1981) developed a multi-step mathematical Optimization of machining techniques 701 model to solve a constrained multi-pass machining problem. They concluded that in some cases with certain constant total depths of cut, multi-pass machining was more economical than single-pass machining, if depth of cut for each pass was properly allocated. They used high speed steel (HSS) cutting tools to machine carbon steel. Hinduja et al (1985) described a procedure to calculate the optimum cutting conditions for machining operations with minimum cost or maximum production rate as the objective function. For a given combination of tool and work material, the search for the optimum was confined to a feed rate versus depth-of-cut plane defined by the chip-breaking constraint. Some of the other constraints considered include power available, work holding, surface finish and dimensional accuracy. Tsai (1986) studied the relationship between the multi-pass machining and single-pass machining. He presented the concept of a break-even point, i.e. there is always a point, a certain value of depth of cut, at which single-pass and doublepass machining are equally effective. When the depth of cut drops below the break-even point, the single-pass is more economical than the double-pass, and when the depth of cut rises above this break-even point, doublepass is better. Carbide tools are used to machine the carbon steel work material. Gopalakrishnan & Khayyal (1991) described the design and development of an analytical tool for the selection of machine parameters in drilling. Geometric programming was used as the basic methodology to determine values for feed rate and

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cutting speed that minimize the total cost of machining SAE 1045 steel with cemented carbide tools of ISO P-10 grade. Surface finish and machine power were taken as the constraints while optimizing cutting speed and feed rate for a given depth of cut. Agapiou (1992) formulated single-pass and multi-pass machining operations. Production cost and total time were taken as objectives and a weighting factor was assigned to prioritize the two objectives in the objective function. He optimized the number of passes, depth of cut, cutting speed and feed rate in his model, through a multi-stage solution process called dynamic programming. Several physical constraints were considered and applied in his model. In his solution methodology, every cutting pass is independent of the previous pass; hence the optimality for each pass is not reached simultaneously. Prasad et al (1997) reported the development of an optimization module for determining process parameters for operations as part of a PC-based generative CAPP system. The work piece materials considered in their study include steels, cast iron, aluminum, copper and brass. HSS and carbide tool materials are considered in this study. The minimization of production time is taken as the basis for formulating the objective function. The constraints considered in this work include power, surface finish, tolerance, and work piece rigidity, range of cutting speed, maximum and minimum depths of cut and total depth of cut. Improved mathematical models are formulated by modifying the tolerance and work piece rigidity constraints for multi-pass turning operations.

3. REVIEW ON LATEST TECHNIQUES

The latest techniques for optimization include fuzzy logic, scatter search technique, ant colony technique, genetic algorithm, and Taguchi technique and response surface methodology.

3.1. Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic has great capability to capture human commonsense reasoning, decision-making and other aspects of human cognition. Kosko (1997) shows that it overcomes the limitations of classic logical systems, which impose inherent restrictions on representation of imprecise concepts. Vagueness in the coefficients and constraints may be naturally modelled by fuzzy logic. Modelling by fuzzy logic opens up a new way to optimize cutting conditions and also tool selection.

3.1.1.

Methodology

Klir & Yuan (1998) fuzzy logic involves a fuzzy interference engine and a fuzzification-defuzzification module. Fuzzification expresses the input variables in the form of fuzzy membership values based on various membership functions. Governing rules in linguistic form, such as if cutting force is high and machining time is high, then tool wear is high, are formulated on the basis of experimental observations. Based on each rule, inference can be drawn on output grade and membership value. Inferences obtained from various rules are combined to arrive at a final decision. The membership values thus obtained are defuzzified using various techniques to obtain true value.

3.2. Genetic Algorithm (GA)

These are the algorithms based on mechanics of natural selection and natural genetics, which are more robust and more likely to locate global optimum. It is because of this feature that GA goes through solution space

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starting from a group of points and not from a single point. The cutting conditions are encoded as genes by binary encoding to apply GA in optimization of machining parameters. A set of genes is combined together to form chromosomes, used to perform the basic mechanisms in GA, such as crossover and mutation. Crossover is the operation to exchange some part of two chromosomes to generate new offspring, which is important when exploring the whole search space rapidly. Mutation is applied after crossover to provide a small randomness to the new chromosomes. To evaluate each individual or chromosome, the encoded cutting conditions are decoded from the chromosomes and are used to predict machining performance measures. Fitness or objective function is a function needed in the optimization process and selection of next generation in genetic algorithm. Optimum results of cutting conditions are obtained by comparison of values of objective functions among all individuals after a number of iterations. Besides weighting factors and constraints, suitable parameters of GA are required to operate efficiently. GA optimization methodology is based on machining performance predictions models developed from a comprehensive system of theoretical analysis, experimental database and numerical methods. The GA parameters along with relevant objective functions and set of machining performance constraints are imposed on GA optimization methodology to provide optimum cutting conditions.

3.2.1.

Implementation of GA

First of all, the variables are encoded as n-bit binary numbers assigned in a row as chromosome strings. To implement constraints in GA, penalties are given to individuals out of constraint. If an individual is out of constraint, its fitness will be assigned as zero. Because individuals are selected to mate according to fitness value, zero fitness individuals will not become parents. Thus most individuals in the next generation are ensured in feasible regions bounded by constraints. The GA is initialized by randomly selecting individuals in the full range of variables. Individuals are selected to be parents of the next generation according to their fitness value. The larger the fitness value, the greater their possibility of being selected as parents.Wang & Jawahir (2004) have used this technique for optimization of milling machine parameters. Kuo & Yen (2002) have used a genetic algorithm based parameter tuning algorithm for multidimensional motion control of a computer numerical control machine tool.

3.3. Scatter Search Technique (SS)

This technique originates from strategies for combining decision rules and surrogate constraints. SS is completely generalized and problem-independent since it has no restrictive assumptions about objective function, parameter set and constraint set. It can be easily modified to optimize machining operation under various economic criteria and numerous practical constraints. It can obtain near-optimal solutions within reasonable execution time on PC. Potentially, it can be extended as an on-line quality control strategy for optimizing machining parameters based on signals from sensors. Chen & Chen (2003) have done extensive work on this technique.

3.3.1.

Methodology

First of all, machining models are required to determine the optimum machining parameters including cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut, in order to minimize unit production cost. Unit production cost can be divided

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into four basic cost elements: Cutting cost by actual cut in time Machine idle cost due to loading and unloading operation and idling tool motion cost Tool replacement cost Tool cost

For the optimization of unit production cost, practical constraints which present the state of machining processes need to be considered. The constraints imposed during machining operations are: Parameter constraint Ranges of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut Tool life constraint Allowable values of flank wear width and crater wear depth Operating constraint Maximum allowable cutting force, power available on machine tool and surface finish requirement. An optimization model for multi-pass turning operation can be formulated. The multi-pass turning model is a constrained nonlinear programming problem with multiple variables (machining variables). The initial solution for SS is picked in a random way. The user- specified parameters have to be given. The experimentation can be run on a PC with Pentium800Mhz processor. The computational results validate the advantage of SS in terms of solution quality and computational requirement.

3.4. Taguchi Technique

Genichi Taguchi is a Japanese engineer who has been active in the improvement of Japans industrial products and processes since the late 1940s. He has developed both the philosophy and methodology for process or product quality improvement that depends heavily on statistical concepts and tools, especially statistically designed experiments. Many Japanese firms have achieved great success by applying his methods. Wu (1982) has reported that thousands of engineers have performed tens of thousands of experiments based on his teachings. Sullivan (1987) reports that Taguchi has received some of Japans most prestigious awards for quality achievement, including the Deming prize. In 1986, Taguchi received the most prestigious prize from the International Technology Institute The Willard F. Rockwell Medal for Excellence in Technology. Taguchis major contribution has involved combining engineering and statistical methods to achieve rapid improvements in cost and quality by optimizing product design and manufacturing processes. Barker (1990) reported that since 1983, after Taguchis association with the top companies and institutes in USA (AT & T Bell Laboratories, Xerox, Lawrence Institute of Technology (LIT), Ford Motor Company etc.), his methods have been called a radical approach to quality, experimental design and engineering. Sullivan (1987) reported that the term Taguchi methods (TM) refers to the parameter design, tolerance design, quality loss function, on-line quality control, design of experiments using orthogonal arrays, and methodology applied to evaluate measuring systems. Pignatiello (1988) identifies two separate aspects of the Taguchi methods: the strategy of Taguchi and the tactics of Taguchi. Taguchi tactics refer to the collection of specific methods and techniques used by Genichi Taguchi, and Taguchi strategy is the conceptual framework or structure for planning a product or process design experiment. Ryan (1988) and Benton (1991) reported that Taguchi addresses design and engineering (off-line) as well as manufacturing (on-line) quality. This fundamentally differentiates TM from statistical process control

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(SPC), which is purely an on-line quality control method. Taguchis ideas can be distilled into two fundamental concepts: (1) Quality losses must be defined as deviations from targets, not conformance to arbitrary specifications (Benton 1991). (2) Achieving high system-quality levels economically requires quality to be designed into the product. Quality is designed, not manufactured, into the product ( Daetz 1987; Taguchi 1989). Lin et al (1990) stated that Taguchi methods represent a new philosophy. Quality is measured by the deviation of a functional characteristic from its target value. Noises (uncontrolled variables) can cause such deviations resulting in loss of quality. Taguchi methods seek to remove the effect of noises. Taguchi (1989) described that quality engineering encompasses all stages of product/process development: system design, parameter design, and tolerance design. Byrne & Taguchi (1987), however, pointed out that the key element for achieving high quality and low cost is parameter design. Through parameter design, levels of product and process factors are determined, such that the products functional characteristics are optimized and the effect of noise factors is minimized. Kackar & Shoemaker (1986) observed that parameter design reduces performance variation by reducing the influence of the sources of variation rather than by controlling them, it is thus a very cost-effective technique for improving engineering design.

3.5. Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Experimentation and making inferences are the twin features of general scientific methodology. Statistics as a scientific discipline is mainly designed to achieve these objectives. Planning of experiments is particularly very useful in deriving clear and accurate conclusions from the experimental observations, on the basis of which inferences can be made in the best possible manner. The methodology for making inferences has three main aspects. First, it establishes methods for drawing inferences from observations when these are not exact but subject to variation, because inferences are not exact but probabilistic in nature. Second, it specifies methods for collection of data appropriately, so that assumptions for the application of appropriate statistical methods to them are satisfied. Lastly, techniques for proper interpretation of results are devised. The advantages of design of experiments as reported by Adler et al (1975) and Johnston (1964) are as follows : Numbers of trials are reduced. Optimum values of parameters can be determined. Assessment of experimental error can be made. Qualitative estimation of parameters can be made.

Inference regarding the effect of parameters on the characteristics of the process can be made. Cochran & Cox (1962) quoted Box and Wilson as having proposed response surface methodology for the optimization of experiments. Box & Hunter (1957) have proposed that the scheme based on central composite rotatable design fits the second-order response surfaces very accurately.

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Table 1: Summary of Recent Machining Optimization Technique

Techniques Taguchi Authors Gu Tosum & Mehtap Muatoglu (2003) Tools used Optimum surface roughness was determined when the solid carbide drill tools were used on the specimens with peakaged condition Fracture surfaces were examined optically and in a scanning electron Ramon Quiza Sadinas, Pedro Ries, J.Paul Davim (2006) Mohan,.Kulkarni, Ramachandra (2009) The obtained outcomes were arranged in graphical form and analyzed to make the proper decision for different process preferences. The measured results were collected and analyzed with the help of commercial software package MINITAB14 and Taly profile.s Remarks Surface integrity of drilled Al/17% SiC particulate MMCs. Dry drilling spindle speed , feed rates, drills, Point angles of drill and heat treatment were conducted . Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of 2124 Al/SiCp MMC plate by optimization of the solution treatment Multi-Objective Optimization of cutting parameters for drilling Laminate Composite materials by using G.A

Taguchi Technique Micro Genetic Algorithm. Posteriori approach. Design of Experiments, ANOVA

Thomas & king (1996)

Taguchi Neural Network

Design of Experiments

Genetic Algorithm.

Optimization of process parameters during drilling of Glass-fiber Polyester reinforced composites using DOE and ANOVA. Main objective is to optimize the process parameters to achieve low cutting thrust, torque and good surface roughness. Guey-Jiuh Tzou, The signal to Noise ratio and Analysis The roundness and flank wear of the Ding-yeng chen, of variance (ANOVA) are employed to ultrasonically and conventionally machined Chun-Yao Hsu. study the performance work pieces were measured and compared. Uros Zperl and Franc To reach higher precision of the Optimization of cutting conditions during cus (2000) predicted results a neural optimization machining by using Neural. The approach is suitable for fast determination of algorithm is developed and presented optimum to ensure simple, fast and efficient cutting parameters during machining . optimization of all parameters. Criston Reliable chip removal, cutting with low Optimization elements for Deep-hole Constantinescu, Mirca forces and high tool life. drilling. Method for entering angle, cozminca, and irina eccentricity and chip breaking , shoulder croitoru(2001) dimensions optimization J.PauloDavim The concept of the Pareto optimum Optimal drilling of particular metal matrix C.A.Conceicao Antonia solution is considered in the composites based on experimental and (2000) optimization procedure. numerical procedures. An evoluation strategy is adopted to obtain the optimal solution for cutting speed, feed rate, and tool life. Basavarajapa Chandramohan Paulo Davim (2008) Mohan Ramachandra M.Kulkarni (2005) Analysis of variance are employed to analyse the drilling characteristics of these composites. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to study the effect of process parameters on machining process. MINITAB14 package is used , Orthoganal array , Signal to noise ratio are employed. Some Studies on drilling of hybrid metal matrix composites based on Taguchi Techniques. Influence of process Parameters on cutting force and torque during drilling of GlassFiber Polyester reinforced composites. The main objective is to find the important factors and combination of factors influence the machining process to achieve low cutting thrust and torque.

Taguchi Technique , ANOVA Taguchi optimization technology

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Multiple objective linear program Taguchi

D.kim M.Ramulu (2003) Paulo Davim.Pedro Reis, Vitro Lapa, C.Conceicao Antonia (2003) L.yu, L.Cheng, Yam, Yan, Jiang (2006)

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed to investigate the cutting characteristics of PEEK

Drilling Process optimization for graphite / bismaleimide -Titanium ally stacks Machinability study on Polyether ether Keton (PEEK) reinforced (GF30) for applications in structural component

Artificial Neural Network.

An artificial neural network (ANN) is trained using numerically simulated structural damage index to establish the mapping relationship between the structural damage index and damage status. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Experimental validation of vibration based damage detection for static laminated composite shells partially filled with fluid

Taguchi analysis

Tsao, Hocheng (2004)

Orthogonal array - Grey relational analysis ANOVA

Noorul Haq Marimuthu and Jeyapaul (2007)

Taguchi

Palanikumar, Karunamoorthy, Karthikeyan, and Latha. E. Kilickap (2010)

Taguchi

multiple responses based on orthogonal array with grey relational analysis. Based on the grey relational grade, optimum levels of parameters have been identified and significant contribution of parameters is determined by ANOVA Fuzzy logic to optimize the machining parameters for machining of GFRP composites. A multi response performance index (MRP) was used for optimization ANOVA, analysis of signal-to-noise ratio Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression analyses The fitness function is derived through mapping the objective function of the drill optimization problem. Cutting condition optimizations were calculated for the minimum machining costs criterion using the basic economic indexes of the workshop L27 orthoganal array, fuzzy based model is developed to predict thrust force and torque. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is carried out

Taguchi analysis of delamination associated with various drill bits in drilling of composite materials Multi response optimization of machining parameters of drilling Al/SiC metal matrix composite using grey relational analysis in the taguchi method

Optimization of the Machinability of the AlSiC Metal Matrix Composite Using the Dynamic Material Model

Optimization of cutting parameters on delamination based on Taguchi method during drilling of GFRP composite Application of Taguchi methods in the optimization of cutting parameters for surface finish and hole diameter accuracy in dry drilling processes Tauguchi approach with multiple performance characteristics for burr size minimization in drilling Optimization of cutting conditions at drilling.

Taguchis experimental design method

Mustafa Kurt 2 Eyup Bagci and Yusuf Kaynak (2008) Gaintonde, Karnik, Achuytha, & Siddeswarappa (2006) Milon brozek, Rostislav choteborsky, Miroslav muller , petr HRABE ( 2007) Vimal sam singh , Latha and Senthilkumar (2009) Dong-Woo Kim Myeong-Woo Cho 1, Tae-Il Seo and EungSug Lee (2008) Palanikumar , Shanmugam , Paulo Davim (2010)

Taguchis optimization technique Minimum machining costs criterian. Fuzzy Logic

Design of Experiments

Modeling and Analysis of thrust force and torque in drilling GFRP composites by multi-facet drill using fuzzy logic. to minimize the thrust forces in the step-feed micro drilling process by application of the DOE (Design of Experiment) method. Analysis and optimisation of cutting parameters for surface roughness in machining Al/SiC particulate composites by PCD tool Investigation of drilling in ((0/90)/10)s glass fiber reinforced plastics using taguchi method

Response Surface Methodology

Analysis of variance is used for checking the validity of the model

Taguchi Method

Kishore,Tiwari.& Singh (2009)

Design of Experiments

Duroa, Magalhesa, Marquesb, Joo Manuel Tavaresb (2007)

An attempt to investigate experimentally the significance of the drill point geometry and operating variables on the drilling forces and the drilling induced damage Non Destructive inspection technique.

Effect Of Drilling parameters on composite plates damage. A proper selection of tool and drilling parameters can reduce the risk of delamination.

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4. CONCLUSION
A review of literature shows that various traditional machining optimization techniques like Lagranges method, geometric programming, goal programming, dynamic programming etc. have been successfully applied in the past for optimizing the various machining process variables. Fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm, scatter search, Taguchi technique and response surface methodology are the latest optimization techniques that are being applied successfully in industrial applications for optimal selection of process variables in the area of machining. In the recent optimization technique Taguchi methods is latest design techniques widely used in industries for making the product/process insensitive to any uncontrollable factors such as environmental variables. Taguchi approach has potential for savings in experimental time and cost on product or process development and quality improvement.

5. FUTURE SCOPE
From the above conclusion one can use the Taguchi method for optimizing the turning process parameters like speed, feed, depth of cut, nose radius, and type of tool, materials of tool and work piece and cutting fluids etc for minimizing the surface roughness and maximize the tool life by experimental setup. Orthogonal array in the Taguchi technique will help to finalize the number of levels and thus finalize the number of experiments. Also the signal to noise ratio will help to observe the behavior of quality characteristics of work piece.

6. REFERENCES
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