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omputers have existed for much of human history. For many centuries people used their own brain-power to perform calculations. They always searched easy and efficient ways for performing calculations.
ABACUS
The abacus is known as the first external aid to computing math-a calculation device. The Chinese abacus was developed about 5000 years ago. It was built out of wood and beads. Before the invention of the Chinese abacus, counting rods, other symbolic methods such as tally sticks, notches on bones, and the like, were undoubtedly used as a tool for counting and calculation. Abacus could be held and carried around easily. It was so successful that its use spread from China to many other countries. The abacus does not actually do the computing, as today's calculators do. It helps people keep track of numbers as they do the computing.
Figure 1 Abacus
SLIDE RULE The circular (1632) and rectangular (1620) slide rules were invented by Episcopalian minister and mathematician William Oughtred. The
invention of the slide rule was made possible by John Napier's invention of logarithms, which slide rules are based upon. Before the invention of the pocket or handheld calculator, the slide rule was a popular tool for calculations. The use of slide rules continued until about 1974, after which electronic calculators became more popular.
wheels/gears. Each wheel rotated in steps and a wheel completed one rotation in 10 steps.
Figure 6 Arithmometer
DIFFERENCE ENGINE A difference engine is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. The name derives from the method of divided differences, a way to interpolate or tabulate functions by using a small set of polynomial coefficients. Both logarithmic and trigonometric functions, functions commonly used by both navigators and scientists, can be approximated by polynomials.
ANALYTICAL ENGINE The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician Charles Babbage.It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's Difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer. The Analytical Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory.
LADY AUGUSTRA ADA (1816-1852) She was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognised as the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine. Because of this, she is often described as the world's first computer programmer.
ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER
Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berrybuilt the world's first electronic-digital computer at
Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer represented several innovations in computing, including a binary system of arithmetic, parallel processing, regenerative memory, and a separation of memory and computing functions.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
Boolean algebra was introduced in 1854 by George Boole. Boolean algebra is the algebra of logic. Boolean algebra is the subarea of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively. The Boolean algebras rules are used for designing the circuits inside chips.
MARK-1 OR ASCC
In 1944, an American DR. Howard Aiken, a professor of Harvard University, designed a calculating machine. It was names as Mark-1. Mark I is considered to be the first digital computer, its architecture was significantly different from modern machines. The machine contained more than 750,000 components, was 50 feet long, 8 feet tall, and weighed approximately 5 tons. Mark-1 is also known as ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator).
Figure 11 IBM-MARK-1
ENIAC (1943-1946)
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)[1][2] was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It wasTuring-complete, digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-solderedjoints.
Figure 12 ENIAC
EDVAC (1946-1952)
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal, and was a stored program computer.
Figure 13 EDVAC
EDSAC (1947-1949)
The EDSAC was started by Professor Maurice Wilkes in 1946. The first log entry of the machine working is on the 6th of May 1949, when the EDSAC computed a table of squares. The EDSAC was added to over its life, with the addition of a telephone dial, a faster teleprinter, several new instructions, and an index register. The machine was finally shut down in 1958 to make way for the new EDSAC 2. Many people worked on the EDSAC, from all sorts of fields of study.
Figure 14 EDSAC-1
UNIVAC-1 (1951)
The Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC was a computer milestone achieved by Dr. Presper Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly, the team that invented the ENIAC computer, in 1951. The UNIVAC handled both numbers and alphabetic characters equally well. The UNIVAC I was unique
in that it separated the complex problems of input and output from the actual computation facility.
Figure 15 UNIVAC-1