Welfare States

Three worlds of welfare capitalism Esping-Andersen Classics Social citizenship T. H. Marshall Institutional vs. residual welfare states Richard Titmuss Origins Modernization / logic of industrialization (convergence) Wilensky - Social upheaval and uncertainty caused by industrialization - Tore apart old social structures - Subjected individuals to market forces - New public support for state protection Class mobilization theory Korpi, Stephens, Huber - Rise of welfare state depended on ability of the left to mobilize left political forces including trade unions and left parties - Sweden: historic compromise between capital and labor Pluralism Cross-class coalition Esping-Andersen Agency: role of leaders of American federal labor union Skocpol Entrenchment crisis of the welfare state No retrenchment; families of nations Castles New politics of welfare states Pierson - Welfare state created new constituencies; replace old politics of class conflict - Costs of retrenchment are concentrated; benefits are diffuse - Negativity bias: created new status quo Public opinion theory (embedded preferences) Brooks and Manza - Welfare systems reflect what people want Paradox of redistribution Korpi and Palme - Welfare provision that specifically targets the poor is not supported by the middle class

Development State-directed development Economic backwardness in historical perspective Gerschenkron Chalmers Johnson Japan MITI Strong state, weak society Migdal - Relationship between state and society - Capable state requires centralization of social control - Two examples: o Sierra Leone: British gave power to several local strongmen => diffusion of power o Palestine (Israel): British gave power to central organization - Strong societies make it difficult to develop strong states o Need to cause social dislocation and eviscerate society Embedded Autonomy Evans - Alliances between different actors: e.g. state, local capital, transnational corporations - Must be able to change alliance - Gravedigger problem: developmental changes bring challenges to existing development strategies - E.g. Korean state repression of more educated, skilled labor strikes - Strong bureaucratic legacy (e.g. Korea from Japan), Kerala, Austria Kohli - Three types of state o Cohesive-capitalist (Korea) o Neopatrimonial (Nigeria) o Fragmented multi-class (India) - Cohesive-capitalist states are the best: o Narrowly defined goals o Competent staff o Concentrated power o Strong links with business and local entrepreneurs o Repression Developmental state Leftwich Social democratic development in the periphery Sandbrook