UNIVERSITATEA DANUBIUS DIN GALAI

DEPARTAMENTUL DE NVMNT LA
DISTAN I FRECVEN REDUS
FACULTATEA DE DREPT

ALINA CHESCA


Anul I, semestrul I
LIMBA ENGLEZ

Limba englez 2

CONTENTS

1. The Noun
Countable Nouns. Regular Nouns

Irregular Nouns. Nouns of Latin and Greek Origin
Singularia Tantum Nouns
Pluralia Tantum Nouns
Specific Objectives
Summary
Self-evaluation Tests
Bibliography
2. The Adjective
The Degrees of Comparison. Regular Adjectives
Irregular Adjectives
Phrases with Adjectives
Specific objectives
Summary
Assessment exercises
Bibliography
3. The Verb (Tenses and Moods)


Definitions: Tense and Aspect

Present Tense Continuous

Past Tense Simple

Past Tense Continuous

Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Simple

Past Perfect Continuous

Limba englez 3


4. The Phrasal Verbs
Definition and examples
Various combinations
Summary
Assessment exercises

Bibliography

Bibliografie (de elaborare a cursului) Times New Roman 14, Bold




Specific objectives

Summary

Self-evaluation tests

Bibliography

Limba englez
INTRODUCTION
This English course designed for the 1st year students
department aims at creating the competences of communication in English in
several fields (such as Law, Communication and Public Relations,
International Relations and European St
number of lessons which ensure a progressive and structured learning. The
learning activities are meant to back up the new knowledge and create the
competences to be acquired by the students. The assessment tests
end of each lesson, the summary and the conclusions also contribute to backing
up the knowledge and competences taken into consideration.
studied all the information and solved the exercises, you will acquire the
following competences:
understanding both the spoken and written English
recognizing structure signals (verb tenses, personal pronouns,
singular/plural markers)
identifying sentences
making up sentences, transformations, expansions, reductions
comprehending and producing a
talking about a certain topic
summarizing what is spoken or written
reading sentences and paragraphs
doing an intensive reading (scanning and skimming)
doing an extensive reading (for specific information)
writing
appropriateness

After every chapter you will find assessment tests with clear requirements;
thus you will achieve the objectives considered. If you cannot solve the
first task very well, you will
able to easily find the right answers.
The course is divided into four chapters:
The first chapter,
nouns, such as: analyzing the countable and uncoun
exemplifying the Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, explaining the
differences between these nouns in Romanian and English. Therefore, you will
find examples which illustrate the situations rendered by these nouns, thus
realizing the differences between them. You will also read and translate texts
on various issues, thus learning new words used in different fields and using
them in sentences and texts of your own. Moreover, you will be given some
Idioms which contain some specia
on one hand, you will be able to identify the type of noun used in a certain
context and why it has been used in a certain way and, on the other hand, to
discuss about certain issues and write papers on them.
The second chapter,
adjectives, i.e. defining them, approaching the degrees of comparison and
giving examples. Certainly, you will be explained the dissimilarities between

INTRODUCTION
This English course designed for the 1st year students - Distance learning
aims at creating the competences of communication in English in
several fields (such as Law, Communication and Public Relations,
International Relations and European Studies). Every chapter contains a
number of lessons which ensure a progressive and structured learning. The
learning activities are meant to back up the new knowledge and create the
competences to be acquired by the students. The assessment tests
end of each lesson, the summary and the conclusions also contribute to backing
up the knowledge and competences taken into consideration.
studied all the information and solved the exercises, you will acquire the
following competences:
erstanding both the spoken and written English;
recognizing structure signals (verb tenses, personal pronouns,
singular/plural markers);
identifying sentences;
making up sentences, transformations, expansions, reductions
comprehending and producing a discourse involving several speakers
talking about a certain topic;
summarizing what is spoken or written;
reading sentences and paragraphs;
doing an intensive reading (scanning and skimming);
doing an extensive reading (for specific information);
writing texts that demonstrate grammatical. lexical and semantic
appropriateness.
After every chapter you will find assessment tests with clear requirements;
thus you will achieve the objectives considered. If you cannot solve the
first task very well, you will read the lesson again and after that you will be
able to easily find the right answers.
The course is divided into four chapters:
The first chapter, The Noun, approaches the most special aspects regarding
nouns, such as: analyzing the countable and uncountable nouns, defining and
exemplifying the Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, explaining the
differences between these nouns in Romanian and English. Therefore, you will
find examples which illustrate the situations rendered by these nouns, thus
ng the differences between them. You will also read and translate texts
on various issues, thus learning new words used in different fields and using
them in sentences and texts of your own. Moreover, you will be given some
Idioms which contain some special nouns. Therefore, at the end of this chapter,
on one hand, you will be able to identify the type of noun used in a certain
context and why it has been used in a certain way and, on the other hand, to
discuss about certain issues and write papers on them.
The second chapter, The Adjective, analyses the regular and irregular
adjectives, i.e. defining them, approaching the degrees of comparison and
giving examples. Certainly, you will be explained the dissimilarities between
4
Distance learning
aims at creating the competences of communication in English in
several fields (such as Law, Communication and Public Relations,
udies). Every chapter contains a
number of lessons which ensure a progressive and structured learning. The
learning activities are meant to back up the new knowledge and create the
competences to be acquired by the students. The assessment tests used at the
end of each lesson, the summary and the conclusions also contribute to backing
up the knowledge and competences taken into consideration. After you have
studied all the information and solved the exercises, you will acquire the
recognizing structure signals (verb tenses, personal pronouns,
making up sentences, transformations, expansions, reductions;
discourse involving several speakers;


texts that demonstrate grammatical. lexical and semantic
After every chapter you will find assessment tests with clear requirements;
thus you will achieve the objectives considered. If you cannot solve the
read the lesson again and after that you will be
the most special aspects regarding
table nouns, defining and
exemplifying the Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, explaining the
differences between these nouns in Romanian and English. Therefore, you will
find examples which illustrate the situations rendered by these nouns, thus
ng the differences between them. You will also read and translate texts
on various issues, thus learning new words used in different fields and using
them in sentences and texts of your own. Moreover, you will be given some
l nouns. Therefore, at the end of this chapter,
on one hand, you will be able to identify the type of noun used in a certain
context and why it has been used in a certain way and, on the other hand, to
, analyses the regular and irregular
adjectives, i.e. defining them, approaching the degrees of comparison and
giving examples. Certainly, you will be explained the dissimilarities between
Limba englez 5
the Romanian and English degrees of comparison. Moreover, you will find
various phrases and Idioms containing adjectives. Just like in the first chapter,
you will also read and translate texts on different issues, thus learning new
words used in various fields and using them in sentences and texts of your
own.
The third chapter, The Verb (Tenses and Moods), approaches the verb and its
tenses up to Past Perfect Continuous as the other tenses and moods are to be
analyzed in the 2
nd
semester. In this chapter you will find the definitions of
tense and aspect, you will analyze each tense taking into account the aspect and
the type of action it expresses and also the differences between the Romanian
and English tenses. Moreover, you will make up sentences and texts of your
own by observing the rules previously explained. You will also read and
translate texts on various issues, thus learning more new words from different
fields and using them in sentences and texts of your own; you will also have
debates on such issues.
The fourth chapter, The Phrasal Verbs, approaches the Verb+Adverbial
Particle Combination. You will be given examples of verbs combined with
adverbial particles and analyse how the meaning of these verbs change with
every combination. Moreover, you will make sentences of your own using
various phrasal verbs.



Limba englez 6


1. THE NOUN

1.1. Countable Nouns. Regular Nouns

1.2. Irregular Nouns. Nouns of Latin and Greek Origin
1.3. Singularia Tantum Nouns
1.4. Pluralia Tantum Nouns
Specific Objectives
Summary
Self-evaluation Tests
Bibliography

Specific objectives:
At the end of the chapter you will be able to:
analyze the countable (both regular and irregular) and uncountable nouns;
define the Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns;
explain the differences between the Subject-Predicate agreement in
Romanian and English (regarding the previously mentioned types of nouns);
correctly translate contexts using Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns;
translate certain Idioms.
Estimated time for individual study: 3 hours



Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 7
1.1. Countable Nouns. Regular Nouns

The countable nouns have two forms: a singular one and a plural one. The
singular form is not marked: book, box, child.

There are two forms of plural:
A. Regular, when the plural is formed by adding the -s ending: book books
B. Irregular, when the plural is formed in other ways:
1) Desinena s se scrie s dup majoritatea substantivelor, incluznd
substantivele terminate in e mut: book books, table tables.
2) Excepii: exist unele situaii care fac excepie de la aceast regul general:
a) Substantivele terminate in s; -z; -x; -ch; -sh adaug es: bus buses; glass
glasses; buzz buzzes; box boxes; watch watches; brush - brushes;
b) La cteva dintre substantivele din acest grup se dubleaz consoana final:
fez fezzes, quiz quizzes.
c) Substantivele terminate in o: - adaug desinena s:
- cnd o e precedat de o vocal: cuckoos; kangaroos; radios; scenarios;
studios; zoos;
- la substantivele proprii: Filipinos; Eskimos; Neros; Romeos;
- n abrevieri: kilos (kilogrammes), photos (photographs), pros
(professionals);
- la unele substantive strine: concertos, dunam, pianos, solos, sopranos.
- au dou forme de plural: banjos banjoes; buffalos buffaloes; cargo
cargoes; mementos mementoes; mottos - mottoes; volcanos- volcanoes; zeros
zeroes etc.;
d) substantivele terminate n y precedat de o consoan transform pe y n i i
adaug es: city cities; factory - factories. Transformarea nu are loc:
- dup vocale: boy boys; play plays;
- n substantive proprii: the Kennedys;
- n substantive compuse: stand-bys;
e) literele, numeralele i abrevierile formeaz plural prin adugarea unui
apostrof i s: As; 1920s; MPs: There are two As and three 2s in the
number of that English car. There are two MPs in the lobby.
n engleza contemporan exist tendina ca numeralele i abrevierele s
formeze pluralul i prin adugarea doar a unui s la singular: in the 1930 MP

Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 8
(Member of Parliament) MPs; Mt (Moutain) Mts; vol (volume) vols; lb.
(pound) lbs; PO (Post Office, Postal Order) Pos.
Forma de plural fr apostrof este mai frecvent folosit dect cea cu apostrof.
3) Pluralul substantivelor compuse
a) Majoritatea substantivelor compuse adaug s la ultimul element: classroom
- classrooms; forget-me-not (floare de nu-m-uita) forget me nots; grown-up
grow-ups; horse race (cursa de cai) horse races; race horse (cal de curse)
race horses; merry-go-round merry-go-rounds (calusei);
b) Unele substantive compuse, de obicei cele alcatuite dintr-un substantiv si o
constructive prepozitionala, adauga s la primul element: looker-on lookers-
on; mother-in-law-mothers-in-law; passer-by passers by;
c) Substantivele compuse in care primul element este man sau woman
transforma la plural ambele elemente: man singer men singers; woman
doctor women doctors.

1.2. Irregular Nouns. Nouns of Latin and Greek Origin

Pluralul neregulat al substantivelor se formeaz n mai multe feluri:
a) Consoana surda [], [f] sau [s] n care se termin substantivul se transform
n perechea ei sonor: [], [v] sau [z] (voicing) la unele substantive:
-th [] -> ths []: bath baths; mouth mouths; path paths; youth youths;
- f(e) [f] -> ves [vz]: calf calves; elf elves; half halves; knife knives;
leaf leaves; loaf loaves; life lives; wife wives;
Atenie! Acest fenomen de sonorizare a consoanei finale nu se produce la toate
substantivele terminate n [], [f] sau [s]. Exist i forme de plural regulat i
oscilaie ntre cele dou forme:
Plural regulat (1):
consoan
+ -th
vocal
+ -th:
berth
berths
cloth

cloths
earth
earths
death

Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 9
deaths
length
lengths
faith
faiths
Forme duble (1):
Oath oaths
Truth truths
Plural regulat (2):
Belief
beliefs
Chief
chiefs
Cliff
cliffs
Proof
proofs
Roof
roofs
Safe
safes
Forme duble (2):
Dwarf dwarfs dwarves
Handkerch
ief

handkerchi
efs

handkerchie
ves
Hoof hoofs hooves
Scarf scarfs scarves
Wharf wharfs wharves
b) Vocala sau diftongul final se schimba in alta vocala sau diftong (mutation):
man men; woman - women; foot feet; goose geese; tooth teeth; mouse
mice; louse lice.
Compusii cu substantivul man au aceeasi pronuntie la singular si plural, desi
ortografia difera: a postman [] two postmen [], an Englishman [] two
Englishman [].
c) Trei substantive adauga desinenta en (cu sau fara mutatie vocalic): ox
oxen; child children; brother brethren.
Brother (frate) are plural regulat: brothers (frati). Pluralul neregulat brethren
este folosit doar cu sensul de membru al unei societati religioase.
d) Unele substantive numarabile au aceeasi forma la singular si plural (primesc
desinenta zero plural zero).
Substantivele cu desinenta zero la plural se deosebesc de substantivele
invariabile care au numai singular (music) sau numai plural (cattle) prin faptul
ca se acorda atat cu un verb la singular cat si cu un verb la plural: There is a
Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 10
stray sheep on the road. E o oaie ratacita pe drum. There are some stray sheep
on the road. Sunt cateva oi ratacite pe drum.
Pluralul zero este folosit:
- Cu unele substantive s: barracks banca; headquarters sediu; means
mijloc; series serie; species specie; works uzina:
This is an army barracks. These are army barracks. The bus, trolleybus and the
underground are modern means of transport. Autobuzul, troleibuzul si metroul
sunt mijloace modern de transport.

1.2.1. Nouns of Latin and Greek origin
Exist mai multe desinene de plural de origine strin care sunt folosite n
limba englez, mai ales n limbaj tiinific:
- us -i: stimulus stimuli; bacillus bacilli.
- um a: addendum addenda; datum data;
Agendum agenda; erratum errata;
Bacterium bacteria; stratum strata.
- is es: analysis analyses; ellipsis ellipses;
Axis axes; hypothesis hypotheses;
Basis bases;
Crisis crises; paralysis paralyses

Alte substantive de origine strin au dou forme de plural: pluralul regulat cu
s i pluralul de origine strin:

Cactus - cactuses - cacti
Genius - geniuses - genii (spirite,
duhuri) (oameni
de geniu)
Syllabus - syllabuses - syllabi
Terminus - terminuses - termini
Antenna - antennas - antennae
Formula - formulas - formulae
Vertebra - vertebras - vertebrae
Aquarium - aquariums - aquaria
Curriculum -
curriculums
- curricula
Medium - mediums - media
Sanatorium -
sanatoriums
- sanatoria
Symposium -
symposiums
- symposia
Appendix - - appendices
Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 11
appendixes
(n
anatomie)
(n cri)
Index - indexes
(cuprinsuri)
Indices
(indici n
matematic)
Automaton -
automatons
- automata
Bureau - bureaus - bureau
Plateau - plateaus - plateau

1.3. Singularia Tantum Nouns

n limba englez fac parte din clasa substantivelor invariabile la singular unele
substantive, care sunt numrabile sau invariabile la plural n limba romn:
advice, business, furniture, homework, income, information, knowledge,
luggage, merchandise, money, nonsense, produce (produse naturale, agricole),
progress, strength, work.
You must do your homework
carefully.
Trebuie sa ii faci cu atenie
leciile (temele)
I need further information Am nevoie de informaii
suplimentare.
His knowledge of English is poor Cunotinele lui de englez sunt
slabe.
Wheres your luggage? Unde-i sunt bagajele?
The money is in your wallet. Banii sunt n portofelul tu
You are talking nonsense. Vorbeti prostii.
This pupil is making fast progress in
learning English.
Acest elev face progrese mari n
nvarea limbii engleze.
He felt his strength was falling. Simea c-l lsa puterile

Cuantificarea substantivelor invariabile la singular se poate realiza cu ajutorul
unor cuvinte ca: a piece of, an item of, a bar of, a bag of, etc.

Substantive concrete:
A { piece } of { bacon
{slice} of {cake
A {piece}

of {bread
{loaf}

A {piece} of {sugar
{lump} of {coal

Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 12
A {piece}

of {meat
{roast}

A {piece}

of {chocolate
{bar] of {soap

A {piece}

of chalk
{stick}

A {piece}

of land
{strip}

A {piece}

of furniture

An {article}
A {bit} of grass
A {blade}

A {piece}

of paper
{sheet}

Substantive abstracte:
A {piece} of advice
{word}

A piece} of {information
An item} {news

An item} of business
A bit }

A piece} of work
A bit }

A bit} of interest
Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 13
An amount

{luck
A piece of {evidence
{research

A word of abuse
A fit of passion
An attack of fever

1.4. Pluralia Tantum Nouns
1.4.1. Substantivele invariabile la plural
Substantivele invariabile la plural au numai form de plural i se acord de
regul cu un verb la plural: The binoculars are on the table. Binoclul este pe
mas.
Din clasa substantivelor invariabile la plural fac parte:
a) Substantivele care denumesc obiecte formate din dou pari egale. Aceste
substantive se numesc summation plurals n limba englez.
Ele denumesc:
1) unelte formate din dou pri: binoculars, compasses, glasses, pincers,
pliers, scales, scissors, spectacles, tongs.
Where are the scissors? Unde este foarfecele?
2) articole de mbrcminte: braces, clothes flannels, jeans, overalls, pants,
pyjamas, shorts, trousers:
These trousers are too long for you. Acesti pantaloni sunt prea lungi pentru
tine.
1.4.2. Substantive numrabile care la plural primesc un nou sens
Substantivele pluralia tantum i summation plurals se confund uneori cu
forma de plural a unor substantive numrabile:
Advice = sfaturi; pl. advices
Advices = ntiinri, avize
Brace = pereche de potrnichi; pl. braces
Braces = bretele
Content = coninut; pl. contents
Contents = cuprins
Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 14
Colour = culoare; pl. colours
Colours (pl. tantum) = drapel
Compass = busol; pl. compasses
Compasses (pl. tantum) = compass
Custom = obicei; pl. customs
Customs (pl. tantum) = vam
Damage = avarie; pl. damages
Damages (pl. tantum) = despgubiri
Effect = effect; pl. effects
Effects (pl. tantum) = efecte, haine
Glass = pahar; pl. glasses
Glasses (pl. tantum) = ochelari
Ground = motiv, cauza; pl. grounds
Grounds (pl. tantum) = zat, teren, parc n jurul unei cldiri
Letter = scrisoare; pl. letters
Letters (pl. tantum) = literature, litere
Manner = mod; pl. manners
Manners (pl. tantum) = maniere, purtare
Minute = minut; pl. minutes
Minutes (pl. tantum) = process-verbal
Pain = durere; pl. pains
Pains (pl. tantum) = osteneal
Premise = premise; pl. premises
Premises (pl. tantum) = local, imobil
Quarter = sfert, cartier; pl. quarters
Quarters (pl. tantum) = locuin, cantonament
Receipt = chitan; pl. receipts
Receipts (pl. tantum) = ncasri
Scale = gama muzical, solz; pl. scales
Scales (pl. tantum) = balan
Scrap = bucic, fragment; pl. scraps
Scraps (pl. tantum) = resturi de mncare, deeuri de metal
Spectacle = spectacol; pl. spectacles
Spectacles (pl. tantum) = ochelari
Term = perioad, termen, trimestru; pl. terms
Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 15
Terms (pl. tantum) = termini, relaii, raporturi, condiii
Spirit = spirit; pl. spirits
Spirits (pl. tantum) = buturi alcoolice, fantome.

1.4.3. Substantive nemarcate la plural
n clasa substantivelor invariabile la plural intr i unele substantive folosite
numai la plural, dar nemarcate formal pentru acest numr. Aceste substantive
sunt: cattle, clergy, gentry, people, police, vermin, youth:
e.g. The cattle are in the field. Vitele sunt pe cmp.
There are a lot of people in the street. Sunt muli oameni pe strad.
People i youth pot fi folosite i c substantive numrabile variabile:
e.g. The peoples of the world are struggling for peace. Popoarele lumii lupt
pentru pace.
These youths saw the accident happen. Aceti tineri au vzut cum s-a ntmplat
accidentul.
Adjectivele sau participiile personale substantivizate: the handicapped, the
injured, the poor, the rich, the sick, the wounded:
e.g. The injured were taken to hospital. Rniii au fost dui la spital.

1.5. For a better understanding of grammar and for vocabulary practice
Read the following text.
Try to translate it without using a dictionary, then look for the unknown words
and write them down. Try to use each of the new words in a sentence.

The Five Major Media
In order to influence buyers, advertising must reach them. This can be
achieved through the media, whose main features, for the five major ones are
the following:
1. The Press (or Print media) is the universal medium, which enables to
address private persons as well as professionals or industrialists, which can
reach broad targets but also very narrow ones since it can be highly selective.
The naional dailies - mainly Bucharest-based newspapers in Romnia, and
their foreign counterparts (The Washington Post, The Times, Die Welt,
Corriere della Serra, Asahi Shimbun...) - can carry any advertising message.
The regional dailies have but local readership, even if we take "local" in an
extended sense.
Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 16
News Magazines are mainly for advertising aimed at the general public.
The technical and professional press is a privileged vehicle to reach
industrialists and professionals, whatever their field of activity.
The so called "general" technical press is a channel for standard products
supplied to very numerous firms in all sectors.
The "specialized" technical press aims at much smaller targets, along the lines
of sectorial specialization of professional branches (transport, the building
trades), or along those of funcional or technical specificity (welding,
cryogenics).
Free handouts, such as local advertising sheets for the general public and
classified ads, have grown spectacularly since their emergence in the 70's.
The "TV press" probably justifies a separate mention: concen-trating on TV
programmes, it has an enormous circulation (several million copies in some
cases) and is an ideal channel for general advertising.
2. Television. The ideal medium for convenience goods. Unlike the press,
which is highly selective, television speads its message wide, without fear of
splashing or even flooding, since it reaches simultaneously several million
people. This is why this medium has swallowed the bulk of advertising
accounts from big advertisers who aim at the general public, men, women and
kids all included, to the dismay of the other media and more particularly the
printed press.
3. Poster-advertising does not meet the needs of industrial and professional
goods any more than TV does. It is essentially geared to general public items,
goods or services, durable or not, whether it be instant mashed potatoes,
insurance or air-travel.
4. Radio-advertising. Although wide in coverage, it is more selective than TV.
There are indeed many stations, with varied audiences, which besides, can
change with the time of broadcasting.
5. The cinema, a poor relation, the more so as movei-theatre attendance gets
lower and lower while more and more films may be seen on TV without extra-
charge.
Advertisers and their agencies need the relevant information concerning those
media to devise their communication policy and to generate media planning
accordingly. Such data are supplied by a number of organizations.
Mdiamtrie, a Big Brother of sorts, calls the tune in audiovisual media
thanks to two monitoring systems:
Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 17
the radio panel, through 250 daily phone interviews, studies the audience
per units of 15 minutes, the duration of listening periods, the profile of each
station;

the TV panel, based on 2,300 households, studies the exposure to
advertising spots through the Mediamat system, which has superseded the
Audimat: each member of the household presses a button on the recording
machine placed on the TV set every time he or she is present in front of the
screen.

Key:

Cele cinci mari mijloace de comunicare n mas
Pentru a influena cumprtorii poteniali, publicitatea trebuie s ajung la ei.
Aceasta se poate realiza prin mass media. Iat principalele caracteristici ale
celor cinci mari mijloace de comunicare n mas:
1. Presa (sau Presa scris) este mijlocul de comunicare universal care ne
permite s ne adresm att persoanelor fizice, ct i profesionitilor i
industriailor, i s atingem inte mari, dar i mici, datorit caracterului su
foarte selectiv.
Presa cotidian naional, compus n principal din titlurile bucuretene din
Romnia i din omoloagele lor strine (The Washington Post, The Times, Die
Welt, Corriere della Serra, Asahi Shimbun...), poate publica orice mesaj
publicitar.
Presa cotidian regional nu are dect audien local, chiar dac folosim
termenul local" ntr-o accepiune foarte larg.
Revistele servesc n principal publicitii destinate marelui public. Presa
tehnic i profesional este un mijloc privilegiat de a ajunge la industriai i la
profesioniti din toate domeniile de activitate.
Aa-numita pres tehnic general este un canal de distribuie pentru
produsele standard furnizate foarte multor firme din toate sectoarele.
Presa tehnic specializat vizeaz inte mult mai mici, pe de-o parte prin
specializare pe sectoare sau ramuri de activitate (transporturi, construcii), pe
de alt parte, prin specializare funcional sau tehnic specific (sudare,
criogenie). Presa gratuit, compus din ziare locale de anunuri pentru mica i
marea publicitate, cunoate o foarte mare dezvoltare de la apariia ei n anii
70.
Presa TV justific probabil o rubric separat: consacrat programelor de
televiziune, ea are tiraje cu adevrat extraordinare (n unele cazuri, mai multe
milioane de exemplare) i servete ca vehicul ideal pentru publicitatea
destinat marelui public.
Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 18
2. Televiziunea regina mass media pentru produsele de larg consum. Spre
deosebire de pres, care este foarte selectiv, televiziunea i transmite
mesajele fr a face o selecie, fr a se teme s abordeze sau chiar s
debordeze publicul, de vreme ce ajunge n casele a ctorva milioane de
persoane simultan. De aceea, acest mijloc de comunicare a acaparat
ansamblul bugetelor tuturor marilor clieni care se adreseaz marelui public:
brbai, femei, inclusiv copii spre disperarea restului mass-media i n
special a presei scrise.
3. Afiajul, ca i televiziunea, nu este nici el mai indicat pentru produsele
industriale i profesionale. Este destinat n principal produselor de larg
consum, bunuri sau servicii, fie ele de folosin ndelungat sau nu, fie c e
vorba de piure instant, asigurri sau transporturi aeriene.
4. Radioul. Dei are o arie mare de acoperire, este mai selectiv dect
televiziunea. Exist, ntr-adevr, multe posturi care nu au aceeai audien i,
de altfel, aceasta se poate modifica pe parcursul emisiei.
5. Cinematograful, ruda lor mai srac, i asta cu att mai mult cu ct
frecventarea slilor de cinema scade din ce n ce mai mult, n timp ce tot mai
multe filme pot fi vzute la televizor fr cheltuieli suplimentare.
Cei care-i fac publicitate i ageniile lor au nevoie de informaii referitoare la
aceste mijloace de comunicare i suporturi publicitare pentru a-i pune la
punct att politica de comunicare, ct i planificarea mijloacelor de reclam
corespunztoare. Aceste informaii sunt furnizate de un anumit numr de
organizaii.
Mdiamtrie, un fel de Big Brother mediatic, d tonul n audiovizual prin
dou sisteme de monitorizare:
panelul radio studiaz, cu ajutorul a 250 de interviuri telefonice
cotidiene, audiena din sfert n sfert de or, durata ascultrii i profilul fiecrui
post;
panelul de televiziune, bazat pe relaia cu 2.300 de cmine, studiaz
contractual cu spoturile publicitare cu ajutorul sistemului Mediamat, care a
nlocuit Audimatul: fiecare membru al familiei apas pe un buton al aparatului
de nregistrare plasat pe televizor, ori de cte ori se afl n faa ecranului.

Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 19
Activity 1
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. tirile pe care le-am primit pn acum nu sunt demne de incredere.
2. Fiecare tire despre activitatea savanilor este asteptat cu emoie.
3. Bagajele au fost fcute i desfcute timp de trei ore fr ntrerupere.
4. Trebuie s publicm toate informatiile care sunt necesare
candidailor.
5. Mi-am splat salopeta pe care am folosit-o in ultimele trei zile, dei
nu era prea murdar.
6. Rtcisem drumul, asa ca aveam nevoie de un binoclu si o busola,
dar nu am putut gsi.
7. Cunotinele lui de fonetic i lingvistic general sunt remarcabile.
8. Este indiscutabil un om de litere foarte apreciat in Orientul Mijlociu.
9. Fostul preedinte nu a mai dat nici un interviu in ultima vreme.
10. Nici mcar in gand nu suporta eecul, singurtatea, vduvia, munca
neinteresant, persecuia.
11. Cum profesorul intrase deja in clas, el pur si simplu rse drept
scuz i se asez n banc.
12. Ar trebui sa-i aprm pe cei slabi si pe cei bolnavi.
13. O jumtate are trei patrimi.
14. Trebuie s declari totul la vam, altfel ai putea avea probleme
serioase.
15. tii foarte bine ca e nevoie de motive solide pentru un divor.
16. Directorul dorete ca procesul verbal sa fie gata in jumatate de or.
17. Balana pe care mi-ai cumprat-o acum cateva zile este pe biroul
din sufragerie.
18. Promit ca nu ma voi atinge niciodat de bauturi alcoolice!
19. Sfaturile printilor ti sunt totdeauna foarte bune ; ar fi cazul sa ii
cont de ele !
20. V rog, a dori dou ciocolate, dou spunuri si trei pini !
21. Avocatul meu mi-a oferit doua informaii foarte importante pentru
caz.
Alina Chec
22. Probele prezentate de procuror la procesul de s
sunt incriminatoare.
23. n anii 50 s







Example:
1. The news I have received so far
2. Every piece of news
3. The luggage


Here you have some Idioms. Try to match the two columns
1. a workaholic
2. a night owl
3. a night owl
4. a chatterbox
5. a day-dreamer
6. a blackleg
7. an old flame
8. a turncoat

9. a bobby
10. a lollipop man / lady



22. Probele prezentate de procuror la procesul de spt
sunt incriminatoare.
23. n anii 50 s-au turnat unele din cele mai bune filme postbelice.
I have received so far is not reliable.
piece of news about the scientists activity is waited with excitement.
luggage was ceaselessly packed and unpacked for three hours.
Here you have some Idioms. Try to match the two columns:
1. a workaholic a) a strike-breaker
b) a person who helps children cross
the road
c) a disloyal person
a chatterbox d) a former sweetheart
dreamer e) a shy person without a partner
f) a person who is too keen on his
job
7. an old flame g) a person who lives in his own
wonderful world
h) a person who always gets up early
i) a person who enjoys staying up
late
j) a person who talks a lot
10. a lollipop man / lady k) a policeman

The Noun
ptmna trecut
rnat unele din cele mai bune filme postbelice.
waited with excitement.
ceaselessly packed and unpacked for three hours.
:
b) a person who helps children cross
d) a former sweetheart
e) a shy person without a partner
f) a person who is too keen on his
g) a person who lives in his own
h) a person who always gets up early
i) a person who enjoys staying up
j) a person who talks a lot
Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 21

Activity 2
Put the right endings:

1. as black as c... 9. as fit as a f...
2. as poor as a church m... 10. as deaf as a p
3. as white ass... 11. as fresh as ad...
4. as sober as a j... 12. as bright as d...
5. as old as the h... 13. to eat like ah...
6. as light as a f. 14. to fit like a g
7. as heavy as I... 15. to turn up like a bad p...
8. as good as g 16. to sleep like a I...

Activity 3

Put the right endings:
1. She was sitting on the fence

a) joking
2. She was playing it by ear b) speaking and acting firmly
3. She was caught red-handed c) discovered in the act of thieving
4. She went back on her word. d) living on little
5. She was pulling his leg e) not taking sides
6. She took someone for a ride f) not making plans ahead
7. She lived on a shoestring g) deceiving people
8. She played truant h) not going to school
9. She painted the town red i) not keeping her promise
10. She put her foot down j) drinking and making a lot of
noise





Alina Chec
Summary
This chapter has approached the most special aspects of
as: countable and uncountable nouns, nouns of Latin and Greek origin, the
concepts of Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, nouns which gain one
more meaning when are used with their plural form, Idioms and others.
You have been taught how to use th
agreement with the verb. You have also improved your vocabulary due to
the texts you translated.

Self-evaluation tests

1. Fill in the following blanks:
BLACK BLUE GREEN
1. When Sarah saw Sue's new boyfriend she was . with envy.
2. . meat is considered to be healthier than beef, lamb or other types
3. The ... Pages has all the necessary information for you.
4. I spent three weeks in hospital when I had ... fever.
5. This sort of thing happens only once in a ... moon.
6. Sarah and Graham had a traditional... wedding in Wales.
7. After falling in the street he had a ... eye for weeks.
8. Would you like your coffee ... or with some milk and sugar?
9. I remember that my mother had ... fingers to her l
10. We are seriously in the .... this month

2. Fill in the following blanks:

BACK EYE
MOUTH NERVE
1. Must you have a/n .............
2. Just shout if you need a / n
3. The answer is right on the tip of
4. I feel I can't .......... listening to any more lies.
5. The countryside is truly romantic near the
6. Katie has a/n ............. for valuable paintings.
7. Don't break your ...........


This chapter has approached the most special aspects of The Noun
as: countable and uncountable nouns, nouns of Latin and Greek origin, the
concepts of Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, nouns which gain one
more meaning when are used with their plural form, Idioms and others.
You have been taught how to use these nouns and how to make the
agreement with the verb. You have also improved your vocabulary due to
the texts you translated.
evaluation tests
1. Fill in the following blanks:
GREEN RED SCARLET WHITE YELLOW
Sue's new boyfriend she was . with envy.
. meat is considered to be healthier than beef, lamb or other types of meat.
The ... Pages has all the necessary information for you.
I spent three weeks in hospital when I had ... fever.
happens only once in a ... moon.
Sarah and Graham had a traditional... wedding in Wales.
After falling in the street he had a ... eye for weeks.
Would you like your coffee ... or with some milk and sugar?
I remember that my mother had ... fingers to her last day.
We are seriously in the .... this month
2. Fill in the following blanks:
FACE FINGER HAND
TONGUE TOOTH STOMACH
............. in every pie?
Just shout if you need a / n ............ !
The answer is right on the tip of my ............
listening to any more lies.
The countryside is truly romantic near the ............ of the Danube.
for valuable paintings. TONGUE
........... working so hard all the time.
The Noun
The Noun, such
as: countable and uncountable nouns, nouns of Latin and Greek origin, the
concepts of Singularia and Pluralia Tantum Nouns, nouns which gain one
more meaning when are used with their plural form, Idioms and others.
ese nouns and how to make the
agreement with the verb. You have also improved your vocabulary due to
YELLOW
of meat.
Alina Chec The Noun
Limba englez 23
8. In our family everyone has a sweet .............
9. You can't read the numbers on the ................. of the old clock, and the minute is
also broken.
10.After his exam, that student had the .. to complain about his teacher.

3. Fill in the following blanks:
BIRD BUTTERFLY CAMEL CAT DOG FISH LION PIG RAT
1. Before my driving test I had .......... in my stomach.
2. It's been raining .......... and ............. for days.
3. Peter got the .......... share of the money they inherited.
4. When I travelled to the country last Monday I was killing two .. with one
stone, doing business and visiting an old friend.
5. Keep my secret, please. I don't want to let the .................. out of the bag yet.
6. Even if the food is good, don't make a / n ................ .. of yourself at the wedding.
7. A lot of people are already fed up with the .. race of modern life.
8. It's the last straw thaj broke the ............ back.
9. The riot broke out because prisoners were treated like ...............
10. Are you ....... for compliments?

4. Fill in the following blanks:
APPLE BREAD BUTTER CREAM EGG
JUICE MILK SALT SUGAR SPICE
1. Who is the ......... -winner in your family?
2. These young physicists are the smartest people in Romania, the of their
generation.
3. I can't tell you what caused what. It is a typical chicken and ........................ situation.
4. When I met her for the first time, she gave me a sweet .............. smile that I found most
unnatural.
5. Don't believe everything you have read. The reports have to be taken with a pinch of .
6. Don't feel sorry for him. He always knows which side his ..................... is on.
7. Variety is the of life.
8. I wish we could . the pill for you, but this is the truth.
9. She had her last baby at 45. No wonder, he was the . of her eye.
10. I have just heard a / n story about the neighbours.
Alina Chec

Bibliography
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