Justice

850
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 42.: JUSTICE
851
Aristotle maintains that man is a political
animal, "vhereas, other animals are merely.gre..
garious. He cites thefact that man alone has a
power of speech able to communicate opinions
about the expedient and the just. "Justiceisthe
bond of men in states, for the adrninistration of
justice, which is the determination'of \vhat is
just, is the principle of, order in political so-
ciety." Aristotle describes man "when sepa-
rated from la,vand justice" as the worst ofani-
mals. Augustine describes the state without jus-
tice as "no better thana band of robber thieves."
Those \vho agree that political institutions
involve justice are confronted by these alterna-
tives :'either the principleofjustice is antecedent
to the state, its constitution, covenants, and
laws, orthe determination of what is just and
unjust is entirely relative to the constitution of
a state, dependent upon its power, and conse-
quent to. its laws.
When the second, alternative js chosen, the
proposition that justice is politicaL is seriously
qualified. It is merely politicaL There is no natu-
ral justice, no justice apart. from man-lnade
laws, nothing that is just Dfunjust in the very
nature of the case and \vithout reference to civil
institutions. On this theory, only the individual
\vho is subject to government can be judged
just or unj ust. The government itself cannot be
so judged, nor can its constitution, its laws, or
its acts; for, since thesedeternline what is just
and unjust, they cannot thelTIselves be judged
for their justice.
The opposite answer conceives political jus"
tice as a determination of natural justice. "Po-
litical justice," Aristotle remarks, "is partly
natural and partly conventional or legal." The
fact that there is a sense in which just action on
the part of a citizen consists in law-abiding con-
does not exclude another sense in which
the la\vs themselves can be called just or unjust,
not only the la\vs, but the constitution of the
state itself. Though the justice of civil laws is
partly relative to the constitution under \vhich
they are made and administered, there are some
enactlnents which, since they violate. natural
justice, cannot be justified under any constitu-
tion. The constitution, moreover, cannot be
regarded as the ultimate standard of justice by
those who compare the justice of different forms
of government or diverse constitutions. On
CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE
e thesis seems to,' have t\VO applications.
he stronger, it means, that they have, the
,as far as they have the' might, to exact
the weaker whatever serves their interests.
la\vsor demandscarinotbe unj ust.' They
t do injustice. They can only fail to exert
ient might to hold on to the power "vhich
ecure them, not from. the charge, of in-
e, but from reprisals by those whom they
oppressed or injured.
e thesis, also means, for the" weaker, that
can only do injustice but hot suffer it.. In-
ce.on their part consists in disobeying the
f their rulers. Hence for them, too, justice
ediency, only now in the sense that they
ikely to suffer. if they try to follow' their
jnterests rather than the interests of the
ger.
is' thesis appears to be repeated in some-
t" different language by Hobbes 'and Spi-
iTo men'living in a purely naturalcondi-
,the notions of justice and injustice do not
y.. They apply only to men living inc1vil
ty. "Where there is no Commonwealth,"
bes writes, "there is nothing unjust. So that
nature of justice consists in the keeping of
covenants; but the validity of covenants
ns not but with the constitution ofa civil
r suflicient to compel men to keep them."
breach of civil laws or covenants "may be
d injustice, and the observance of them
ce."
is Spinoza's opinion that "everything has
ature as much right as it has power to exist
operate." It follows, therefore, that "in a
ral state there is nothing which can be
0: just or unjust, but only ina civil state."
Pte as before justice consists in obedience, in-
tice in disobedience, to whatever 'lavvs ,the
e has the power to enforce, the laws them-
es being formulated not by reference to
tice, but to the interests of the state vvhich
st seek its own preservation and has the right
o so, so long as it has the power.
OSE WHO TAKE the opposite view agree that
rice is political in the sense that the state, in
nization and operation, is a work of justice.
om is the virtue of the rulers in the
ublic, but justice is the organizing principle
lato's ideal state.
day, though in their real cantentions the' c
ferences which have preceded or follo\vea
world wars of our century repeat what
pened, if not what was said" at
The Athenians tell the Melians that they
not waste time with specious pretences, "eit
of how we have a right to our empire .. 0
now attacking you because ofa wrong you
done us." Why make a long speech, they
"vhich "vould not be believed? Instead
cOlnedirectly to the point and put the m
simply or, as we now say, realistically. "
kno\v as well as we do," they tell the Mel'
"that right, as the world goes, is only in
tion between equals in po"ver, whereas
stronger do whatever they can and the we
suffer whatever they must." There is not
left for the Melians except an appeal to e
diency. "You debar us from talking about
tice and invite us to obey your interest,"
reply to the Athenians, before trying to
suade them that their policy will end in dis
for Athens.
The language of Thrasymachus in the R
lic resembles that of the Athenian envo
proclaim," he says, "that justice is nothing
than the interest of the stronger. ... The oi
ent forms of government make laws democ
cal, aristocratical, tyrannical, \vith a vie
their several interests; and these laws, .vv
are made bv them for their own interests
the they deliver to their subj
and him "vho transgresses then! they pun'
a breaker of the law, and unjust. And t
\vhat I mean when I say that in all states,
is the same principle of justice which ist
terest of the' government; and as the go
ment must be supposed to have power, the
reasonable conclusion is that everywhere t
is one principle of justice which is the int
of the stronger."
T
' HE discussion of justice is the central
theme in two dialogues of PIato-the
Republic and the Gorgias. rrhe dispute between
Socrates and Thrasymachusin the one and be-
tween Socrates and Callicles in the other is of
such universal scope and fundamental character
that it recurs again and again in the great
books with little change except in the person-
alities and vocabularies of the disputants.
It is a conflict of such polar opposites that all
other differences of opinion about justice be-
came arguable only after one or the other of the
two extreme positions 'is abandoned. It is" the
conflict between the exponents of might and
the exponents of right-between those "vho
think that might makes right and that justice
is expediency, and those \vho think that power
can be v/rongly as ,veIl as rightly exercised and
that justice, the measure of men and states,
cannot be measured by utility.
Though Plato gives us the first full-fashioned
statement of this issue, he does not fashion it
out of whole cloth. The issue runs through the
fabric of Greek life and thought in the age of
the imperialistic city-states \vhich played the
game of po\ver politics culminating in the Pel-,
oponnesian VvYar. In his history of that war,
Thucydides highlights the MeHan episode by
dramatically constructing a conversation be-
t"veen the Athenian envoys and the representa-
tives of a little island colony of Sparta
which had refused to knuckle under to Athe-
nian aggression.
Recognizing the superior force of the aggres-
sors, the Melians' enter the conference
sense of its futility, for, as theypoint out, if
they insist upon their rights and refuse to sub-
mit, they can expect nothing from these nego-
tiations except \varand,in the end,slavery.,The
Athenians reply with a frankness that is seldom
found in the diplomatic exchanges of our o'\vn
THE GREAT
CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE 852
their vie\v, the ultimate measure of justice in
all human institutions and acts, as well as in the
characters of men, is not itself a man-made
standard, but rather a natural principle of jus-
tice, holding for all men at all times every\vhere.
THE ISSUE JOINED BY these two theories of
justice extends by implication into many re-
lated n1atters. The opposition, for example, be-
t\veen those who affirm the reality of natural
law as the source of legality in all civil regula-
tions and those who derive the legality of
positive laws from the will of the sovereign
alone, is considered in the chapter on LA''', but
its parallelism with the issue of natural and
conventional justice should be noted here.
Those who deny natural justice and natural
law also tend to deny natural rights, which, un-
like civil rights, are not conferred on the indi-
vidual by the state, but are inherent in his hu-
man personality. They are, according to the
Declaration of Independence, "unalienable" in
the sense that the state cannot rescind them.
What the state does-not create, it cannot de-
stray. If a government transgresses natural
rights, it negates its own reason for being,
since it is "to secure these rights [that] govern-
n1ents are instituted among men."
Those \vho deny natural rights, among which
the right to liberty is usually included, do not
have a standard for judging when governments
violate the rights and invade the liberties of
men. When men are thought to have no rights
except those granted by their rulers, the abso-
Iute power which the rulers exercise cannot be
criticized as tyrannical or despotic.
Considering the situation of men in what he
calls "a state of perfect freedom"-apart from
government and civil institutions-Locke says
of this state of nature that it "has a law of na-
ture to govern it, which obliges everyone; and
reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind
\vho will but consult it, that, being all equal
and independent, no one ought to harmanother
in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.... Ev-
eryone, as he is bound to preserve himself, and
not quit his station willfully, so, by the like rea-
son, when his own preservation comes not in
competition, ought he, as much as he can, to
preserve the rest of mankind, and not, unless it
be to do justice on an offender, take away or
impair the life, or what tends to
tion of the life, the liberty,
goods of another." Since this law
its implied of just
men, is not abolished \vhen men a.:S:SUCl.;:Jte.
common life of a civil society,
and natural rights remain, ...
and others, to limit the powers of
and to measure the justice of its
The principle of natural justice
not accompanied by a doctrine of
and natural rights, as for
thought. Their connection first
in ROITlan jurisprudence and
Not all the opponents of natural
the use of the \vords "natural
ral rights." Using these words in a
sense, Hobbes, for example, speaks
ing under natural law in a state
is "a condition of war of every
every one,"and "in such condition
has a right to everything, even to
body." Only when men abandon
right in order to form
they acquire in recompense certain
or, as Hobbes says, "proprieties."
only then, can there be any meaning
I-Iobbes accepts, justice is "the
will to render to each man what is his
Both Spinoza and Hume make
point. Where there is no recognized
property, or legally established right,
be no justice-no respecting of what is
o\vn or giving him what belongs to
difference between Locke and these '-' .;.
to lie in his conception ofproperty as
right which a man has to the
life, liberty, and estate. There can be
therefore, between men in a state
even then each has some property
others are bound to respect.
THE MEANING of natural justice
amined apart from these different
tions of the so-called "state of nature."
who, like Aristotle and Aquinas, do
ceive the origin of political society
tion from the "state of nature" do,
less, appeal to a principle of natural
Aquinas, this principle seems to be an
of the natural la\v. Sometimes the state-
r of the first precept of the natural law is
k the good; avoid evil." Sometimes it is
good to others, inj ure no one, and render
ery man his own." In this second formula-
the natural law seems to be identical \vith
of justice. The essential content of
precept seems to be present-separate from
doctrine of natural law-in Aristotle's
ysis of the nature of justice both as a virtue
as a quality of human acts.
the just," Aristotle says, "is the lawful and
fair." What he means by the word "lawful"
is context does not seem to be simply the
abiding, in the sense of conforming to the
allaws of a particular society. He thinks of
as aiming "at the common advantage....
call those acts just," he writes, "that tend
roduce and preserve happiness and its com-
nts for the political society." Lawful (or
actions thus are those which are for the
mon good or the good of others; unla\vful
unj ust) actions, those which do inj ury to
rs or despoil the society.
is in this sense of justice that both PIato
Aristotle lay down the primary criterion
ifferentiating between good and bad gov-
ents. l'hose which are lawful and serve
common good are just; those \vhich are
ess and serve the private interests of the
rs are unj ust. This meaning of justice ap-
s. as readily to all citizens-to all members
society-as it does to those who have the
ial duties or occupy the special offices of
ernment.
hether it is stated in terms of the good of
r individuals or in terms of the common
of a community (domestic or political),
understanding of justice seems to consider
actions of a man as they affect the well-
ng, not of himself, but of others. "Justice,
lle of the virtues," says Aristotle, "is thought
pe 'another's good,' because it is related to
neighbor." Concerned \vith what is due
ther, justice involves the element of duty
obligation. "To each one," Aquinas writes,
due what is his o\vn," and "it evidently per-
ns to justice," he adds, "that a man give
ther his due." That is why "justice alone, of
the virtues, implies the notion of duty." Do-
good to others or not inj uring theIn, \vhen
853
undertaken as a matter of strict justice, goes no
further than to discharge the debt \vhich each
luan owes every other.
In consequence, a difference of opinion arises
concerning the adequacy of justice to establish
the peace and harmony of a society. Some wri t-
ers, like Kant, seemto think that if perfect jus-
tice obtained, a multitude of individual\vills
would be perfectly harmonized in free action.
Others, like Aquinas, think justice necessary
but insufficient precisely because it is a matter
of duty and debt. "Peace," he writes, "is the
work ofjustice indirectly, in so far as justice re-
moves the obstacles to peace; but it is the work
of charity directly, since charity, according to
its very nature, causes peace; for love is a unitive
force." The bonds of love and_ friendship uni te
men where justice merely governs their inter-
action. What men do for one another out of the
generosi ty of love far exceeds the commands of
justice. That is why mercy and charity are
called upon to qualify justice or even to set it
aside. "Earthly power," Portia declares in the
Merchant of Venice, "doth then show likest
God's \vhen n1ercy seasons justice."
THE PRECEPT "to render unto others what is
their due" is read in a different light \vhen the
other aspect of justice is considered. When the
just is conceived as the fair, the fairness which
is due ourselves or others applies, not to benefit
and injury generally, but to the exchange and
distribution of goods or burdens. What is the
principle of a fair exchange or a fair distribu-
tion? Aristotle's ansvver to this question is in
terms of equality.
In the transactions of commerce, fairness
seems to require the exchange of things equiva-
lent in value. The rule of an eye for an eye, a
tooth for a tooth, is another expression of the
principle of equality as the criterion of a fair
penalty or a just compensation. If honors or re-
wards are to be distributed, equals should in
fairness be treated equally, and those who are
unequal in merit should receive unequal shares.
:For all to share alike is not a just distribution of
deserts if all do not deserve alike. " Awards
should be 'according to merit,'" Aristotle
\vrites. He claims that "all men agree" with
this, "though they do not all specify the same
sort of merit, but democrats identify it \vith
THE GREAT IDEAS CHAPTER.42: JUSTICE
854
the status of freeman, supporters of oligarchy
\vith wealth or \vith noble birth, and supporters
of aristocracy with excellence." The unequal
treatment of unequals, however, still derives
its fairness from the principle .of equality, for
there is an equivalence of ratios in the propor-
tion of giving more to the more deserving and
less to the less.
Aristotle employs the distinction between
these modes of equality-arithmetic and geo-
metric, or sin1ple and proportional, equality-
to define the difference. between fairness in ex-
change and fairness in distribution. The one is
the type of justice which is traditionally called
"comn1utative," "corrective," or "remedial,"
the other "distributive."
The type of justice "which plays a rectifying
part in transactions between man and man,"
Aristotle further divides into two kinds. "Of
transactions," he writes, "(I) some are volun-
taryand (2) others involuntary-voluntary such
transactions as sale, purchase, loan for consump-
tion, pledging, loan for use, depositing, letting
... ,vhile of the involuntary (a) some are clan-
destine, such as theft, adultery, poisoning, pro-
curing, enticement of slaves, assassination, false
witness, and (b) others are violent, such as as-
sault, imprisonment, murder, robbery with vio-
lence, mutilation, abuse, insult." The sphere
which Aristotle assigns to commutative or cor-
rective justice thus appears to cover both crim-
inal acts and civil injuries. But, as applied to
civil injuries, the principle of fairness in ex-
change usually involves a payment for dam-
ages, restitution, or compensation in kind;
whereas the principle of commutative justice
as applied to criminal wrongdoing usually calls
for a punishment somehow equalized in se-
verity to the gravity of the offense. This last is
the principle of the lex talionis-an eye for an
eye, a life for a life. The problems of justice
which it raises are considered in the chapter on
PUNISHMENT.
JUSTICE IS SOMETIMES divided into economic
and poli tical according as, on the one hand, fair-
ness or equalization concerns the. kind of goods
\vhich originate with the expenditure of labor,
or as, on the other hand, it involves the status
of men in the state. The difference between
these two modes of justice seems to be largely
dependent upon the kind of
\vhich the principle of justice is
forn1s of justice-the t\VO modes
or fairness-appear to remain
special problems of economic
fully examined in the chapters on
VVEALTH, as the special problems
justice are treated in greater
chapters dealing with the state,
and the several forms of government.
shall consider only the
pecially those which
the theory of justice.
Though Karl Marx does not
controversy over natural justice,
take the side which looks upon
versaLstandard that does not derive
rather measures, human
thing like 'from each according to
to each according to his needs' -or,in
variant of the maxim, 'to each ac<:or'dUl9"{'
deserts' -seems to be for Marx the
just economy, stated without 'lrrnlnnA......
principle self-evident in the very
case. So, too, in his consideration of
tation of labor in its various historic
chattel slavery, feudal serfdom or
onage, and what he calls "wage
industrial capitalism- Marx
clear and unquestionable principle of
being violated when the goods prclduced
labor of one man enrich
tionately to that other's contriblJtion
Such basic words in Capital as
"exploitation," and "unearned
seem never to be simpIy terms of
but of evaluation. Each implies a
justice.
The labor theory of value, the origin
he attributes to Adam Smith, l\;farx
as solving a problem in justice which
stated but did not solve. He refers to
ter in the book on justice in
in which Aristotle discusses money as
to facili tate the exchange of
Money permits so many units of one
ity to be equated with so many units
But the problem is how to determine
lents in the exchange of unlike things,
ently incommensurable in value.
value of a house be commensurated
of a bed, so that an equality in value can
tUp betweena house>and a certain number
as? Abstracting entirely fromconsidera-
of supply and.demand, the determination
just exchange.or a fair price requires an
tionof comparable quantities.
istotle tells us, Marx points out, why he
the problem insoluble. "It was the ab-
of any concept of value. What is. that
'something, that common substance, which
ts of the value of.beds being expressed. by
se? Such a thing, in truth, cannot exist,
Aristotle.. And why not ? Compared vvith
the house does equal
em, in so far as it represents what is Teally
1, both in the beds and the house. And that
uman labor. ... The brilliancyof . Aris-
's genius is shown by this> alone, that he
vered, in the expression of the value of
rnodities, a relation of equality. The pecu-
of the society in which he lived
prevented him. from. discovering what,
uth,' was at the bottorn of this equality."
e cannot help noting the character of the
theory of value as an analysis not only of
ce in exchange, but also of justcompensa-
to labor for its productivity. The principle
stice here .. employed seems to be the same
at underlying the mediaeval condemnation
nterest as unj ust or usurious, or the .later
r.t. to discriminate. between just and.unjust
rest rates. The principle even seems to.be
icitly involved in Adam Sn1ith's distinction
een real or natural price and the. market
ewhich fluctuates with variations in supply
demand.
hen the economic problem is one of dis-
rather than exchange, another stand-
of fairness-the proportional equality of
ibutive justicc--"- becomes relevant.
he assumption ofa primitive possession of
hings in common, especially land and itsre-
ces, is the background. against \vhich such
kers as Aquinas and Hobbes, Locke and
usseau, Montesquieu and Hegel,AdamSmith
Karl Marx consider the origin orjustifica-
of private property. Insofar as the question
pe of justification, rather than of actual his-
.c origin, the division of common holdings
n. ... 'Tro ... .::>.I,,T held shares is a. matter of justice
...... In the opinion of many, a just
855
distribution .would recognize that labor alone
entitles a man to claim possession of the raw
materials improved by his 'work and of the fin-
ished products of that work.
The other face of the problem assumes an ex-
isting inequitable distribution. It is then asked
how this can be rectified by some methodofre-
distributing \vealth more justly;. or it is pro-
posed that the whole system of private property
be reformed in the direction ofpublic owner-
ship of the means of production, as the basisfor
a just distribution of the fruits of human' pro"
ductivity.
THE CONNECTION which has become evident
between justice .and both liberty and equality
does not imply that these three basic notions
are simply coordinate with one another. On the
contrary, equality seems to be the root of jus-
tice, at least insofar as it isidentified with fair-
ness in exchange or distribution; and justice in
turn seems to be the foundation, not theconse-
quence of liberty.
The condemnation of slavery confirms this
observation. If slavery were not unjust, the
slave would have no right to befree. The injus-
tice of treating a man as a chattel ultimately
rests on the equality between him and his mas-
ter as human beings. His right to the same; lib-
erty which his master enjoys stems from that
equality. The justice of equal treatment for
equals recognizesthati right and sets him free.
Aristotle's theory of natural slavery is based on
a supposition of natural inequality which is
thought to justify the enslavement of some
men and the freedom .0 others. vVhenever
slavery is justified or a criminal is justly im-
prisoned, neither the slave nor the crilninal is
regarded as deprived of any liberty to which he
has a right.
It \vould seem to follow that if a man is justly
treated, he has all the liberty which he de-
serves. From the opposite angle, Mill argues
that a man is entitled to all the liberty that he
can use justly, that is, use ,v-ithout injuring his
fello\v man or the comn1on good. More liberty
than this would be license. When aneman en-
croaches on the rights of others, or inflicts on
them "any loss or damage not justified by his
own rights," he is overstepping the bounds. of
liberty and is, according to Mill, a fit object "of
GREAT If)EA.S 856
moral reprobation, and, in grave cases, of moral
retribution and punishment."
The various relations of liberty to justice,
and of both to law, are considered in the chap-
ters on LIBERTY and LAW. All the writers who
make the distinction het\veen government by
law and government by men fundamental in
their political theory also plainly express a
preference for. the former on grounds both of
justice and liberty.
Absolute government, which violates the
equality of men, unjustly subjects them, even
when it does not through tyranny enslave them.
The benevolence of the despot ruling for the
common good has one aspect of justice, but
there are other aspects of political justice which
can be achieved, as Mill points out, only if "des-
potism consents not to be despotism ... and
allows the general business of government to go
on as if the people really governed themselves."
The greater justice of constitutional govern-
ment consists in its granting to men who de-
serve the equal freedom of equals, the equality
of citizenship-an equality under the law which
levels those citizens ,vho happen to hold public
office with those in private life.
The major controversy over the several forms
of constitutional government turns on a third
point of justice. The defepders of democracy
and oligarchy each contend that equalities or
inequalities in birth or wealth justify a broader
or a narrower franchise. It is Mill again who in-
sists that nothing less than universal suffrage
provides a just distribution of the political sta-
tus of citizenship, and that "it is a personal in-
justice to withhold from anyone, unless for the
prevention of greater evils, the ordinary privi-
lege of having his voice reckoned in the dispos-
al of affairs in which he has the same interest
as other people."
Of the three points of justice which seem to
be involved in the comparison of forms of gov-
ernment, only the first (concerned with \vhether
political power is exercised for the common
good or the ruler's private interests) is not rec-
ognizable as a matter of distributive justice.
Yet even here the requirement that the ruler
should treat the ruled as ends rather than as
means derives froill a fundamental equality be-
t\veen ruler and ruled. The injustice of tyr-
anny lies in a violation of this equality.
ONE MEANING of justice
sidered. It is related to all the l.Ul.Cl:!IOlnlCJ'
erations of economic and
just constitutions, iJlst laws, and
that meaning of ju;tice in which
to be just-to possess a just will,
character, to have the virtue of
difference in theory reflects the
tween those moralists for whom
basic conception, and those who,
emphasize duty or who, like Mill,
propensity for justice to a moral
But even among those who treat
virtue, there seems to be a prc)!Olunld
in analysis.
For Aristotle, the virtue of justice,
moral virtues, is a habit of r.n.,nnll,,,,f-
from courage and temperance in
habit of action, not of the passions.
rationally moderated tendency of
with regard to things pleasant and
that settled inclination of the will
which the just man is said to be a
choice, of that which is just, and
distribute either between himself
or between two others not so as to
what is desirable to himself and less
bar (and conversely with what is
so to give what is equal in aC(:or'da:nce
proportion. "
Another difference between
other moral virtues is that courageous
perate acts are performed only by
and temperate men, whereas an act
outwardly just can be done by an
as well as by a just one.
Fair dealing in the exchange or
of goods, determined by objective
equality, is the substance of justice as
virtue; but there is in addition what
calls "general" as opposed to
Aristotle calls the general virtue
"complete virtue," because "he
can exercise his virtue not only in
towards his neighbor also." It
moral virtues insofar as their acts
to the good of others.
"Justice in this sense," he goes on
not a part of virtue, but virtue
special justice-the justice of
exchanges-is merely a part of
one particular virtue. Yet special jus- another, or any of them to do the work of oth-
less than general justice, is a social vir- ers-he sets in order his own inner life, and is
difference bet\veen the way each di- his own master and his own law, and at peace
toward the good of others seelllS to with himself." His is "one entirely temperate
the difference bet\veen the lawful and and perfectly adjusted nature."
ir, or the difference between the common This conception of justice bears a certain re-
of society as a whole and the good oEother semblance to what the Christian theologians
iduals. mean by "original justice." The perfect dis
e thoroughly social conceptionQf justice position of Adam's soul in a state of supernatu-
istotle may have some parallel in the mean- ral grace consisted, according to Aquinas, in
f justice in Plato's Gorgias (where the "his reason being subject to God, the lo\ver
tion is \vhether it is better to suffer than to powers to reason, and the body to the soul-
justice), but the definition of justice as a the first subjection being the cause of both the
e in the Republic does not express or de- second and the third, since while reason was
the social reference. In the state as in the subject to God, the lower powers remained sub-
justice is a fitting disposition or harmoni- ject to reason." The justice of ll1an's obedience
rder-of the several classes of men in the to God seems to be inseparable from the inj us-
af the several virtues in the soul. The tice internal to his own members.
is not described as acting justly to- The way in which justice is discussed in the
other states, nor is the just man pictured Gorgias may similarly be inseparable from the
doer of good deeds. Rather the picture of way it is defined in the Republic. Certainly Cal-
soul in which justice resides is one of in- licles \vill never understand why it is ahvays
r peace or spiritual health-the well-being better to suffer injustice than to do it, unless
ppiness. Socrates succeeds in explaining to him that the
stice," Socrates declares, is concerned lTIan who is wronged suffers injury in body or in
the outward man, but with the in- external things, \vhile the man who does wrong
which is the true self and concernment of inj ures his own soul by destroying ,vhat, to Soc-
the just Inan does not permit the sev- rates, is its greatest good-that equable temper
elements within him to interfere with one froIII ,vhich all fitting actions flow.
OUTLINE OF TOPICS
PAGE
conceptions of justice 859
Justice as the interest of the stronger or conformity to the will of the sovereign
Justice as harmony or right order in the soul: original justice
Justice as a moral virtue directing activity in relation to others and to the com-
munity: the distinction bet,veen the just man and the just act 860
Id. Justice as the whole of virtue and as a particular virtue: the distinction between
the lawful and the fair
Ie. Justice as an act of will or duty fulfilling obligations to the COlTI1TIOn good: the
harmonious action of individual wills under a universalla\v of freedom
If Justice as a custom or moral sentiment based on considerations of utility
precepts of justice: doing good, harming no one, rendering to each his O\Vh,
equals equally
duties of justice compared with the generosity of love and friendship 861
comparison of justice and expediency: the choice between doing and suffering
111111Cf"1:r;::r. the relation of justice to happiness 862
859
28a-b; CH In 28d-29d; CH VII, SECT 90-94
44d-46c; CH XVI 65d-70c passim / Human
Understanding, BK I, CH II, SECT 5 105a-b
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 333c-d;347b-d; 353c-
355d passim; 361c-362a / Political Economy,
368d-369b / Social Contract, BK I, 388d-389a;
393b-c
46 HEGEL: Philosophy ofRight, PART III, par 219
72d-73a; par 258, 81c-"82d [fnI]; ADDITIONS,
155 142a-b / Philosophy of Hisiory, INTRO,
171c..172b; PART I, 207b-c; PART II, 277d-
278a; PART III, 299a-c; pART IV,
esp328c-d, 330b; 344a-"c
47 GOETHE: Faust,PART II [11,171-188] 272a-b
48 MELVILLE: Moby Dick, 292a-297a
50 1-1ARX-ENGELS: Communist Manifesto, 428b-d
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK
esp 547c; EPILOGUE I, 647b-649d
54 FREUD: Civilization and' Its Discontents,
780b-d
lb. Justice as harmony or 'right order in the
soul: original justice
7 PLATO: Cratylus, 99d-l00c I Gorgias,'282c-
285a esp 282c-283a/ .Republic" BK I, 'Sb9b-
310b; BK IV, 346a-3S5a;BK_IX,42Sc-4270/
Statesman; 586d.. 589c! Laws, BK IV, 681
BK IX, 748b-c
CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE
REFERENCES
To find the passages cited, use the numbers in heavy type, vvhich are the volume and page
numbers of the passages referred to. For example, in4 HOMER: Iliad, BKII [265-283] 12d, the
number 4 is the number of the volume in the set; the number 12d indicates that the.pas-
sage is in section d of page 12.
PAGE SECTIONS: 'Vhen the text is printed in one column, the letters a and brefer to the
upper and lower halves of the page. For example, in53 JAMES : Psych9logy, 116a-119b,the passage
begins in the upper half of page 116 and ends in the lower half of page 119. When the text is
. printed in two columns, the letters a and b refer to the upper and lower halves of the le.ft-
'handsideofthe page, theletters c andd to the upper and lower halves of the right-handsideof
thepage. For example, in 7 PLATO: Symposium, 163b-164c, the passage begins in the lower half
of the left-hand side ofpage 163 andends in the upper half of the right-hand side of page 164.
AUTHOR'S DIVISIONS: One or more of the main divisions of a work (such as PART, BK, CH,
SECT) are sometimes included in the reference; line numbers, in brackets, are given in cer-
tain cases; e.g., Iliad, BK II [265-283] 12d.
BIBLE REFERENCES: The references are to book, chapter, and verse. When the King James
and Douay versions differ in title of books or in the numbering of chapters or verses, .the King
James version is cited first and the Douay, indicated by a (D), follows; e.g., OLD TESTA;'
MENT: Nehemiah,T:45-'-(D) 1/Esdras, 7:46.
The abbreviation "esp". calls the reader's attention to one or more especially
relevant parts of a whole reference; "passin1" signies that the topic is discussed intermit-
tently rather than continuously in thework or passage cited.
For additionall information concerning the style of the references, see tneExplanatio'n of
Reference Style; for general guidance in the use of The Great Ideas, consult the Preface.
iverse conceptions' of justice
Justice as the .. interest of the stronger or
conformity to the will of the sovereign
5SOPHOCLES: Antigone [631-765J 136c-137d /
Ajax [147-13931 152a-155a,c
6 THUCYDIDES: Peloponnesian War, BK 504c-
508a,c
7PLATO: Gorgias, 271b-275d / Republic, BK
I-II, 300b-315c / Laws, BK IV, 681d-682c;
BK x, 760c
9 ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK I, CH 6 [!255a3-20]
448c-d; BK,III, CH 13 [I283b23-26] 481d; BK
VI, CH 3 [I318bI-5] 521d-522a;BK VII, CH 2
[I324b22-4I] 528d-S29a
PLUTARCH: Theseus, 2c-d / Camillus, 108b-c
/ Alexander, 566a-b
18 AUGUSTINE: City ofGod,BK XIX, CH 21 524a-
52Sa
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 86b;91a-b; PART
II, 99b; 101a-l02c; 103a; 124d-125a; 130c;
132a; 140b; 149b-c; 157b
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 281a-282a.; 519c'-520b
31SPINOZA:Ethics, PART IV, PROP 37, SerIOL 2
43Sb-436a
PASCAL: Pensees, 291-338 225a-233a; 878
34Sa-b
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH II, SECT 13
THE GREAT IDEAS 858
5. Justice and equality: the kinds of justice in relation to
equali ty a.nd inequali tY.
6. Justice and liberty: the theory of human rights
6a. The relation of natural rights to naturallawandna'tural justice
6b. The relation between natural and positive rights, innate and acquired rights,
vate and public rights: their correlative duties
6c.The inalien"abilityof natural rights: .theirviolation by tyranny and despotism
6d. Justice as the basis for the distinction between liberty and license
6e. Justice and natural rights as the source of civiI liberty
7. Domestic justice: the problems of right and duty in the family
8. Economic justice: justice in production, distribution, and exchange
8a.Private and public property: the just distribution of economic goods
Sb. Fair \vages and prices: the just exchange of goods and services
Se. Justice in the organi.zation of production
(I) Economic exploitation: chattel slavery and wage slavery
(2) Profit and unearned increment
3d. Justice and the use of money: usury and interest rates
9. Political justice: justice in government
9a. The natural and the conventional In
general \vill
9b. Justice as the moral principle oEpoIi tical organization: the bond men in states
9C. The criteria of justice in various forms of government and diverse constitutions
9d. The relation of ruler and ruled: the justice of the prince or statesman and of the
subject or citizen
ge. The just distribution of honors, ranks, offices, suffrage
91 Justice between states: the problem of right and .might in the making of war
and peace
9g. '"fhe tempering of political justice by clemency: amnesty, asylum, and pardon
10. Justice and la\v
loa. The measure of justice in laws made by the state: natural and constitutional
standards
lob. The legality of unjust laws: the extent of obedience required of the just man
in the unjust society
lOCo The justice of punishment for unjust acts: the distinction between retribution
and vengeance
lod. The correction of legal justice: equity in the application of human lavv
11. Divine justice: the relation of Godar the gods to man
I la. The divine government of man: the justice and mercy of God or the gods
I lb. Man's debt to God or the gods: the religious acts of piety and worship
THE GREAT IDEAS
3. The duties of justice compared with the
generosity of love and friendship
OLD TESTAMENT: Exodus, 23:4-5 / Leviticus,
19 :17-18 / Deuteronomy, 13 :6--11;21 :18-21 /
fudges, 11:28-40 / Proverbs, 20:22;24:2 9;
25 :21 / Zechariah, 13 :3-(D) Zacharias, 13:3
NEW TESTAMENT: Matthew, 5:38-48 I Luke,
6:27-38 / Romans, 12:17-21 / I Peter, 3:8,-18
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK II, B3d-84a
8 ARISTOTLE: Topics, BK III, CH I [II6a3I-39]
162d; CH 2 [118
a
l-7] 164d
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK IV, CH 6 373d-374b
passim; BK VIII, CH I [II55a22-28]406d; CH 7
[II58bI2-1159aI3] 410c-411a; CH 9 411d-412c;
CH II 413b-d; CH 12 [r I 62a29-33] 414d; CH 13
[II62bI7-1163a23] 415b-d; BK IX, CH 2 417c-
418b; CH 6 420c-421a esp [II67b5-IS] 420d-
421a
12 AURELIUS: Meditations, BK III, SECT I I
262a-b
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK IV [333-387] 176a-177b
14 PLUTARCH: Marcus Cato, 278d-279c / Agesi-
laus, 482b-c; 486c / Marcus Brutus, 816c-d
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q 23,
A 5, REP 3 135d-137d
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q66,
A 4, REP I 78c-79b; Q 114, A4373a-d; PART
II-II, Q 23, A3, REP I 485a-d; Q29, A3 531d-
532c; Q 31, A I, REP 3 536d-537c
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, PURGATORY, XV [85-
114] 76b-c
22 CHAUCER: Franklin's Tale [11,830-928] 364b-
366a
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 86a-d; 467b-470a
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART I, 71b-c;
108c-109b; 177a-b; PART II, 332d-333b
30 BACON: Adt'ancement of Learning, 24b
37 FIELDING: Tom fones, 27b-30a
38 ROUSSEAU: Political Economy, 373a-b
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 233c
42 KANT: Fund. Prine Metaphysic o..fMorals, 259a
/ Pref.Metaphysical Elements ofEthics, 368c-d;
371b-372a; 375d-376b
43 MILL: Utilitarianism, 466c-467a; 468b-469b;
474b-c
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 392b-c
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, ADDITIONS, 23
120d
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BKVI, 271d; BK
XII, 548d-549c; EPILOGUE I, 655b-c
860
(1. Diverse conceptions of justice. lb. Justice as
harmony or right order in the soul: original
justice.)
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH II [II38b5-I3]
38'7a,c
13 VIRGIL: Eclogues, IV 14a-15b
17 PLOTINUS: Third Ennead, TR VI, eH 2,
107a-c
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK XIV, CH 10-'11
385b-387a; CH 19 391c-392a; CH 26, 395d
19 AQUINAS: Sumnla Theologica, PART I, QQ 95-
96 506b-513c; Q 100 520d-522b
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, QQ
81-83 162d-174b; Q 85, A I, ANS 178b-179b;
Q 91, A6, ANS 212c-213c; Q 100, A 2, REP 2
252b-253a; Q 113, A I, ANS and REP I 360d-
361d
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK IV [288-294] 158b;
BK XII [63-110] 320b-321b
Ie. Justice as a moral virtue directing activity
in relation to others and to the com-
munity: the distinction between the just
man and the just act
7 PLATO: Crito, 216d-219a,c / Republic, BK IV
342a-356a esp 348d-3S0a
8 ARISTOTLE: Topics, BK I, CH 15
149d; BK III, CH I [I 16
b
I 1-13] 163a; BK IV,
CH 2 [I2Ib24-30] 169d; BK VI, CHS [I43aI5-19]
196c-d; CH 7 [145b34-'146a3] 199d
9 ARISTOTLE: . Ethics, BK V, CH 1 [II29b25-
II30aI3] 377b-c; CH 5 [II33bI6-23] 381b-c;
[II33b30'-II34UI5] 381c-d; CH 8'-9 383a-385c;
BK VI, CH 12 [II44aII-20] 393d; BK X, CH 8
[II78a8-22] 432d / Politics, BK III, CH 12
[1282bI5-22] 480c; CH 13 [I283a37-40] 481c;
BK VII, CH 2 [I324b32-40] 528d-529a /
Rhetoric, BK I, CH 6 [I362bI0-28] 603b-c; CH
9 [I366a33-1367a22] 608d-609d
12 AURELIUS: Meditations, BK III, SECT 4 260b-
261a; SECT 6 261a-c; BK IV, SECT 10 264c;
BK V, SECT 6 269b-d; SECT 34 273c; BK VI,
SECT 2 274a; SECT 22--23 276a-b; SECT 26
276b-c; BK VII, SECT 44 282b-c; BK VIII, SECT
32 287d-288a; BK IX, SECT I 291a-c; BK X,
SECT II 298b-c; BK XI, SECT 10 303b-c
14 PLUTARCH: Aristides, 265c-d / Agesilaus,
491a-b / Cato the Younger, 636d-637c
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK III, par 13-15
16c-17b / City ofGod, BK II, CH 21 161b-162d;
BK XIX, CH 21 524a-525a
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I, Q 21,
A I 124b-125b
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q59,
AA 4-5 48c-49d; Q 60, AA 2-3 50d-52b; Q 99,
A 5, REP I 249a-250a; Q 100, A2, REP 2 252b-
253a; A 3, REP 3 253a-d; A 12 264d-265d; Q
113, A I 360d-361d
23 HOBBES : Leviathan, PART I, 92c-93c; 96a-b
46 HEGEL: Philosophy ofHistory, PART II, 272a- b
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK V, 214c-216d
ld. Justice as the whole of virtue
ticular virtue: the distinction
lawful and the fair
7 PLATO: Meno, 178c-179a /
349a-350a / Laws, BK I,
8 ARISTOTLE: Topics, BK VI, CH
204c
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK v, CH I
[II3Ia9] 376d-378c / Politics, BK
[1283a37-40] 481c / Rhetoric,
[1366a33-1367a22] 608d-609d
12 AURELIUS: Meditations, BK XI,
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica,
A4, REP 4 28c-29d; Q57, A3,
Q 60, A 3 51c-52b; Q 66, A 4
A 5, REP I 249a-250a; Q 100, A2,
253a; A 12, ANS 264d-265d; Q
and REP 2 360d-361d
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 301d-302b
42 KANT: Pref. Metaphysical
368c-,d; 377a-d
43 MILL: Utilitarianism, 468b-469b
Ie. Justice as an act of will or
obligations to the common
harmonious action of In4:l1v'1<11ual
under a universal law of tree<14Dm
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 114d-115a /
physical Elements of Ethics,
369a; 371b-372a / Intro. IV1t'tap'nVS'lC
383a-394a,c esp 383a-d,
390a,c, 391a-c, 392d-393c J Science
397a-402a,c 435a- b;
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of INTRO,
19a-b; PART III, par 219
83a-d; par 278 92c-93a;
147d / Philosophy of History,
PART I, 207b-c; PART II, 272a-d;
333c-d; 363c-d; 365b-c
53 JAMES: Psychology, 886b-888a
If. Justice as a customor moral
on considerations of utility
7 PLATO: Republic, BK II, 310c-315c /
tus, 528b-c; 531a-b
25 MONTAIGNE: Essavs, 46b-47c; :t:l\la-L.l\.':lC
33 PASCAL: Pensees, 309 228b; 312
35 LOCKE : Human Understanding,
SECT 2 104a-b
43 MILL: Liberty, 300d-301a /
464d-476a,c esp 476a,c
2. The precepts of justice: doing
ing no one, rendering to each
treating equals equally
OLD TESTAMENT: Exodus, 20:1-17;
Leviticus, 19:9-18,32-37 /
21; 15:7-18; 16:18-20;
12; 21 :15-17; 22:1-4,13-29;
24:6,10-22; 25 :1-3,13-16 / I
-(D) III Kings, 3:16-28 /
20:22; 24:.23-25,29; 25 :21 J Isaiah, 1:10-20 46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART I, par 3
6
esp 1:16-
1
7; 56:1- 2 -(D) Isaias, 1:10-20 21b-c; par 49 24c-25a; par 85 35a-b; ADDI'"
esp 1:16-17; 56:1- 2 / Jeremiah, 5:21""29 esp TIONS, 29 121c
5:26--
28
-(D) Jeremias, 5:21- 29 esp 5:26- 28 51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK v, 202d; 214c-
/ Ezekiel, 45:9-II -(D) Ezechiel, 45:9-11 / 216d; BK VIII, 304c-305a
Hosea,4:I-3-(D) Osee, 4: 1-3/ An10s, 5:7-27 52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov, BK III,
/ Micah, 6:8-(D) Micheas, 6:8 I Zechariah, 73a; BK V, 123c-127b; BK VI, 166c-167a;
7:8- 14-(D) Zacharias, 7:8-114 / A-1alachi, 168c-d
2:9-(D) Malachias, 2:9 53 JAMES: Psychology, 211a-b; 886b-88Ba
EW TESTAMENT: Matthew, 5:38-48; 19:16-24 54 FREUD: Group Psychology, 686a-b
/ Luke, 6:27--38; 18 :18-27 / Romans, 12 :17-21;
15 :1-2/ II Corinthians, 8:9-15
5 AESCHYLUS : Suppliant Maidens [338-394] 5a-d
/ Eumenides [544-565] 87a
5SOPHOCLES: Oedipus the King [863-910] 107b-c
/ Ajax [147-1421] 152a-155a,c
$. EURIPIDES: Suppliants [286-380] 260d-261c;
[513-584] 262d-263c / Helen [865-'131] 306c-
308a / Hecuba [239-331] 354d-355c / Phoeni-
cian Maidens [528-585] 382c-383a
5ARISTOPHANES: Acharnians [676-718] 463a-c
/ Wasps [725-726] 516d
6HERODOTUS: IIistory, BK VI, 201d-202c
7PLATO: Crito, 216a-d / Republic, BK I, 297b-
300b; BK IV, 349a-350a
9ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH I [1129bI9-24]
377a; CH 5 [II33b30-1134aI4].381c-d;CH II
[113
8S
4-13] 386b-c / Rhetoric, BK 1, CH 9
[1366a33-bII] 608d-609a
2. EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK II, CH 16, 158c-d;
CH 22 167d-170a; BK IV, CH I, 220c-223d
2 AURELIUS : Meditations, BK II, SECT I 256b,d;
BK IV, SECT .10 264c; BK V, SECT 6 269b-d;
BK VII, SECT 44 2B2b-c
oAQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q92,
A 2 214d-215a,c; Q 94, A2 221d-223a; Q 99,
A4 248a-d; QQ 14-105 304a-321a
2 CHAUCER: Troilus and Cressida, BK II,
STANZA 50 28a / Reeve's Tale 225a-232a esp
[4311-4322] 231b-232a / Tale of Melibeus,
par 30-31, 413b-414a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 86d-87b; 91b;
PART II, 155b-c
. SHAKESPEARE: Hamlet, AcT II, scn [552-558]
46a / Troilus and Cressida, ACT II, SC II [ 163-
188] 115b-c / Macbeth, ACT I, sc vn [1-28]
289b-c ,
29. CERVANTES: -Don Quixote, PART I, 145d;
PART II, 332d-333b
PASCAL: Pensees, 878,...879 345a-b
as LOCKE: Civil Government, CH II, SECT 5-6
26a-c
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART IV, 165b-166a
$6 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 257a-263a
as MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK I, 1c-d
2 KANT: Fund. Prine Metaphysic ofMoraIs, 264b
[En I] / Pref. Metaphysical Elements of Ethics,
375d-376b / Science of Right, 400b,d-401b
3 MILL: Liberty, 302d-303a / Representative
Government, 414a-b / Utilitarianism, 464d-
476a,c passim
THE 'GREAT IDEAS CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE
862
4. The comparison of justice and expediency:
the choice between doing and suffering
injustice; the relation of justice to hap-
piness
OLD TESTAMENT: Leviticus, 19:17-181 Proverbs,
20:22; 24:29; 25:21
ApOCRYPHA: Susanna-CD) OT, Daniel, 13
NEw TESTAMENT: Matthew, 5:38-"-48 / Luke,
6:27-38 / Romans, 12:17';;';'21 I T Corinthians,
4:10-14; 6:1-11 / I Peter, 2:19-21; 3:8-18
5 AESCHYLUS : Prometheus Bound [944-193]
SOb-SId! Eumenides [49-565] 86b-87a
5 SOPHOCLES: Antigone [631-765] 136e-137d
5 EURIPIDES: Medea 212a-224a,e/ Alcestis 237a-
247a,e / Helen [998-131] 307d-308a / Hecuba
[239-331] 3S4d-3SSe / Iphigenia at Aulis 42Sa-
439d
5 ARISTOPHANES: Clouds [886-II04]'499b-
S02a
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK'UI, 10Se-d;BK VII,
218a-b; 238e
6 THUCYDIDES: Peloponnesi'an War, BKV, S04d-
508a passim
7 PLATO: Apology, 206d 1 Crito 213a-219a,e 1
Gorgias, 263d-267e / Republic 295a-441a,e
esp BK I-II, 300b-31Sa, BK x, 436e-437e 1
Laws, BK II, 656d-6S8b; BK IX, 746a-747e
8 ARISTOTLE: Topics, BK VI, CH 3 [I4IaI5-I8]
194b 1 Sophistical Refutations,cH25 [I80
b
2I-
32] 249a
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH 8":"9 383a-38Se
esp CH 9 [II36aIO_b1413,84a-d; CII I1386b-
387a,e esp, [I I38a28-b4] 386d-387a 1 Politics,
BK I, CH 2 [I253aI4-I5] 446e;BK V, CII 8
[I.308a2-I7] S10a-b / Rhetoric, BK I, CII 7
[I364b2I-24] 606e; BK II,CH 23 [I397aI9-22]
64Sb
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses,BK I, CH 22 127e-128e;
BK II, CHIO, 14ge-1S0a; BK III, CHI8 192a-e;
BK IV, CH I, 222e-223d; CH 5228a-230b
12 AURELIUS: Meditations, BK IV, SECT 10 264e;
BK VII, SECT 36 282b
14 PLUTARCH: Themistocles, 96e-d 1 Camillus,
106b-107a / Aristides, 265c-d; 274d-275a /
Pyrrhus, 319b-d / Lysander, 357a-b 1Sertorius,
468b"469a 1 Agesilaus, 490d-491b 1'Cato the
Younger, 636d-637e ,I Dion, 784d-,78Sa 1
Marcus Brutus, 816e.. d
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK XII, CH 3 343d-
344b 1 Christian Doctrine, BK I, CH 36 634d-
63Sb
22 CHAUCER: Tale ofMelibeus, par 3-31, 413b-
414a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART 1, 86b; 91b-92b;
9Sd; PART II, 140b
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 301d-302b; 519a-e
26 SHAKESPEARE: 2nd Henry VI, ACT III, SC I
[223-237] 4ge 1 King john, ACT II, SC 1 [561-
598] 38Se-386a
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART 1, 37a-b
38 ROUSSEAU: Social Contract, BK 1, 387b
43 MILL: Utilitarianism, 464d-476a,eesp
476a,e
44 BOSWELL: johnson, 261e-d
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK I, ge-l0d'
41a; BK III, 123d-124a; BK V,
304d-305a; BK XIV, S98d-599a; EPILO
6S6d-657a
5. Justice and equality: the kinds of justi
relation to the measure andmo
equality and inequality
5 EURIPIDES: Phoenician Maidens[S2
382e-d
6 THUCYDIDES: Peloponnesian War, BK v
7 PLATO: Republic, BK VIII, 411d-413a/'
BK VI, 699d-700b
8 ARISTOTLE: Topics, BK VI, CH 5 [143aI
196e-d; CH 7 [I45b3.3-146a3] 199d
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BKV, CH 2 [11303
378b; CH 3-5 378e-381d; CH6 [1I34a2'5
382a-e; CH 9
VIII, CH 7 [II58bI2-33] 410e-d; CHII413
Politics, BK I, CH 12-13 453d-455a,e; Bt<:'
2 [I26Ia23-b6l456a-b; CH 7 461d-463e;;B
CH 9 477e-478d esp [I280a8-3I] 477<:::-'
12-13 480e-483a; CH 16 [I287aIO-23]485
IV, CH 4 [I29Ib30-I292a7] 491a-b; BK V,
[130Ia25-b4] 502b-e; [I30Ib29'-1302a8]50
CH 8 [I308a2-I7] 510a-b; CH 9 [IJl0
a
2
S12e; BK VI, CH 2 520d-521b esp [I3 I7
a
4
520d, [13I8a4-IO] 521b; CH 3 521e-S22
VII, CH 14 537b-538d esp [I332bI3-41] S3
1 Athenian Constitution, CH 12 S57b.. 5S8
12 AURELIUS: Meditatons, BK I, SECT 142
14 PLUTARCH: Poplicola-Solon, 87a
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART 1,
A 1, ANS and REP 3 124b-125b; Q 65, A2,
3340b-341b
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, Q
A 3, ANS 51e-52b; Q 64, A 2 67d-68b; Q
A 1, ANS 370e-371c '
23 HOBBES: Leviathan,PART I, 93b-e; 941>
PART II, lS6b-157a
24 RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagruel, BK
134b-e
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH II 25d-28c;
VI, SECT 54 36e; CH VII, SECT 90-94 44d-
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit ofLaws, BK VIII,S
BK XI, 71d; BK XIII, 96a-b
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 333a-d; 35ge-d;36
[fn I]; / Social
tract, BK II, 397a-398a; 405b-e
39 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK IV, 284d
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 617e-d
42 KANT: Science of Right, 401b-e; 41ge-4
431a-432e; 433e-d; 435e-437c esp 436d
43 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: [7-15]
43 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION: IV [17-30]
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.: ARTICLE IV,
2 [519-521] 16a; AMENDMENTS, XIII, SEC
XIV, SECT I 18e-d; XV 19b; XIX 19d
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 80, 236a-b
MILL: Representative Government, 370a-389b
passim I Utilitarianism, 460a,..461a; 467a-b;
c472d-473a; 474d-476a
6 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART I, par 49
24c-25a; PART III, par 200 67e-68a; par 209
69d; ADDITIONS, 29 121c; 177 147d /Philos-
ophy of History, PART IV, 362d-363a
,MARX: Capital, 2Sa-d
DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov, BK IV,
104b-107a
FREUD: Group Psychology, 68Sd-686c / Civili-
zation and Its Discontents, 787d-788b[fn 3]
ustice and liberty: the theory of human
rights
AESCHYLUS: SuppNant Maidens 1a-14a,e
5 SOPHOCLES: Antigone [441-525] 134d-135c;
[891-943] 138d-139a 1 Ajax [147-1421] 152a-
15Sa,e
5 EURIPIDES: Suppliants [513-56S1262d-263b
I Bacchantes [878-91 I] 347b,..c / Phoenician
Maidens [1625'-1682] 392b-d jOrestes [491-
64] 399a-400a
7 PLATO: Republic,BKVIII, 4l1d-413a I Laws,
BK IV, 682a-683d
ARISTOTLE: '. Sophistical 'Refutations" CH 12
[I73a7-3I] 238b-e
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK Y, CH 6 [II34
a2
4-
bI
7]
382a-e /Politics,BKv, CH 9 [I3IOa25-36]S12c;
BK VI, Cll 2520d-521b esp [I3I7a40_bI6]
520d/ Rhetoric, BK I,CHIO [1368b7-,IO] GIld;
CH 13 [I373
bI
- I 7] 617e-d
AURELIUS: Meditations,BK I, SECT 14254b-e;
BK IV, SECT 4 264a; BK VII,SECT 55 283b-e
5 TACITUS: Histories, BK IV, 271b
8 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK III, par 15 11a-b /
City of God; BK IV, CH 4190d; BKXIX, CH 21
S24a-52Sa
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PARTI-II, Q 94,
A2, ANS 221d-223a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 112d-117b
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART I, 71b-c;
108e-109b; 177a-b
30 BACON: Advancement of Learning, 20c-d
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV, APPENDIX; VIII
447d
35 LOCKE: Civil Government 25a,..81d
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK I, la-3a;
BK VI, 34b-e
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 356b-358d; 361e-362a
/ Political Economy, 370b-d / Social Contract,
BK I 387b,d-394d esp 388d-390d, 393b-394d;
BK II, 398b-399a
39 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BKI; 61b; HK II,
140b; BK IV, 228a
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 237e
42 K.ANT: Pure Reason, 113b-l1Sa; 222b-c 1
Science of Right, 400b,d-402a; 421e-4-22d' /
judge1nent, 586a-587a
43 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: [7-28] 1a-b
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.: AMENDMENTS,
I-IX 17a-18a; XIII, SECT I-XIV, SECT I 18e-d
863
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 51, 164a-16Sa; NUMBER
84, 251a-2S3d
43 Liberty 267a-323a,c esp 271c-273b /
Utilitarianism, 464d-476a,c
23e; PART III,par 230 7Sc; par 261 83a-d;
ADDITIONS, 81 128d-129a / Ph10sophy of
History, INTRO, '199b-e;PART IV, 34Sa- b;
362d..363a; 364a-36Sc
50 MARX: Capital, 83d-84a
54 FREUD: Civilization and Its Discontents, 780e-
781a
6a. The relation, of natural rights. to natural
law and natural justice
5 SOPHOCLES: Antigone [44I-S251134d-135c
9 ARISTOTLE: Rhetoric, BK I, CH 13 lI373br-I71
617e-d
12 AURELIUS: Meditations;BKlv, SECT 4 264a;
BK VII, SECT 55 283b-e
18 AUGUSTINE: City ofGod, BK X.IX,' eH 21 524a-
S2Sa
19 AQUINAS: SUl1una Theologica, PART I, Q 96,
A I 510b-51tb; A 4 512d-513c
20 AQUINAS: SUlnma Theologica, PART I-II, Q 91,
A 2 208d-209d; Q 94, A 2, ANS 221d-223a;
Q 95, A 2 227e-228c; A 4 229b-230c
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 86e-87d; PART II,
131a-e; 138e
27 SHAKESPEARE: Troilus and Cressida,' ACT II,
sc II [163-188]
30 BACON: Advancement of Learning, 94d-95b
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART lV, PROP 37, SCHOL 2
43Sb-436a; APPENDIX, VIII 447d
32 MILTON: Samson Agonistes [888-92] 359a
35 LOCKE: Civil Govermnent",cH n-Ix2Sd-54d
passim; CH XI, SECT 135-137 S5d-57b; CH XV,
SECT 171-172 65a-e
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BKI, le-d
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 330a-331b;333c-d;
342e-347d
39 SMITH: Wealth of Nations,BK I, 61b; BK II,
140b
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 86d-87a
42 KANT: Intro.Metaphysicof Morals, 392b /
Science of Right, 397a-b; 400b,d-402a; 421c-
422d; 429a-c; 430a-432e; 434a; 43Sa.. 4S7b esp
436e, 437e-d, 447b-450b; 451c-d
43 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: 1a-b
43 MILL: Liberty, 272d-273b
46 HEGEL: Philosophy 'of History, INTRO, 171c-
172b
6b. The relation between natural and positive
rights, innate and acquired' rights, pri-
vateand public rights: their correlative
duties
5 AESCHYLUS: Suppliant Maz'dens la-14a,e
5 SOPHOCLES: Antigone [441-525] 134d-135e;
[891-943] 138d-139a / Aja:r [147-1421] 152a-
lSSa,e
THE GREAT IDEAS
865 CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE
ZMILTON: Areopagztica, 381a-382a 20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q
5 LocKE: Civil Government, CH IV, SECT 21 29d; 105, A 4318b-321a
eH VI, SECT 57-63 36d-38c passim; ca IX 22 CHAUCER: Tale of Man of Law [4694-4707J
53c-54d; CH XI, SECT 135'-138 55d-57c; CH 239a I Wife of Bath's Prologue [5697-644]
xv, SECT 171 65a-b 258a-269b I Tale of Wife of Bath 270a-277a
38 ROUSSEAU: Social Contract, BK I, 393b-c esp [6619-6627] 273a-b, [6839-6846] 277a I
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 96a-d Surnmoner's Tale [7563-7582] 289b-290a I
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 114b-d I Science of Right, Clerk's Tale 296a-318a I Franklin's Tale
398e-39ge; 400b,d-402a,c; 450d-452a I judge- [11,41--117] 351b-352b I Physician's Tale
1nent, 586a-587a [12,006-36] 367b-368a I Parson's Tale, par
3 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: [1-28] 1a-b 79-80 541a-542a
3 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 44, 144d-145a 23 I-IOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 10ge-111b; 121a;
6 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par 270 155b
84d-89c passim I Philosophy of History, PART 25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 83a-84b; 183e-192d;
IV, 345a- b 410a-422b
4: FREUD: Civilization and Its Discontents, 780c- 26 SHAKESPEARE: COlnedy ofErrors, ACT II, sc I
781a [6-43] 1S2a-e; sc II [II2-148J 154e-d I Titus
Andronicus, ACT V, SC III [35-64] 196d-197a
I Tan'ling of the Shrew 199a-228a,e esp ACT V,
SCII [136-180] 227d-228a,e / Ronleo and
juliet, ACT III, SC V [127-215] 308e-309c /
Midsurnmer-lVight's Dream, ACT I, SC I [1-I2IJ
352a-353c / Merchant of Venice, ACT I, SC II
[24-36] 408e / 1st llenry IV, ACT II, SC III
443b-444b; ACT III, SC II [1-161] 452d-454e
/ julius Caesar, ACT II, sc I [234-309]
577a-c
27 SHAKESPEARE: Hamlet, ACT I, SC V [22--9I J
37a-d; ACT III, SC IV [106-13.5] 55d-56a I Troi-
Ius and Cressida, ACT II, SC II [163-188] 115b-c
I Othello, ACT I, SC III [175-189] 210d-211a;
ACT IV, SC III [63'-108] 236c-237a I King Lear
244a-283a,e I Cylnbeline, ACT I, SC I [125'--158]
451a-e
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART II, 251b;
261c-262a
30 BACON: Advance1nent of Learning, 75c / i.Vew
Atlantis, 207c-209d
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK VIII [452-594]
242a-245a; BK X [144-156J 277b; [182-196]
278b; [867'-936] 293b-294b I Samson
nistes [87F-902] 358b-359a; [1010--1060] 361b-
362b
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH VI 36a-42a;
CH VII, SECT 82-83 43b-e
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART I, 29b
36 STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 410a-411a
37 FIELDING: T01n jones, 100b-102a; 10Be-1IOe;
126d-127b; 136a-e; 217d-219c; 235b-238d;
283c-d; 3IOb-313b; 359b-362c
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirtt of Laws, BK XXIII,
187d-188e; BK XXVI, 216a-c
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 357a-b; 365a-b /
Political Economy, 367a-368e
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 82b-86d passim
42 KANT: Science of Right, 404d; 418e-422d
43 MILL: Liberty, 305d-306b; 316d-319d
44 BOSWELL: johnson, 160a-b; 247c-d; 301d-
302a; 429d-430a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par 171
60d-61a; par 174-180 61b-63c / Philosophy of
History, PART III, 288c-289b
omestic justice: the problems of right and
duty in the family
LD TESTAMENT: Exodus, 20:12; 21 :1-11,26-
27,32/ Levtticus, 19:20- 22 ; 25:39-55 /Deuter-
onomy, 5 :16; 15 :12-18; 21 :15-21 / Proverbs,
28:24; 30:17 / Zechariah, 13:3-(D) Zacha-
rias, 13:3
ApOCRYPHA: Ecclesiasticus, 3:2-18; 4:30; 7:20,...-21;
33 :30 -31 -(D) OT,Ecclesiasticus,3 :2-18;4:35;
7:22- 23; 33:31-33
NEW TESTAMENT: J.\1atthew, 5:4 I Mark, 7:10 /
I Corinthians," 7 I II Corinthians, 12 :14 I
Ephesians, 6:1-9 / Colossians, 3:18-4:1 I
I Timothy, 5:8 I Tztus, 2:9---11 I I Peter, 3:1-7
5 AESCHYLUS: Seven Against Thebes [1011-1084]
38b-39a,e I Agamemnon [1372-1673] 66d-69d
5 SOPHOCLES: Oedipus at Colonus 114a-130a,c
esp [311-460] 117a-118b, [1181-1447] 125a-
127b I Antigone 131a-142d esp [1-99] 131a-
132a, [631-765] 136c-137d / Electra [516--.633]
160a-161a
5 EURIPIDES: Medea 212a-224a,c. I Alcestis
237a-247a,c esp [614-733] 242c-243c / Ores..
tes [356-724] 397b-401b
5 ARISTOPHANES: Clouds [1321-1452] 504c-506b
I Birds [13.37--1371] 558d-559b
7 PLATO: Republic, BK V, 356b-368c I Laws,
BK IV, 683b-d; BK VII, 722b-723d; BK VIII,
736d-737a; BK XI, 779b-781e
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH 6 [II34b7-17]
382b-e; CH II [II38bS-I3] 387a,e; BK VIII,
CH 9 [II59b35-116oa6] 412a-b; CH 10 [I160
b
23] CH I I [II6I
b
ll] 413a-d; BK IX, CH 2
417e-418b / Politics, BK I, CH 12-13 453d-
455a,c; BK III, CH 6 [I278b37-1279a8] 476b;
BK VII, CH 14 [I332b36-4I] 537c-d
14 PLUTARCH: Fabius, 152b-d / Coriolanus,
189d-191d
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK I, par 17 Sb-c;
BK II, par 3-8 9b-10d / City of God, BK XIX,
CH 14--'16, 520c-522a
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I,Q 92,
A I, REP 2 488d-489d; A2 489d-490e; Q 96,
A 4 512d-513c
6c t
23 HOBBES: Let1iathan, PART I, 87e-d; 9
94b-d; PART II, 115a-116a; 142b-c
35 LOCKE: Toleration, 20d-21a I Civil G6
rnent, CH II, SECT 10-II 27b-d; CH III
16-19 28d-29c; Cll IV 29d-30b; CH VII: S
87-94 44a-46e; CH IX, SECT 131 54d; cn
SECT 135-14 55d-58a; CH XIV, SECT I
64b-e; CH XV, SECT 171- 172 65a-e; ClI
XIX 65d-81d
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirtt of Laws, BK XV, 10
110a
38 ROUSSEAU: Social Contract, BK I, 388a-c;3
390d; BK II,
39 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK I, 61b
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 33e-34a,c
42 KANT: ScienceofRight, 401b-402a; 421e-422
445c-446a; 451d-452a; 454d-455c
43 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: 1a-3b
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.: AMENDMENTS, I
17d-18a
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 28, 97c; NUMBER.
251d-252a
43 MILL: Liberty, 270<1; 316b-d
44 BOSWELL: johnson, 363e-364a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART I, par
26b-27a; par 66 29a-c / Philosophy ofRis!
PART III, 310d-311a
6d. Justice as the basis for the distinction b
tween liberty and license
6 THUCYDIDES: PeloponnesianWar, BK n,396c
7 PLATO: Laws, BK III, 674d-676e
9 ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK V, CH 9 [13101),25'-
512e; BK VI, CH 4 [13I8b33-I319a4] 522b
[1319b27-32] 523b
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK I, CH 12, 119a-b
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK III, 57b-58d
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART II-II,
183, A 4, ANS 627d-628d
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II"
27 SHAKESPEARE: Measure for Measure, ACT
SC III 177b-d
32 MILTON: Sonnets, XII 65a-b I Areopagiti
381a-412b
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH II, SECT 4
25d-26e
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK III,!
BK VIII, 51a-52c; BK XI, 69a-c
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 324a-b I Social C
tract, BK I, 393b-c
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 622d-623e;653
43 Liberty, 271c-273b; 302d-323a,e
Slm
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, pall
10Sb-106c / Philosophy of History, PART
342b-d
6e. Justice and natural rights as the source
civil Iibetty
19 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I,Q
A 4 512d-513c
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 138e
864
(6. Justice and liberty: the theory of hllman rights.
6b. The relation between natl/ral andposi-
tive rights, innate and acquired rights,
private and public rights: their correlative
duties.)
5 EURIPIDES: Suppliants [513-565] 262d-263b
/ Bacchantes [878-91 I] 347b-c / Phoenician
Maidens [1625-1682] 392b-d / Orestes [491-
64] 399a-400a
7 PLATO: Laws, BK IV, 682a-683d
8 ARISTOTLE: Sophistical Refutations, CH 12
[I73a7-3I] 238b-c
9 ARISTOTLE: Rhetoric, BK I, CH 10 [I368b7-10]
611d; CH 13 [I373bI-I7] 617c-d
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK III, par 13-'15
16c-17b; par I717d-18a / City ofGod, BK XIX,
CH 17 522b-523a
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q
100, A I 251b-252a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 113c-116c; 131a-c;
136d-137b; 138c; 151a-c
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 281a-283c; 519a-520b
27 SHAKESPEARE: King Lear, ACT I, SC II [1-22]
247d-248a
30 BACON: Advancement of Learning, 100d
31 SPINOZA: Ethcs, PART IV, PROP 37, SCHOL 2
435b-436a
35 LocKE: Civil Government, CH II 25d:.28c
passim; CH IV, SECT 21 29d; CH V, SECT 45
34d-35a; CH VI, SECT 56-63 36d-38c; CH VII,
SECT 87-89 44a-d; SECT 91 45a-c; CH VIII,
SECT 95-99 46c-47c; CH IX 53c-54d; CH XI
55b-58b I Human Understanding, BK I, CH II,
SECT 13 107d-108c
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK I, la"'3a;
BK VIII, 52a-b; BK XXVI, 215b-216c; 217b;
221c-d
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 333a-d; 342c-347d;
362d-363a,c / Political Economy, 370b-d /
Social Contract, BK I, 393b-c; BK II, 396d..
398b; 399b-c
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 82b-83c; 86d-89b
passim; 404a
42 KANT: Intro. Metaphysic of Morals, 392b I
Science of Right 397a-458a,c esp 401b-402a,c,
410d-415d, 418c-422d, 429a-433c, 435c-436b,
436d
43 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: [1-28]
1a-b
44 BOSWELL: johnson, 221d-224a
21d; par 40 21d-22c; PART III, par 155 57e;
par 210-228 69d-75b esp par 210-211 69d-70e,
par 217 72b-e; ADDITIONS, I 115a-d
6c. The inalienability of natural rights: their
violation by tyranny and despotism
15 TACITUS: Histories, BK IV, 271b
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 94,
AA 5-6 224d-226b; Q 96, A 6 235a-d; Q 97
235d-239b
THE GREAT IDEi\S
eHAPTER 42: IUST'ICE
866
(7. Domestic justice: the problems of right and
duty in the family.)
50 MARX: Capital, 241a.. d
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, HK I, 38d-4la:; 45b-
47b; EPILOGUE I, 654a-662a
52 DOSTOEVSKY:." Brothers Karamazov, BKI, la-
lla; BK II, 34d-36b; BK XII, 370b-37lc;395a-
398a
54 FREUD: New Introductory Lectures, 876c
8. Economic justice: justice in production, dis-
tribution, and exchange
OLD TESTAMENT: Exodus, 20:15,17 / Leviticus,
I9: II d5-36 ; 25 :35-37 / Deuteronomy, '5 :19,21;
24:10-15; 25:13-16; 27:17/ II Samuel, 12:1-
II Kings, 12:1....:6 / I Kings, 21-
(D) III Kings, 21 / II Kings; 5:20-27-(D)
IV Kings, S:20-27 / Nehemiah,
II Esdras, S:1-12 /]ob, 24 / Proverbs; 1:10-
19;6:3"'-31; 11:1; 14:31; 16:11; 20:10; 21:6-
7; 22:16,22-23;23:10- 11 ;28:8,24; 30 :8-9 /
Isaiah, 3:14-15; 10:1-2::-(D) Isaias,3:IA-1S;
10:1-2 / Jerelniah, 17:II-(D) ferenlias, 17:11
! Ezekiel, 22:12-13,25-29;
Ezechiel, 22:12-13,2S-29; 45 :9-12/ Amos,
2:6-7; 5:11-12; 8:1-7 esp 8:4-6 / Micah,
6:9-12-(D) Micheas, 6:9'-12 jZechariah,S:3
-(D) Zacharias, S:3
ApOCRYPHA: Ecclesiasticus, 5:8,14; 20:25;26:29;
27:2; 29:19; OT,Ecclesiasti-
cus, 5 :10,16-17; 20 :27; 26 :28; 27:2 ; 29: 25;
34:21- 2 7
NE\V TESTAMENT: Matthew, 19:18/ Mark, 10:19
/ Luke, 3:12- 13; 18:20 I Acts,2:44-47; 4:31-
5 :11 / Ronlans, 13:9 / I Corinthians, 6:10 /
Ephesians, 4:28 I II Thessalonians, 3:10
5 EURIPIDES: Helen [903-908] 306d-307a /
Phoenician Maidens [528-567] 382c--d
5 ARISTOPHANES: Plutus 629a-642d esp[76-III]
630a-b
6 II ERODOTUS: History,BK n, 87a.- b; BK VI,
201d-202c; BK VII, 245b
7 PLATO: Republic, BK I, 297a-c;BK n,316a-
319b; BK III-IV,340c--343a; BK v,364c-365d
/ Laws, BK v 686d-697a passim; BK VIII,
738c-743a / Seventh Letter, 814b-c
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BKV, CH 2 [II30aI3-bI7]
377c-378a; BK VIII, CH 13-14 414d-416d pas-
sim / Politics, BKI,CH 3-11 446d-453d passim;
BK II, CH 5 458a-460a; CH 7461d-463c; BK V,
CH I [I3ora25-b2] 502b-c / Athenian Constitu-
tion, ell 12 557b-558a
12 AURELIUS: Meditations, BK VIII, SECT 33 288a
14 PLUTARCH:: Lycurgus, 36a-37b / Solon, 68d-
70e / Poplicola.. Salon, 87a
19 AQUINAS: Sum1na Theologica, PART I,Q 21,
A I l24b-125b; Q 98, A I, REP '3 516d-517c
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, HELL, XI 15a-16b
passim
22 CHAUCER: Tale of Melibeus, par 49-SI 422a-
424a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I,
124d-126a; 156e-157a
24 RABELAIS: Gargantua and Pantagruel,}J
133b-134d
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 42a-b
27 SHAKESPEARE: Co'riolanus, ACT I, SCI
354d
30 BACON: Advance1nent of Learning, 86h-c
33 PASCAL: Provincial Letters, 91a-94a
35 I:OCKE: Civil Governn1ent, CH V 30b-36a
Slm
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART IV,154b-155b
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK V, 1
23a-25a;29c; BK XIII 96a-102a,c;BK1K
128b; BK XX, 146b-d; BK XXIII,
'38 ROUSSEAu: Inequality, 348b; 354a-B
360b-361a; 365b-366a / Political !Bean
377b-385a,c / Social Contract," BK
417c
39 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK
passim, esp 21a-c; 27b-37b esp
309a-311c
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 86d-87c
42 KANT: Science of Right, 443b-d; 446a..:b
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE ARTICLE. I, SE
[17-29] Ilb;SECT 9 [273'-275] 13d; ART
VI [578-582] 16d; AMENDMENTS, V [645
l7c; VII 17d; XIV, SECT I
SECT 4 19a; XVI 19b
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 73, 218d-219b;
BER79, 233c-d
43 MILL: Liberty, 322c-d / Representative{j.
ment, 335a-b; 366c-367a / Utilitaria
470c-471b passitn; 472d-473c
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART I, pa
24c-25a; PART III, par 241 76d-77a; ADDI'FI
29 121c; 148 l40c-d / Philosophy ofnis
PART IV, 353b-c
50 MARX: Capital la-383desp 19c-25d,
38b [En 5], 42b-47a, 79a-84a,c, 89a-94a,
113c, 150a-151a,c, 161b-162d, 261d-
264a-275c, 280c-286a, 327b, 354b..:c,3
378d
50 MARX-ENGELS: Communist Manifesto 4
434d esp 420b-423a, 425d-426d, 428d-
434c-d
51 TOLSTOY: TVar and Peace, BK V,
211a-213a
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov,
165b:-166a
54 FREUD: Civilization and Its Discontents, V
788a
Ba.Private and public property: the just
tri):,ution of economic goods
OLD TESTAMENT: Exodus, 20:15,17 / Leviti
19:1 I / Deuteronomy, 5 :19,21; 27 :171 I!
uel, 12:1-6-(D) II Kings, 12:1-6/ I Km
-(D) III Kings, 21 / fob, 24 / ProverlJs, '6
8b
31; 21 :6-7; 23 :1.0; 24; 30:8-9 /]ererliiah,
17:11
E\V TESTAMENT: Matthew, 19:r8 / lv/ark, 10 :19
/ Luke, 3 :20 / 2 :44-47; '4 :31-
5: 11 / Romans, 13:91 Epheszans, 4:28
EURIPIDES: Phoenician Maidens [528-567]
382c-d
ARISTOPHANES: Ecclesiazusae 61Sa-628d esp
[554-1I I I] 621b-628a / Plutus 629a-642d
PLATO: Republic, BK III, 341c-d;BK V, 364c-
365d / Laws, BK v 686d-697a passim; BK VIII,
V38c-742a / Seventh Letter, 814b-c
,ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK y, CH 4 [II3
Ib2
7-33]
379b-c; CH 9 [II36bI5-II37a4] 384d-385a;
BK VIII, CH 9 411d-412c; CH 13-'-14
416d passim/Politics, BK II, en I [I260
b
36-
I26Ia7] 45Sb,d; cn .3 [I26IbI6"'-381456c-d; CH
5 458a'-460a; CH 6 [I26Sa28-bL7] 460c-461a;
CH 7 461d-463c; BK III, CH 10
478d-479a;BK v"cn8
510d--511c; CH 9 [I309bI8-13IOaI2] 51ld-512b;
BK VI, eH 4 [I319a6-1g] 522c-d; BK VII, Clf 9
[I329aI8-26] 533c; CH 10 [I329b35'-I33oa.3]
534b-c / Athenian Constitution, CH 12 557b-
558a
PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 36a-b / Solon, 68d,..70c
/ Poplicola-Solen, 87a / Agis 648b,d-656d /
Tiberius Gracchus, 674c..:681a,c
TACITUS: Annals, BK II, 31a-b; 32b-d /
Ilistories, BK II, 236d-237a; BKIV, 286c-
287a
AQUINAS: .. Sum1na Theologica,. PART I,Q 98,
A I, REP 3 516d-517c
oAQUINAS: Surama Theologica, PART I'-II, Q 94,
A 5, REP 3 224d-225d; Q lOS, A 2, ANS and
REP 1-6 309d-316a; PART II-II, Q 32, AA 5.-6
544a-546b
3 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 94d-95a; PART II,
124d-125d; 156b-157a
SHAKESPEARE: King Lear, ACT III, SC IV [26-
.36] 264c; ACT IV, SC I [66-73] 270a-b
CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART II, 391b-d
SPINOZA: Ethics,PART IV, APPENDIX, XVII
448d
PASCAL: Provincial Letters, 91a-94a; 97b-98b
LOCKE: Civil Government, CH V 30b-36a
SWIFT: Gulliver, PART IV, 154b-15Sb
STERNE: Tristram Shandy, 310a-311b
MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK V, 19a-21d
passim; 23a-25a; 29c; BK XXVI, 22lc-222b
ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 353a; 360b-361a; 362d-
363a,c / Political Economy, 375b;.d; 377b-
38Sa,c / Social Contract, BK III, 415b-417c
9SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK I, 27b-37b esp
33c; 52b-62a esp 52b-c; BK IV, 225d-228a;
239c-240a; BK V, 309a-3l1c
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 22b-c; 127a-c;
251d-255d passim; 501b502b
GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 86d-89d
2 KANT: Science of Right, 403a-410d; 411c-
415d; 422b,d-425b; 426b-428a; 431a-432c;
441d-443d; 446a-b
867
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.: AMENDMENTS, V
17b-c; XIV, SECT I 18d
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 35-36112a-117d pas-
sim; NUMBER 73, 218d-219b; NUMBER 79,
233c-d
43 MILL: Liberty, 309a-c; 322c-d / Representative
Govern1nent, 335a-b; 366c-367a / Utilitarian-
ism, 467b; 472d-473a
23d-24a; par 49 24c-25a; par 64 28c-d; par 68
29d-30a; PART III,par 237 76c; par 241
76d-77a; par ADDITIONS, 27
12th; 29 121c; 145 140b; 148-149 140c-141a
/ Philosophy of History, PART II, 275b,..276a;
277b-c; PART 289a-b; PART
IV, 353b-c
48 MELVILLE: Aloby Dick, 292a-297a
50 MARX: Capital, 34d-35c; 61c-62b; 89a- b;
l74d-175c; 218d-219a; 286a-296a esp 288b-d,
292d-295d; 302d-383d esp303b-305a, 308d-
309b, ... b, 325d-326a,. 354a-355d,
369c-371c, 377c-378d, 383d
50 MARX-ENGELS: Comn1unist Manifesto, 425c-
427b; 428d,..429a
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK v, 197b-c; BK x,
414c-416c
54 FREUD: Civilization and Its Discontents,787d-
788b
sh. Fair wages and prices: the just exchange of
goods and services
OLD T'ESTAMENT: Leviticus, '19 :1 1,1.3,35-36; 25 :.3S-
37 / Deuteronomy, 24 :10-15; 25 :13-'16 /
I Kings, 2I-(D) III Kings, -21 / II Kings,
5:20-27-(D) IV Kings"5:20-27 / lvehemiah,
5:I-I2-(D) II Esdras, 5:1-12 / Proverbs,
6:3-31; 11:1; 16:11; 20:tO; 22:22-23; 28:8 /
Jeremiah, 22.:13'-" (D) / Ezekiel,
22 :12-13; 45 :9-I2-(D) Ezechiel, 22 :12-13;
4S:9-12/ Amos, 8:4-6 / Micah,6:9-12-(D)
Micheas, 6:9-12
ApOCRYPHA: Tobit, 4 :I4----{D). aT, Tobias, 4: 15
/ Ecclesiasticus, 26:29; 27:2 ;
OT, Ecclesiasticus, 26 :28; 27:2 ; 34 :24-2 7
NEW TESTAMENT: Matthew, 10:10 / Luke, 10:7
/ I Timothy, 5:18 / II Timothy, 2 :6
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK IV, l58b-c
7 PLATO: Laws, BK VIII, 740d-743a; BK XI,
772d-775d esp 775a
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics,BK V, CH 4 [II32bII ]-CH 5
[II33b29] 380b-381c; BK'VIII, CH9 411d-412c;
CH I3-I4 414d-4l6d passim; BK IX, CH I
416b,d-417c / Politics, BK I, CH 9-10 450d-452d
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK. V, par 22 33b-c
20 AQUINAS: Sumrlla Theologica, PART I-II, Q 95,
A 4, ANS 229b-230c; Q lOS, A 2, ANS and REP
3-6 309d-316a
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, HELL, XI l5a-16b
paSSIm
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, l26a
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 42a-b
THE GREAT IDEA.S CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE
868
(8. Economic justice: justice in production, distri.
bution, and exchange. 8b. Fair wages and
prices: the just exchange of goods and serv-
ices.)
27 SHAKESPEARE: Coriolanus, ACT I, SC I [1-167]
351a-353a
30 BACON: Advancenlent of Learning, 30c-d
36 S\VIFT: Gulliver, PART IV, 154b-155b
38 lvfoNTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK XVIII,
128b; BK xx, 146b-d
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 353b; 365d
39 SMITH: TVealth of Nations, BK I, 13a-16a;
20b-23b esp 20c, 21c; 27b-37b esp33c; 42a-
62a passim, esp 52b-c, 56b-S7a, 61c-d; 106c-
107a; BK IV,
42 KANT: Science of Right, 424b-425a; 446a-b
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.: AMENDMENTS, VII
17d
43 MILL: Liberty, 309a-c; 322c-d / RepresentatIve
Government, 366d-367a / Utilitarianism, 467b;
470c-d; 472d-473a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right,PART III, par 236
76a-c; ADDITIONS, 145 140b /Philosophy of
History, PART IV, 353b-c
50 MARX: Capital, 13a-50a esp 13d-18a, 19d-20b,
24c-25d, 27a-c, 31b-33b, 37c-39c, 42b-44c;
69a-84a,c esp 74c-78a, 79c-84a; 89d-102b
passim, esp 93b-96a, 100a-I01a; 171a-c; 256b-
260c esp 258b-c; 264a-275c; 296c-298a; 305c-
307c; 324a-327b esp 327b; 366a-368a
50 MARX-ENGELS: Communist Manifesto, 423c-d;
425d-427b
51 TOLSTOY: TVar and Peace, BK XIII, 572d-573b
8c. Justice in the organization of production
50 MARX: Capital, 33d-36c esp 34d-35a; 37d-38b
[fn S]; 8Sa-263d esp 111c-1I5c, 160d-164a,
171d-180d, 192d-209a, 215a-217b, 226d-227d,
261c-262a; 279d-286a esp 285c-286a; 311c-
321b; 354a-355d; 377c-378d
50 NfARX-ENGELS: Communist Manifesto, 419d-
425b esp 421a--422c; 426a-427b
8c(1) Economic exploitation: chattel slavery
and wage slavery
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, Clf 6 [II34
b
7-I7]
382b--c; BK VIII, CH II [II6Ia3o_bIO] 413c-d
/ Politics, BK I, CH 3-7 446d-449c; eH I I
[I2S9
aI8
]-CH 13 [1260
b
7] 453c-455a; BK III,
CH 6 [I278b32-37] 476a-b / Athenian Consti-
tution, CH 2 553a-c
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 46c-47a / Marcus Cato,
278d-279c
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q
lOS, A 4, ANS and REP 1-4 318b-321a
32 MILTON: Samson Agonistes [I-51] 339b-340b
36 S\VIFT: Gulliver, PART IV, 154b-155a
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 352a; 353c-355b;
365b-366a
39 SMITH: ofNations,
109d-110d;BK III, 165b-170c'
254a; 287c-d '
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 144b
41 GIBBON: Decline ,filnd Fall, 45b
42 KANT: Science of Right,
446a
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.:
[260-266] 13d; ARTICLE IV,
16b; AMENDMENTS, XIII 18c
43 MILL: Representative Governrllent,
44 BOS\VELL: Johnson, 363c-364a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of History,
336c
50 MARX: Capital 1a-383d
115c, 127c-131a,150a-c,
264a-275c, 282d-286a,
366a-368b, 376c-377a, ,.
50 MARX-ENGELS:
422c-423a; 424b-425a;
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK V,
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers
165b-c
8d. Justice and the use of money:
terest rates
OLD T'ESTAMENT: Exodus,
2S :3S-"37 / Uel'Jteronomv. ......
Nehemiah, 5-(D) II
-(D) Psalms, I4:S /
15 :Io--(D) Jeremias, IS :10 /
esp 18:8, 18:13, 18:17;
18:4-21 esp I8:S, 18:13, 18:17; 22:12
7 PLATO: Republic, BK VIII, 408c-d
BK V, 694c-d; BK XI, 775c-d
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH 2
377c-378a; CH S [II33aS-b29]
BK IX, CH 2 [II64b30-I16SaII]
Politics, BK I, CH 9-10 450d-452d
[I2S8a38-_b8] 452d / Athenian
CH 12, par 4 557d-558a
14 PLUTARCH: Marcus Cato, 287c-d /
409b-d
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK VI, 90a-c
105, A 2, REP 4 309d-316a
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, HELL,
16a-b; XVII [3I-7S] 24a-c
24 RABELAIS: Gargantua and
133b-140b
b
SIIAKESPEARE: Merchant of Venice, ACT I,
sc III 409c-411b
PASCAL: Provincial Letters, 55a-57a
MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK V, 29c; BK
:XII, 92d-93c; BK XXI, 169a-170b; BK XXII,
175d-176a; 184b-187a,c
SMITH: Wealth of iVations, BK I, 37b-41d;
BK II, 140b; 154c-155a
GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 498c
GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 90d-91a
KANT: Science of Right, 424a-425b
BOSWELL: Johnson, 304b-c; 409a-b
.HEGEL: Philosophy ofHistory, PART IV, 353b-c
MARX: Capital, 77c-78b; 252b;293a-d [fn I];
371c-372c
t>litical justice: justice in government
HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 23b-d
TIIUCYDIDES: Peloponnesian War, BK II, 396c-d
PLATO: Crito 213a-219a,c / Republic 295a-
441a,c esp BK III-IV, 340c-343a, BK IV, 348d-
350a / Laws, BK III, 670c-671a; 672c-676c;
BK VI, 699d-700b; BK XII, 795a-797c
ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CHI [II29bI4-I9]
377a; CH 2 [II3obI7-291 378a-b; CH 6
[II.34
a2
4]-CH 7 [II3S
aI
4] 382a-383a / Politics,
BK I, CH 2 [I253a8-I8] 446b-c; [I253a29-39]
446d; BK III, eH 6 475d-476c esp [I279aI7-22]
476c; CH 9 477c-478d; CH 12-13 480c-483a /
Athenian Constitution, ClI 12 557b-558a
AURELIUS: BK I, SECT 14 254b-c
PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 46c-47a
AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK I, CH 21 142d-
143a; BK II, CH 21 161b-162d; BK IV, CH 4
190d; BK XIX, CH 21 524a-525a; CH 24
528b-c
AQUINAS: Sunl1na Theologica, PART Q96,
A4 233a-d; Q 100, A 2, ANS 252h-253a
3<HoBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 86b; 91a-b; PART
II, 132a
1 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV, PROP 37, SCHOL 2
435b-436a
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH IX 53c-54d;
eH XI 55b-58b; CH XIII-XIV 59b-64c; CH XV,
SECT 171 65a-b; CH XVI-XIX 65d-81d passim
$6 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART I, 28a-b
BROUSSEAU: Inequality, 353b-362b passim /
Political Economy 367a-385a,c passim / Social
Contract 387a-439d passim
9 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK V, 309a-311c
2 KANT: Science ofRight, 433c-434d; 435c-437c;
438d-439a
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 10, 50d-51a; NUMBER
SI, 164c-d
43 MILL: Representative Government, 369d-370a
/ Utilitarianism, 464d-476a,c passim
6 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III) par
210-228 69d-75b
47 GOETHE: Faust, PART II [4772'-4811] 118b-
119b
50 MARX-ENGELS: Communist 1vlanifesto, 428d-
429c
869
9a. The natural and the conventional in polit-
ical justice: natural law and the general
will
7 PLATO: Gorgias, 271b-275d / Republic 295a-
441a,c esp BK II-IV 310c-356a / Theaetetus,
528b-c; 531a
9 i\RISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH 7 382c-383a I
Rhetoric, BK I, CH 13 [I373bl-r8] 617c-d;
CH IS [137Sa25-b2S] 619d-620b
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK III, par I3-IS
16c-17b; par 17 17d-18a / City of God, BK II,
CH 21 161b-162d; BK XIX, CH 21 524a-525a;
CH 24 528b-c
20 .A.QUINAS: Sun1ma Theologica, PART I-II, Q 91,
A 3, ANS 209d-210c; Q 9S, AA 2-4 227c-230c
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 86b; 91a-b; PART
II, 131a-c
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 281a-283c
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV, PROP 37, SCHOL 2
435b-436a
33 PASCAL: Pensees, 291-338 225a-233a
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH II, SECT 7-13
26c-28b; CH IX 53c-54d; CH XI 55b-58b
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit ofLaws, BK I, 1c-d; 3b-c
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 333a-d; 362d-363a,c
/ Political Economy, 368d-369b; 370b-d /
Social Contract, BK I, 393b-c; BK II, 396d-
398b; 399h-400c
39 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK V, 397a-c
42 KANT: Science of Right, 430a-431a; 435a-b;
448b-d; 450a-b
43 MILL: Utilitarianism, 465d-466b
46 HEGEL: Philosophy ofRight, PART III, par 210--
228 69d-75b esp par 217 72b-c / Philosophy of
History, PART II, 272a-d
9b. Justice as the moral principle of political
organization: the bond of men in states
5 SOPHOCLES: Antigone [332-372] 134a-b
5 EURIPIDES: Suppliants 261a / Phoe-
nician Maidens [S28-5S8] 382c-d
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK VII, 225d-226b
7 PLATO: Protagoras, 43d-45b / Crito 213a-
219a,c / Republic, BK I, 308b-309b; BK IV,
346a-350a / Statesman, 598b-604b / Laws,
BK XII, 786b-d
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH 6 [II34a24-bIS]
382a-c; BK VIII, CH 1 [I ISs
a
22-28] 406d; CH 9
411d-412c; CH II 413b-d; BK IX, CH 6 420c-
421a esp [II67bS-IS] 420d-421a / Politics,
BK I, CH 2 [I2S.3a8-I8] 446b-c; [I2S3a29-39]
446d; BK III, CH 9 477c-478d esp [I280aS-3IJ
477c-d; CH 12 [I282
b
IS-20] 480c; [I283a
18-20] 481b; CH 13 [I283a.37-40] 481c; BK VII,
CH 14 [I332b27--32] 537c
14 PLUTARCH: NUlna Pompilius, 59d-60b /
Lycurgus-Numa, 61b,d-62c / Dion, 784d-
785a
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK II, CH 21 161b-
162d; BK IV, CH 4 190d; BK XIX, CH 21 524a-
525a; CH 23-24, 528a-c
871
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK v,cII.I [II 29bI9-24]
377a; CH 2 [II3ob30-34] CH 3 378e-
37gb esp [II3Ia24-29] 378d; CH 6TII34bI-7]
382b; CH 9 [II36bIS-II37a4] 384d-385a; BK
VIII, CH 14 [II63bS-I3] 416a-e; BK IX, CH 6
[II67bS-IS] 420d-421a / Politics, BK I, CH 12
[I2S9bS-8] 454a; BK II, CH2 [I26Ia23-b6]
456a-b; CH 7 [I266b36-1267a2] 462t; [1267'1
37-41] 463b; CH 9 [I27obI8-2S] 466d-467a;
CH II .BK III, CH 5
475a-d; CH 6 [I279a8-I7] 476b-e; CH 10-13
478d-483a; CH 16 [I287aIO-23J 485e; BK v,
CH 2 [I302aI6]-CH 3 [I302b20]503b-S04a;
cH8 [I308bIO-I309aIS] 510d-511b; CH 12
[I316b21-24] 519d; BK VI,CH 2 [I317
a
40]...cCH 4
[I3I9a6] 520d-522e; BK VII, CHI3 [I332aI3-
41] 536d-537a/Athenian Constitution, CH 12,
par I 557b-e
14 PLUTARCH; Lycurgus,.45e-46a! Numa Pom-
pilius, SOa / Pompey, 505a-c / Cato the Younger,
636d-637e
15 TACITUS : Annals, BK XI, 10Sd.il07b
23 MACHIAVELLI: Prince, CH XXI, 32d..33a
23 HOBBEs: Leviathan, PART I, 74b-e; PART II,
103e-d; 104b;146d; 147d-148b;156e;158a-b
25 MONTAIGNE : Essays, I81d...183e; 519d-520a
32A1ILTON: Paradise Lost, BK II 121a /
Areopagitica, 383a
33 PASCAL: Pensees, 30s228a
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART I, 15b-16b; 28b-29a;
PART III, 114a
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BKII, 4a-6b;
7e-8e passim; BK III, 11e"'12b; BK V, 23a-25e;
31a-32c; BK XI, 71d-7:2a
38 Rouss EAU: Inequality, 358e; 360a-361a esp
360b,d [fn I] / Social Contract, 13K III, 408d
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall,'17a-b; 240c-244c
esp240c-d, 242a-c; 245d-247a passim; SOle
41 GIBBON: Decllne and Fall, 39d; 73b;317b-
318b
42 KANT: Science of Right, 436d-437e; 444e-
446a
43 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION: IV [17-36] Sh-
e; VI [87-9.3] 6b
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.: ARTICLE I, SECT
2 [11-40] I1b-d; SECT 3 [67-72J12a; [88-9S]
12b; SECT 6 [I4.3-ISI] 12e-d; SECT 9 [289]-
SECT 10 [303] 14a; ARTICLE II, SECT r [327-
382] 14b-d; ARTICLE IV, SECT 2 [SI9-S2I]
16a; AMENDMENTS, Xu 18a-c; XIV, SECT I
18d; XV 19b; XIX 19d; XXIII 20d
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER68, 206b-e; NUMBER 80,
236a- b; NUMBER 84, 252a
43 Liberty, 302d-303a / Representative
Government, 380e-389b passim'/ Utilitarianisln,
466c-467b
44 BOSvVELL: Johnson, 124d-125d; 127b-e; 141a;
197e; 479a-d; 498e-499a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III,par 206
68d-69b; par 291-293 97d-98b / Philosophy
of History, PART I, 222a-224a; PART III, 295d-
296e; PART IV, 356c-357a
CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE
.. .A../---" - -- - Divine Comedy, PARADISE, xVIIIlS2]-
xx [148] 134a-138b passim
MACHIAVELLI: Prince, CH XV-XIX 22b-30a
HOBBES : Leviathan, PART . II, 101a-l02e;
104b.. d; 112d..117b; 147b-c; 154b-158a;coN-
eLUSION, 279d-282e
MONTAIGNE: Essays, 7a-d; 50b-51a; 382b-
383d; 386b-d; 437b-438a
SHAKESPEARE:..RichardlII, ACT V, SC III [237-
270] 146b-e! Richard II, ACT IV, SC I [II4.2IS7]
342e-343a / Henry V,ACT IV, SC I [9S-297]
552e-554e
V:, SHAKESPEARE: Measure for . Measure 174a-
204d esp ACT II, SC II 181d-184a I Coriolanus
351a-392a,c
oBACON: Advancement oj Learning,94b-95b
MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK II [44S-4S6] 121a;
BKV [800-84S] 192h.. 193b
LOCKE: Civil Government, CH VII, SECT 90-94
44d-46e
MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BKII, 6b-7e;
BKIII, IOe-11a; 12b-13e; BK IV, I4d"'15e;
16a.. b; BK v, 18d-19d; 23a-25a;BK VIII,
51a-56a;BK XU, 93d-94a; 94c-96a,c
ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 361e"'362a; 366e-d /
Political Economy, 370d-372b
SMITH: Wealth of Nations,BK IV, 284d
GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 50a;61d-62d; 127d;
284b..e;288b-289a;339d",343e esp 343b-e
1 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 39b-40a;173b-d;
575d-577b passim
KANT: Science of Right, 434a
3 DECLARATION;OF INDEPENDENCE: la..3b pas-
SIm
3 MILL: Representative Government, . ... 334b-e;
366a-370a; 413d-414d
6 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par 215
71c-d; par 293 98b;par 302 101a-e; par 304
102a I Philosophy of History, PART. I, .242d-
II, 271d-272d; PART III, 301c-303e
War and Peace,BKI, ge-lOd;
EPILOGUE II, 680b-684a
9d. The relation of ruler and ruled:
of the prince or statesman
subject or citizen
OLD TESTAMENT: Exodus,
8 :IO-20-(D) I Kings, 8 :10-20
23 :3-(D) II Kings, 23:3 / II '--"NVI/-lCLft ..
12- (D) II Paralipomenon, I
16:12; 17:7; 20:28; 24:21;
Ecclesiastes, I 0:20 / Isaiah,
3: 14
NEvV TESTAMENT: l\1atthew,
23:S / Romans, 13 :r-7 / Titus, :1
5 AESCHYLUS: Suppliant Maidens
6a
5 SOPHOCLES: Antigone [162-210]
76S] 136e-137d
5 EURIPIDES: Suppliants [342-3S8]
Helen [1627-:-1641] 313e-d
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK II,
107e-d; 120b-e; BK VII, 223e-d;
7 PLATO: RepubHc, BK I,
346a-350a / Laws, BK I,
670c-671a; 672e-676e; BK IV, U'LlJl iLI-U'".l'"
VIII, 733d-734a / Seventh Letter,
814b-e
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH I
CH 6 [II34a2S-bI7] 382a-e; CH II
386b-e; [II38bS-I3] 387a,e; BK
413b-d / Politics, BK I, CH 12-13
BK III, CH 4 [I277bI6-20] 474d; CH
476e esp [I278b30-1279a22]
478d-479a; CH 13 481b-483a; BK
[I332bI3-I333aI6] 537b-538a I
12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK III,
184a
12 AURELIUS: Meditations, BK VI,
277a
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK VI [847-853]
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 48a I NU1na
59d-60b / Lycurgus-Numa,
tIdes 262b,d-276a,e esp 263d-266b,
/ Agesilaus, 490d-491b; 494a-e I
POlnpey, 539a / Alexander, 566a-b /
604b,d-605d / Cato the
esp 636d-637c / Demetrius, I .... ., .....
784d-785a; 798b-d
15 TACITUS: Histories, BK IV, 290a-d
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK XIV,
397a-d; BK XIX, CH IS-I6
524a-52Sa
19 AQUINAS: Summa
510a-513e
105, AA 1-3 307d-318b
THE GREAT' IDE1\S
42 KANT: Science of Right, 450a-d
43 MILL: Representatt've Government,
350b-355b
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of
272d
50 MARX-ENGELS: Communist J.VllUUieSl\(}
42ge
(9. Politicl11justice:justice in government. 9b.]us-
tice as the moralprincipleojpolitical organ-
ization: the bond oj rrten in states.)
20 JA.QUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q
100, A2, ANS 252b-253a; Q lOS, A2, ANS 309d-
316a
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, PARADISE, XVIII [S2]-
XX [148] 134a-138b
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 91a-92b
27 SHAKESPEARE: Troilus and Cressida, ACT I,
SC III [98-124] 109a-b
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV, APPENDIX, XV-XVI
448e-d
35 LOCKE: Toleration, 3a / Civil Governrnent,
CH II, SECT 13 28a-b; CH VII, SECT 90-94
44d-46e; CH XI,SECT 135-139 55d-58a;cH
XIX, SECT 219 75b-c / Human Understanding,
BK I, CH II, SECT 2 104a-b
38 ROUSSEAU: Political Econon1Y, 369a-b /
Social Contract, BK II, 396d-398b
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER SI, 164c-d
43 MILL: Liberty, 302d-303a / Representative
Government, 422b / Utilitarianism, 460a-461e;
464d-476a,e passim, esp 470a-471b, 473d-
474b
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, ADDITIONS, 141
139c; ISS 142a-b; 160 142d-143a / Philosophy
of History, PART II, 272a-d;. PART IV, 321a;
334b-e
54 FREUD: Group Psychology, 685e-686c /Civili-
zation and Its Discontents, 780b-781a
870
9c. '"The criteria of justice in various forms>of
government and diverse constitutions
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK II, 107e-108e
6 THUCYDIDES: Peloponnesian War, BK III,
396e-d
7 PLATO: Republic, BKVIII 401d-416a / States-
man, 598b-604b / Laws, BK III, 670e-671a;
672e-676e; BK IV, 681d-682e
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH 3 [II3Ia24-29]
378d; CH 7 [II34b36-113Sb4] 382d-383e; BK
VIII, CH II 413b-d/ Politics,BK III, CH 6475d-
476e esp [1279aI7--,22] 476e; CH 9--,13 477e-
483a; CH IS-I7 484b-487a; BK IV, CH I
[I289aI3-20] 488a; BK V, CH I [130Ia2S-39]
502b-e; CH 9 [13IOa2S-36] 512c; BK VI, CH 2
520d-521b esp [I317a40_bI6] 520d, [I318a4-IO]
521b; CH 3 521e-522a; BK VII, CH 14 537b-
538d esp [I333bS-I3.34aIO] 538b-d
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 46e
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 9S,
A4, ANS 229b-230e; Q100, A2, ANS 252b-253a;
Q lOS, A I 307d-309d
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK III, 12b-
13e; BK VI, 33a-35a
38 ROUSSEAU: Political Economy, 369a-d / Social
Contract, BK II, 405a-406a
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 616d-617d passim
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 94e-95c; 403b;
575d-577b
THE GREAT IDEAS CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE 872
(9. Politicaljustice:justice in government. ge. The
just distribution of honors, ranks, offices,
suffrage.)
47 GOETHE: Faust, PART II [10,849-976] 264a-
267a
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK III, 131e-135e;
BK V, 205a-b; 228e-229a; 232a-234a; BK VI,
241e-242b
91. Justice between states: the problem of right
and might in the making of war and
peace
OLD TESTAMENT: Deuteronomy, 20 esp 20:10-14
5 SOPHOCLES: Oedipus at Colonus [897-959]
122d-123b
5 EURIPIDES: Suppliants 258a-269a,c
5 ARISTOPHANES: Peace [601-692] 532d-534a
6 l-IERODOTUS: flistory, BK I, 1a-2b; .BK III,
93e-d; BK IV, 144e-d; BK VI, 2_02c-203e;
212a-c; BK VII, 218a-b; 237d-239a;
BK VIII, 287a-c; BK IX, 289a-e
6 THUCYDIDES: Peloponnesian JtVar, BK I 349a-
386d esp 358b..360c, 368b-d, 378a-380a,
384b-386d; BK II, 402e-d; 404d-405b; BK III,
418d-420e; 424d-428d; 429b-434e; BK IV,
461b-463a; 469d-470b; BK V, 504e-508a,e;
BK VI, 511e-516b; 529b-533a esp 531b-e; BK
VII, 542b-e; 556d-557a
7 PLATO: Gorgias, 274a / Republic, BK I, 308b-
309b; BK v, 367b-368e / Laws, BK I, 640a-
643b
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK X, CH 7[I 177b8-1I] 432b
/ Politics, BK I, CH 8 .[1256b20-26] 450e; BK
III, CH 9 [I280a34-bI2] 478a-b; BK VII, CH 2
[I324b2-1325a13] 528e-529a; CH 14 [1333aI8-
1334all] 538a-d
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK VI [847-853] 233b-234a;
BK XI [243-444] 334b-340a; BK XII [175-213]
358b-359b
14 PLUTARCH: Romulus, 26b-27a / Numa Pom-
pilius, 55c-56a / Themistocles, 96e-d / Camillus,
106b-107a; 108b-109a / Marcellus, 254e-255d
/ Aristides, 273b-275a / Pyrrhus, 319b-d /
Lysander, 357a-b / Cimon, 398a-d / Nicias,
426a / Crassus-Nicias, 456d-457e / Sertorius,
468b-469a / Agesilaus, 484a-b; 491a-b; 497e-
498a / Pompey, 503a-d; 518a-b / Alexander,
549d-550c; 569a-b / Cato the Younger, 639d-
640a / Demetrius, 727d-728b
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK I, 15b; BK XI, 106b-d /
Histories, BK IV, 272b-e; 290a-d
18 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK I, CH 1-7 129d-
133a; CH 21 142d-143a; BK IV, CH 14-15
196b-197a; BK XIX, CH 7 515a-e
20 AQUINAS: SU1nma Theologica, PART I-II, Q
105, A3 316a-318b; PART II-II, Q 10, A8432b-
433b; Q 29, A I 530b-531a; Q 40 577d-
581d
22 CHAUCER: Tale of Melibeus, par 12-13 404a-
405a; par 3-38 413b-418a; par 53-60 425b-
427b
23 MACHIAVELLI:
XXVI, 36b-37a
23 I-IOBBES: Leviathan, PART I,
15ge; CONCLUSION, 279d-282c
24 RABELAIS: GargaJ1tua and rU}'llal'!ruf!1
36a-38a; 54a-55a; 58a-59d; BK
133b
25 NfoNTAIGNE: Essays,11b-13e;
b; 387e--388e; 440b-442d
26 SHAKESPEARE: Richard III,
[237-27] 146b-c / King john,
[561-598] 385e-386a; ACT III,
388d-389d / 2nd Henry IV, ACT
489d; sc II [52-123] 490b-491b
ACT I, SC II [1-23.3] 534a-536b;
[1-68] 558d-559b
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART
30 BACON: Not'um Organum, BK I,
135d
32 MILTON: Paradise Lost, BK XI 1\,..co---;rTAI
314b
33 PASCAL: Pensees, 291-294 225a-226b;
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH IX,
CH XI, SECT 139 57c-58a; CH XV,
65b-c; ClI XVI 65d-70e
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART I,
75a-b; 76b-78b; PART IV, 1.,."'71.1- ..... 11;1
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws,
BK X, 61b,d-64a; BK XV,
BK XXVI, 223e-224a; BK
266a
38 ROUSSEAU: Political Econ01ny,
Contract, BK I, 389d-390d; BK II,
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 4a-b;
402b-404b; 504d-507e; 509b-c;
543b-c; 549d-550b
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall,
17d-18e; 27b esp 604e [n
374d; 383e-384b; 445a;
42 KANT: Science of Right,
esp 454a-b, 454d-455b, '1'.l,'i1I-"1- .... C1'i-I.(:
ment, 504a-b; 586e-d
43 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE:
stm
43 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION:
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.:
8 [220--225] 13b; SECT 10
ARTICLE III, SECT 2 [469-492] '.IO... -L.l. r",vI'
MENTS, XI 18a
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 3--7 33b-44e
NUMBER II, 54e; NUMBER 43,
BER 80, 235b-236e; NUMBER 83,
43 MILL: Representative GoverntJ1ent,
passim
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART
107d-108a; par 330--.340 10Bd-110e
109b-e, par 336 109d, par 338
112a-b; ADDITIONS, 193-194
losophy of History, PART III, 299a-e;
357c-35Bb
50 MARX-ENGELS: Communist iV1tlnt;reSlO,
War and Peace, BK IX, 346a-355e;
x,442e-443b; BK XII, 547a-551e;BK XIV,
FREUD: fVarand Death, 755a-757desp 757b-e;
761a-e
'The tenlpering of political justice by clem-
ency: amnesty, asylum, and pardon
LD TESTAMENT: Numbers, 35:6,11-15,28-33 /
Deuteronomy, 4 :41-43; 19:1- 13 / joshua, 21-
(D) josue, 21
ARISTOPHANES: Frogs [686-705] 572a-b
,HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 20b-d; 36b-e;
BK II, 71b-72a; BK VI, 212a'-e; BK VII, 251a-b
THUCYDIDES : Peloponnesian War, BK III, 424d-
429a; 433d-434a; BK IV, 451d
2 EPICTETUS : Discourses, BK IV, CH 5 228a-
230b
Aeneid, BK XI [100-III] 330b-331a
4 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus, 37b-e / Solon, 68a /
Aristides, 275e / Agesilaus, 494a-e / Pompey,
503a-d /Caesar, 599a-b / Dion, 798b-d
5TACITUS: Annals, BK II, 39b-e; BK III, 59d;
BK XII, 113d-114a; BK XIV, 151d-152e / His-
tories, BK I, 208b-e
8 AUGUSTINE: City of God, BK I, CH 1-7 129d-
133a; BK IX, CH. 5 288b-289a
1DANTE: Divine Comedy, PURGATORY, X [70-
93] 68a-b; xv [85---114] 76b-c
CHAUCER: Tale of Melibeus, par 77-78, 431a-
432a / Parson's Tale, par 68
HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 94a
5 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 3a-5a; 51a-53e
6 SHAKESPEARE: Merchant of Venice, ACT IV,
SC I [182-205] 427e-d / 1st Henry IV, ACT V,
SC V 466a-d / Henry V, ACT II, SC II [39-83]
53ge-540a
SHAKESPEARE: Measure for Measure, ACT II,
SC II [25-162] 182b-183d / Cymbeline, ACT V,
SC V [286-422] 486e-488d
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART I, 71b-d;
10Be-109b; 177a-b; PART II, 332d,.333b
oBACON: New Atlantis, 205a
5 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH XIV, SECT 159
62b-e
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK VI, 36a-b;
43e-d; BK XXV, 209b-d; BK XXIX, 264b-e
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 176a; 302d; 449d-
451a
42 KANT: Science of Right, 44ge
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.: ARTICLE II,
SECT 2 [417-420] 15a
;43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 69, 208c-d; NUMBER
74, 221d-222d
44 BOSWELL: johnson, 335e; 344a-b
HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par
282 95d-96a; ADDITIONS, 74 127d-128a; 173
146d
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK v, 230b-232a;
BK XII, 548d-549b
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothers Karamazov, BK XII,
398a-d
873
10. Justice and law
4 HOMER: Iliad, BK XVIII [497-508] 135b
7 P.LATO: Gorgias, 261b-d / Republic, BK II,
311b-e / Laws, BK IV, 681b-683d; BK IX 743a-
757d
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH I [II29bI2-24]
377a; CH 6 [II.34a25-b8] 382a-b; CH 7 382c-
383a / Politics, BK III, .CH 16 [I287aIO_b25]
485e-486b / Rhetoric, BK I, CH I [I354
aI6
-
1355
a
3] 593b-594a
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK I [507-508] 117a; BK VI
[847-853] 233b-234a
14 PLUTARCH: Lycurgus-Numa 61b,d-64a,e /
Solon, 66a-b
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK III, par 13-17
16c-18a / City of God, BK II, CH 21 161b
162d; BK XIX, CH 21 524a-525a; CH 24 528b
e / Christian Doctrine, BK IV, CH 18 686d-
687d
19 AQUINAS: Sumnla Theologica, PART I, Q 21,
A 2 125c-d
A 5,ANS 211c-212e; Q94, A4 223d-224d; Q95,
AAI-3 226b-229b esp A I, REP 2--3 226e-227e;
Q 100, A 2, ANS 252b-253a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 86b; PART II,
131a-c; 157b
33 PASCAL: Pensees, 291-338 225a-233a
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH IX 53e-54d; CH
XVIII 71a73e passim
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK I, le-d;
BK XXVI 214b,d-225a,e passilTI
38 ROUSSEAU: Political Economy, 370b-371e /
Social Contract, BK II, 399b-400c
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 96a-d
42 KANT: Intro. Metaphysic of Morals, 392a /
Science of Right, 400b-d; 432e,.433a
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 10, SOd-51b
43 MILL: Utilitarianism, 465e-466b; 467e-468a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par
212-213 70d-71a; par 2I5 71e-d
51 TOLSTOY: lVar and Peace, BK XII, 553a
lOa. The measure of justice in laws made
by the state: natural and constitutional
standards
5 EURIPIDES: Bacchantes [878-911] 347b-e
6 THUCYDIDES: Peloponnesian War, BK II"
396e-d
7 PLATO: ProtagoraJ, 52b / G01gias, 271b-274c
/ Republic, BK II, 316a-319b esp 318a; BK
IV, 349a-350a / s.tatesman, 598b-604b /
Laws, BK IV, 680e-683b; BK IX, 747c; BK X,
760e
8 ARISTOTLE: Sophistical Refutations, CH 12
[17.3a7-19] 238b-e
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK V, CH I [II29bI2-24J
377a; CH 7 382e-383a; CII 9 [II3
6b
32-35J
385a; CH II [II38a4--I3] / Politics, BK I,
CH 6 [I25Sa.3-b4] 448c-449a; BK III, CH II
[I282
b
I--I 4] 480b-c; CH 16 [I287a28-bS] 485d-
THE GREAT IDEAS CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE 874
(10. fllstice and law. lOa. The measure of jttstice
in laws made by the state: natural t11zd con-
stitutional standards.)
486a; BKIV, CHI [I289aI3-20J 488a/Rhetoric,
BK I, CH 10 [I368b7-IO] 611d; CH 13 [I373bI-
I7J 617c-d; CH IS [I37Sa2S-b2SJ 619d-620b;
[I376a33-b3IJ 621a-c
12 AURELIUS: Meditations, BK IV, SECT 4264a
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK III, par Is17a-b;
par 17 17d-18a / City of God, BK II, CH 21
161b-162d; BK XIX, CH 21 524a-525a;cH 24
528b-c /Christian Doctrine, BK IV, CHI8 686d-
687d
20 AQUINAS: Sumnla Theologica, PART I-II, Q 91,
A 3 209d-210c; Q 93, A 3 217b-2l8a; Q 94, A 4
223d-224d; Q 9S, A 2 227c-228c; Q 96," A 4,
ANS 233a-d
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 91a-b; PART II,
113d; 116a-b; 131a;.c; 132a-b; 134b-135b;
156b-c; 157b
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 47c-48a; 281a-283c;
384b-c; 519a-520b
30 BACON: Advancement of'
32 ,MILTON:' Samson Agonistes '[888-902]"359a
33 PASCAL: Pensees, 291-338 22Sa-233a; 878-879
345a-b .
35 LOCKE: Toleration, Ilb.. 12c / Civil Govern-
ment, CH II, SECT 12 27d-28a;CH IX 53c-54d;
CH XI 55b-58b; CH XVIII 71a-73c passilu;
CH XIX, SECT 221-222 75d-76c; SECT 240-242
81b-d
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK I, 1c-d;
3e-d; BK VI, 39b; BK VIII, 54b; BK XII, 85e-
86d; BKXIX, 136a; 138a-e; BK XXVI 214b,d-
225a,c passim, esp 214b,d; BK XXIX, 262a;
265d
38 ROUSSEAU: Political Economy, 369c-d; 370b-d
/ Social Contract, BK II, 397b-e; 399b-400e;
405a-406a; BK IV, 426b-d
39 SMITH: TVealth of Nations, BK I, 6lh; BK II,
140b; BK IV, 228a; 232b; 284d; BK V,
397a-c .
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 525d-526c; 617a-d
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 76d-77b; 89d-94b
passim; 403b
42 KANT: Pure Reason, 114h-d / Science ofRight,
429a-e; 434a; 435a-436a; 450d-452a
43 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: la-3b
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.: PREAMBLE 11a,e;
ARTICLE I, SECT 8-10 13a-14b; ARTICLE VI
[583-S90] 16d; AMENDMENTS, I-X 17a-18a
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 33, 108b-c; NUMBER 44,
145e-147a; NUMBER 78, 230d-232d; NUMBER
81, 237d238b
43 MILL: Liberty, 302d-323a,c passim / Utilitar-
ianism, 465d-466b; 467c-d
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 203d-204a; 205b; 363e-
364a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy of Right, PART III, par
212-213 70d-71a; ADDITIONS, 134 138b-c /
Philosophy of History, PART IV, 364b
10
lob. The legality of unjust laws: the e
obedience required ;bf the just
the unjust society
5 SOPHOCLES: .Antigone 131a-142d esp
131c-132a, 134d-135b,["
136e-137d, [891-943J 138d-139a
5 'Phoenician Maidens [
162
5-
392b-d
7 PLATO: Apology 200a-212a,c / Crito
219a,c / Republic, BK VI, 379d-380bz
BK VI, 706b-c /, Seventh Letter, 800c-d
9 ARISTOTLE: Politics, BK III, CH I I [I
14] 480b-e; CH 13 [I284
a
3-37] 482a-c j+
oric, BK I, CH 13 [I373
bI
- I2J 617c-d;
[I375
a2
S-
b2
S] 619d-620b; [I.37
6b
5-28]62
15 TACITUS: Annals, BK xv, 172c-173c;B
180d-184a,c
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK III, par 17
18a / City of God, BK XIX,' CH 17 522b-
20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II,
A I, REP 4 213e-214e; Q 93, A 3, REP 2
218a; Q 94, A 6, REP 3225d-226b; Q9,
227e-228c; A 4 229b-230c; Q 96, A 4, ANS
REP 2-3 233a-d; Q97, A 2236d-237b; p
II-II, Q 42, A 2, REP 3 584b-d
23' HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 102b-c; 104-
112b-d; 113d-114b; 115a-116a; 1340..1
157b; PART III, 238b-c
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 7a-d; 47a-51a;31
381a-388c esp 383c-d, 384d-385a, 3
463a-465e; 480b-482b; 504c-506a; 519a
32 MILTON: Samson Agonistes [888-902]35
33 PASCAL: Provincial Letters, 114b / Pensee
231a
35 LOCKE: Toleration, 16d-17b / Civil 60
1nent, CH XIII, SECT ISS 60d-61a; CH
SECT 168 64b-c; CH XVI-XIX 65d-81d
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 366b-d /Fo
Economy, 369c-d / Social Contract,B
388d-389a; BK IV, 426b-d
39 SMITH: Wealth of Nations, BK V, 397a-c
42 KANT: Science o/Right, 439a-441d; 451d-
43 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: la.. 3b
Slm
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 16, 68b-c; NUMBER
97c-d; NUMBER 33, 10Bb-l0ga; NUMBER
230d-232d
43 MILL: Utilitarianism, 465d-466b
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK VI, 244d-2
EPILOGUE I, 668a-66ge; 670d-671a
IOe. The justice of punishment for unjust a
the distinction between retribution
vengeance
OLD TESTAMENT: Genesis, 9:6/ Exodus, 21:1
esp 21:23-25 / Leviticus, 24 :16-21 / Deut
omy, 19:11-13,21
NEvV TESTAMENT: Romans, 1.3 :2-4
5 AESCHYLUS: Choephoroe 70a-80d esp [3
314] 73a-b, [4-44] 74a / EU1nenides 81
91d esp [490-S65] 86b-87a
eto lOd
5 SOPHOCLES: Electra 156a-169a,c
5 EURIPIDES': Medea esp [764-819]
218d-219b / ,Electra 327a-339a,c' esp [907-
1100] 335b-337a / Orestes [470-629] 398m-400b
6 HERODOTUS:History,BK III, 99c-l00a; BK VII,
237d-239a; BK VIII, 278c-279a;BK IX, 306c-
307a
6 THUCYDIDES: Peloponnesian War, BKIII, 424d-
429a; 429c-434c; BK
7 PLATO: Protagoras, 45b-d/ Eutlzyphro, 194c-d
/ Republic, BK IX, 426d / Laws, BK IX, ,743a-d;
746a-748d; BK X,
-9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK III, CH S [III3
b2I
-
III4a2] 359d-360a; BK V, CH 4 379b-380b esp
[II32a3-30] 379c-380a; CH 5
380b-c; CH II [II38a7-IO] 386b; [II38a20-:'23]
386e; BK X, CH 9 [II80
a
S-I3]434d / Rhetoric,
BK I, Cll 10 [I369bI2-I41612d
14 PLUTARCH: Theseus, 4a-b / Solon,70d; 71b
18 AUGUSTINE: City ofGod,BK XU,CH 3,344b;
BK XIV, CH., IS 388d-39Ua; BK, XIX, CH 13
519a-520a; Cll IS 521a-c; BK XXI, CH 11-12
570b-571c
19 AQUINAS: Summa, Theologica, PART 1, Q 19, A
9, ANS 116d-117d; Q 21, A 4, REP 3 126e-127c;
Q 49, A 2, ANS 266a-c
20 AQUINAS: Summa Q 87
185c-192d;Q 9S, A I 226c-227c; Q lOS, A 2,
ANS and REP 9-12309d-316a; Q 108, A 3, REP
2 334a-336b; PART II-II, Q 2S, A6, REP 2
504d-50Sd;PART III SUPPL,Q 89,1\6, ANS
and REP I 1009d-lOlOc; A71010d-1011b; A 8,
ANS 1011b-1012a; Q 99 l078b-1085a,c
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, PURGATORY, XIX [70-
I4S] 82b-83a
22 CHAUCER: Tale ofMelibeus 401a-432a esp par
5S, 426b, par 63-6S 428a-b
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 94a; PART II,
145a-d; 147b-c;
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 23b-24a
26 SHAKESPEARE: Titus Andronicus, ACT IV, SC
III-IV 189d-192b / Merchant of Venice, ACT IV,
SC I, 425c-430b / 2nd Henry IV, ACT V, SC II
[73-I4S] 498d-499b / Henry V, ACT II, SC II
539a-541a
27 SHAKESPEARE: Measure for Measure 174a-
204d
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART I, 68b-73a
31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV, PROP SI, SCHOL
439d; PROP SCHOL 444a
35 LOCKE: Civif Governrnent, CH II, SECT 7-12
26e-28a
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART I, 28a-b
37 FIELDING: Tom fones, 27b-30a; 399c-d
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit of Laws, BK VI, 37d-
43c; BK XII, 85c-86d; BK, XIX, 138c
38 ROUSSEAU: Inequality, 351b-d; 360b,d [fn I]
/ Political Economy, 371a-e / Social Contract,
BK II, 398b-399a; 406c
40 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 175d-176a; 617b-d
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 91a-93c passim
875
42 KANT: / lntr().
1vletaphysic of Morals, 391d-394a,c / Science
of Right, 400b-d; 446a-449c esp 446b-447c,
448b-d;
43 CONSTITUTION OF THE U.S.: ARTICLE III,
SECT 2 [493]-SECT 3 ,[SII] 15d-16a; ARTICLE
IV, SECT 2 [522'-S28] 16a-b; AMENDMENTS, v-
'VI 17b-d; VIII 17d; XIII 18c
43 MILL: Liberty, 272b-d;302d-3l2apassim, esp
304c-305b; 312a-323a,c passim! Utilitaranism,
467d-468e; 469c-470d; 471d..472d; 474b-d
36c-37a; par 99-100 37b-38a; par 103 3gb;
PART III, par 218 72c-d; par 220 73a-b; par
319, 106a; ADDITIONS, 6o 125d;62-6s126a-c;
74 127d-128a; 138 139a.. b; 173 146d /Philoso-
phy of History, PART I, 214d-216a
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brothersl<'aramazov, BK II, 30b-
32a; BK V, 123c-124a; BKXII, 398b-d
lOde The correction of legal justice: equity in
the application of human law
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 32b-c; BKVI, 211d-
212a
7 PLATO: Laws, BK IX, 754a-d; BK XI, 777d-
778b; BK XII, 78Sc-786a
8 ARISTOTLE: Topics, BKVI, CH3 [I4IaIS':"'I8] 194b
9 ARISTOTLE: Ethcs, BK V, CH 10 385c-386b /
Politics, BK III, CH IS [I286
a
IO-37] 484b-d; CH
16 [I287a23-28] 485d; [I287bI5-2S] 486a-b /
Rhetoric, BK I, CH 13 [I374aI7-b24J 618e-619a;
CH IS [I 37Sa2S-bzsl 619d-620b; [I376bI9-2I]
621b-c
14 PLUTARCH: Fabius, 150c-151a / Agesilaus,
494a-e / Agesilaus-Pompey, 539a
A 6 235a-d; Q' 97, A 4 238b-239b; QIOO, A 8,
ANS and REP I 259d-261a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 94d; PART II,
132d; 134b-135d; 136b; 142a-144d; 156b-c
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 50b-51a; 519a--c
26 SHAKESPEARE: Merchant of Venice, ACT IV,
SC I 425c-430b
27 SHAKESPEARE: Timon of Athens, ACT III, SC
V 406d-408a
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART I, 68b-73a;
PART II, 333a-b; 340d-343a;353b-356d;361a-d
30 BACON: Advancement of Learning, 94d-95a
35 LOCKE: Civil Government, CH XIV 62b.:64c
36 SWIFT: Gulliver, PART IV, 152b-154a
37 FIELDING: T01n Be-IDe; 12b-c
38 MONTESQUIEU: Spirit ofLaws; BK VI, 35d-36a;
3gb; 40a-b; 42a-c; BK XII, 85c-86d
38 ROUSSEAU: Social Contract, BK II, 397a-d
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall, 73d-74b;77d-78a;
91b-c
42 I(ANT: Scence of Right, 399c-400a
43 FEDERALIST: NUMBER 78, 232c-d; NUMBER 80,
237a-b; NUMBER 83, 248d-249a
46 HEGEL: Philosophy ofRight, PART III, par 223-
22973c-75b
11a. The divine governtnent of man: the justice
and mercy of God or the gods
OLD TESTAMENT: Genesis, 3; 6:5-8 :22 esp 8:20-
22; 18 :20-19:29 / Exodus, 20 / Leviticus, 26
/ Numbers, 13-14 esp 14:11-20; 25 / Deuter-
onotny, 32/ II Samuel, 24-(D) II Kings, 24/
II Chronicles, 6; 12-(D) II Paralipomenon,
6; 12 / Nehemiah, 9:5-38-(D) II Esdras,
9:5-38 / Job / Psalms, 5-7; 28; 37; 59-60;
73; 76; 81; 83; 89: 14; 146---(D) Psalms,
5-7; 27; 36; 58-59; 72; 75; 80; 82; 88:15;
145 / Proverbs, 14:32 / Ecclesiastes, 12:14 /
Isaiah, I; 30-31; 42 esp 42:1-7; 45:
21
-
2
5;
59-(D) Isaias, I; 3-31; 42 esp 4
2
:
1
-7;
45:21-26; 59 / Jeremiah, 15; 24; 29-3
1
; 34
-(D) Jeremias, 15; 24; 29-31; 34 /
tations / Ezekiel, II; 14; 18; 3.3-34-(D)
Ezechiel, II ;14; 18; 33"'-34 /Daniel, 4:4-37
- (D) Daniel, 4 / Joel, 3 /Amos / Obadiah
-(D) Abdias / Jonah-(D) Jonas / Micah,
1-3-(D) Micheas, 1-3 / Nahum / Malachi,
3-4-(D) Malachias, 3-4
ApOCRYPHA: Tobit, 3-(D) aT, Tobias, 3 I
Wisdom of Solomon, 1....6 passin1; 12-(D)
aT, Book of Wisdom, 1-6 passim; 12 /
clesiasticus, 16; 35-(D) aT, Ecclesiasticus,
16; 35 / II Maccabees, 6:12-17-(D) aT,
II Machabees, 6:12-17
NEW TESTAMENT: Matthew, 5:22,29-3; II :20-
24; 12:36-37; 13:24-30,]6-43; 18:7-9,11-14;
19:16-20:16; 23 / Mark, 9:43-48;
16:16-(D) Mark, 9:42-47; 10:17-31; 16:16 /
Luke, 1:46-55; 6:36-38; 7:36-5; 10:25-
28
;
14:7--14; 15; 16 :19-26 ; 18 :1-8; 23 :34,]9-43 /
John, 5:30; 8:1-11 / Romans, 1:16-2:16; 6:28
/ Galatians, 6:7-8 / Ephesians, 2 / II
nians, 2:IO-12-(D) II Thessalonians, 2:10-11
/ II Timothy, 4:8.-9-(D) II Timothy, 4:
8
/
llebrews, 10:26-31 I I Peter, 3:18 / II Peter, 2
/ I John, 1:9 / Jude / Revelation passim, esp
17-20- (D) Apocalypse passim, esp 17-20
4 HOMER: Iliad, BK XXIV [513-551] 176d-177a
/ Odyssey, BK I [11-95] 183a-184a
5 AESCHYLUS: Suppliant Maidens [1-175] la-3a
/ Prometheus Bound 40a-51d / Agamemnon
[636-781] 58d-60b; [1560-1566] 68c I
ephoroe [772-780] 77c / EU1J1enides 81a-9Id
5 SOPHOCLES: Antigone [279-289] 133c / Ajax
143a-155a,c esp [430-459] 146d-147a, [74
8
-
783] 149c-d / Electra [173-179] 157c /
chiniae [1264-1278] 181e / Philoctetes [446-45
2
]
186a
5 EURIPIDES: Suppliants [598-617] 263c-d /
Helen [191-35] 300a-d; [711-721] 304d-305a
/ Hecuba [1023....133] 361c-d / Heracles Mad
[772--816] 371c-d
5 ARISTOPHANES: Plutus [86-92] 630a
6 HERODOTUS: History, BK I, 20b-22a; BK II,
77a-b; BK IV, 159d; BK VI, 199c-d; 201d-202c;
876 THE GREAT IDEAS 11 1
11. Divine justice: the relation of God or the 203a-b; 212c-213a; BK VII, 237d-239a; BIt
gods to man VIII, 278d-279a; 283d; BK IX, 308a-c ,
6 THUCYDIDEs:PeloponnesianWar, BK v,S06b-c.
BK VII, 560a-b '
7 PLATO: Republic, BK"t X, 437c-44Ia,c I Theaete_
tus, 530b-531a / Laws, BK IV, 682d-683b.
BK IX, 757a; BK X 757d-771b / Seventh Letter'
806a '
13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK I [8-33] I03a-I04a; [22.3-
296] I09a-Illa; BK XII [791- 843] 375a-376b
14 PLUTARCH: Romulus, 26b-27a / Camillus
I08b-c I Aristides, 265c-d / Phocion, 60Sb-d
/ Cato the Younger, 639d-640a / Dion, 784d-
785a
IS TACITUS: Histories, BK IV, 284b-c
17 PLOTINUS: Third Ennead, TR II, CH 13 88d-89b
18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK I, par 4 2a; BK II
par 15 12b-c; BK III, par 13-15 16c-17b; par 1
17d-18a; BK V, par 1-2 27a-c; BK VII, par
44c-d; BK IX, par 34-36 / City ofG
BK I, CH 21 142d-143a; BK V, CH 9-11 2130-
216d; CH 15-16 220d-221b; CH 21 226a-c; BK
XI, CH 23 334c-335c; BK XII, CH 3 343d-344
BK XIII, CH 1-8 360a-363c; CH 12-16 36Scl-
367d; CH 21 371a-c; BK XIV, CH I 376b,d-
377a; CH 15 388d-390a; BK XV, CH24-25
418d-419b; BK XVI, CH 4 425b-426a; BK XIX,
CH 11-17 516d-523a; CH 21 524a-525a;BK XX,
CH I 530a-531a; BK XXI, CH 11-12 570b-S71
/ Christian Doctrine, BK I, CH 15 628b-c; CH.3
633c-d; BK II, CH 23 648a-c
19 AQUINAS: SU1nma Theologica, PART I; Q 19
A 6, ANS and REP I 113c-114d; A 9, ANS 116d
117d; Q 21 124b-12-7c; Q 22, A-2, REP 4 128d-
130d; Q 65, A 2, REP 3 340b-341b; Q 96, A 3,
REP 3 512a-c; Q 103, A 5, REP 2-3 531b-S32b;
A8, REP I 533d-534b; Q 105, A6, REP2543b-
544a; PART I-II, Q 5, A 7 642a-d; Q 21, A
719d-720a,c; Q 39, A 2, REP 3 790d-791b;
47, A I, REP I 819c-820b
20 AQUINAS: Stt1nma Theologica, PART I-II, Q 72
A 5 115a-116b; Q 73, A 9, REP 3 126d-128a;
10, REP 2 128a-d; Q 79, AA 3-4 158a-159c;
81, A2, REP I 164d-165c; Q 87185c-192d; Q 9
AA 4-6 210c-213c; Q 94, A5, REP 2 224d-225
QQ 98- 108 239b-337d; PART II-II,Q 19, A
REP 2 465a-d; Q 24, A 12 499c-500d; PART 1
SUPPL, QQ 97-99 I066a-l085a,c
21 DANTE: Divine Comedy esp HELL, II [1]-1
[18] 2c-4b, XI 15a-16b, PURGATORY, III [103
145] 57a-c, VI [25-48] 6Ia-b, XVI [5
2
-
8
77b-c, XVIII [40--75] 80b-c, XIX [115--126] 82
XXX-XXXI 99b-l02b, PARADISE, III [I]-V [8
109b-113a, VII [19-120] 115b-116b, XVIII [5
xx [148] 134a-138b, XXXII [37-84] 155a-c
22 CHAUCER: Tale of Melibeus, par 77-78, 431
432a / Parson's Tale 495a-550a esp par 1
498b-502a, par S6 527b-528b, par 68 533
534a
23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART I, 88c-89a; PART
160c-161a; 163d-164a; PART III, 197d-198
240c-d; 245b-c; PART IV, 276d-27
Ib CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE 877
25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 152d-153a; 250a-251c 5 AESCHYLUS: Suppliant i\laidens la-14a,c I
26 SHAKESPEARE: Merchant of Venice, ACT IV, Persians [800-842]. 23d-24b / Seven Against
sc I [184-202] 427c Thebes [1011-1084] 38b-39a,c / Agamemnon
27 SHAKESPEARE: Hamlet, ACT I, SC V [9-22] [351....42] 55d-56b
37a I Meastire for Measure, ACT II, SC II [73- 5 SOPHOCLES: Oedipus the King [863-910] 107b-c
79] 182d / Cymbeline, ACT V, SC IV [9-28] / Oedipus at Colonus [461-59] / An-
481a-b tigone 131a-142d esp [1-99} 131a-132a, [446-
29 CERVANTES: Don Quixote, PART I, 71c-d 470] 134d-135a / Ajax 143a-155a,c esp [666-
31 DESCARTES: Meditations, 69b 677] 148d, [748-783] 149c-d, [1316-1421] 154b-
32 MILTON: Christs Nativity la-7b / The Passion 155a,c / Electra [1060-'197] 164d-165a /
10b-12a / Paradise Lost, BK I [1-26] 93b-94a; Phi/octetes [1440-1444] 195a,c
BK III [80-166] 137a-139a esp [131-134] 138a; 5 EURIPIDES: Ion 282a-297d esp [82-183] 282d-
[372-415] 143b-144b esp [397--411] 144a-b; 283c, [585-647] 287d-288b / Helen [865-1031]
BK X 274a-298b esp [1-16] 274b, [162--223] 306c-308a / Bacchantes 340a-352a,c esp [977-
278a-279a, [146-114] 297a-298b; BK XI 1023] 348b-c / Hecuba [786-85] 359c-d I
[22-44] 299b-300a; BK XII [223-248] 324a-b; Phoenician Maidens [1625-167] 392b-d
[285-484] 325b-329b I Samson Agonistes 7 PLATO: Euthyphro, 196c-198a / Apology 200a-
339a-378a esp [293-299] 346a, [667-709] 212a,c passim I Republic, BK I, 297a-b / Laws,
355a, [1156-1177] 364b-365a, [1669-177] BK IV, 682d-683b; BK x, 768d-771b
376a-b 8 ARISTOTLE: Topics, BK I, CH II [1582-6]
33 PASCAL: Pensees, 430 245a-247b; 497 148c
260a; 584 276b-277a 9 ARISTOTLE: Ethics, BK I, CH 12 347a-b; BK IV,
35 LOCKE: Human Understanding, BK I, CH II, CH 2 [I 122
b
I8-23] 369c; BK VIII, CH 9 [1160
a
I9-
SECT 5-6 105a-c; SECT 12-13 107b-l08c; CH 29] 412b-c I Politics, BK VII, CH 9 [1329826-
III, SECT 5 113c; BK II, CH XXI, SECT 62 34] 533d
194c-d; CH XXVIII, SECT 8 230a 12 EPICTETUS: Discourses, BK I, CH 16, 122c-d;
35 HUME: Human Understanding, SECT XI, DIV BK II, CH 16, 158b-d; BK III, CH 24, 208d-210a
108-109 500b-501a 12 AURELIUS: A1editations, BK I, SECT 17 255d-
37 FIELDING: Tom Jones, 20a-21a; 75c-d 256d; BK II, SECT 13 258c; BK III, SECT 13
42 KANT: ]udgenzent, 592a-c 262c; BK IX, SECT I 291a-c; SECT 40 295b
44 BOS\VELL: Johnson, 482a-d; 539d-540a 13 VIRGIL: Aeneid, BK II [687-720] 143b-144b;
48 l\{ELVILLE: Jvloby Dick, 30a-36b BK IV [331-361] 176a-177a; BK V [42-60]
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK VI, 272a-b; BK 188a-b; BK XII [176-211] 358b-359b
xlv,606a-607a 18 AUGUSTINE: Confessions, BK v, par 2 27b-c;
52 DOSTOEVSKY: Brotlzers Kara1nazov, BK V, BK IX, par 36 71a I Cttyof God, BK I CH 15
127c-d; BK VI, 151a-152a; BK XI, 341c-342c 138c-139c; BK VII, CH 27-31 259c-262a; BK X,
lIb. Man's debt to God or the gods: the reli. CH 1--7 298b,d-303a; CH 16 308b-309c; CH 19
gious acts of piety and worship 310d-311b; BK XIX, CH 19 523b-d / Christian
Doctrine, BK I, CH 10 627b; CH 22-23 629b-
OLD TESTAMENT: Genesis, 22; 28:18.-22 / Exo- 630c; CH 26-27 631b-d; CH 29-30 632a-633b;
dus, 20; 32-34 / Leviticus, 18:1-5; 26/ Deuter- CH 35 634c-d
onomy, 4:1-4; 5-6; 8; 10-12; 23:21-23 / 20 AQUINAS: Summa Theologica, PART I-II, Q 60,
Joshua, 22 :1-6- (D) Josue, 22 :1-6 / Job, A 3, ANS 51c-52b; Q 99, A 3 247a-248a; Q 100,
9:2-21 / Psabns passim, esp 5:7-8, 22:22-31, A 8 259d-261a; QQ 101-103 265d-304a; PART
27: 1- 14, 29: 2, 4:8, 78 :5-8, 89: 1-52, 95:6, III, Q 25 839c-845a; PART III SUPPL, Q 99, A 4
96:8-9, 99:1---9, 132:7, 138:I-2--(D) Psalms 1083a-l084a .
passilll, esp 5:8-9, 21:23-32, 26:1-14, 28:2, 21 DANTE: Divine Comedy, PURGATORY, xxx-
39:9, 77:5-8, 88:1-53, 94:6, 95:8-9, 98 :1-9, XXXI 99b-l02b; PARADISE, III [I]-V [87] 109b-
131:7, 137 :1-2 / Proverbs, 21:3 I Ecclesiastes, 113a; VII [19-120] 115b-116b; xx [16-148]
5:4-5; I2:I3-(D) Ecclesiastes, 5:3-4; 12:13 136d--138b; XXVI [1-81] 145d-146c
/ Micah, 6:8-(D) Micheas, 6:8 22 CHAUCER: Second Nun's Tale 463b-471b
ApOCRYPHA: Ecclesiasticus, 2:15-18; 18:22-24; 23 HOBBES: Leviathan, PART II, 161b-163d
35-(D) Ecclesiasticus, 2 :18-2 3; 18 :22- 25 MONTAIGNE: Essays, 152b-156d; 233a-b; 242d
24; 35 / I Maccabees, 2:20-28; 4:36--61 -(D) 31 SPINOZA: Ethics, PART IV, PROP 37, SCHOL I
OT, I Jvlachabees, 2:20-28; 4:36-61 434d-435b
NEW TESTAMENT: Matthetv, 18:23-35; 22:21 / 32 MILTON: Sonnets, XIV 66a / Paradise Lost, BK
Mark, 12:17 / Luke, 10:25-2 7; 17:7-10; 20:25 IV [720-735] 168a-b; BK V[153-208] 178b-179b
/ John, 4:21-24 / R0171ans, 3:19-28; 4:1-8; / Samson Agonistes [1334-1379] 368b-369b
5:8- 2 1; 8:r-17 / Galatians, 3:10-13; 5:1-5 33 PASCAL: Provincial Letters, 78b-80b / Pensees,
4 HOMER: Iliad, BK I 3a-9a,c; BK II [394-431] 470 256a; 476 256b-257a; 482 258a; 489,491
14a-b; BK IX [485-526] 62a-b / Odyssey, BK III 259a; 531 264b; 539 265b
[1-68] 193a-d 35 LOCKE: Toleration, 1b; 16c
879
VOLTAIRE. The Ignorant Philosopher, CH 32
BENTHAM. Defence of Usury
PAINE. Rights of Man
GOD\VIN. An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice
LIEBER. Manual of Political Ethics
WHEWELL. The Elements of Morality, UKII, CH 21-
22; BK IV
PROUDHON. De la justice dans la revolution et dans
l' eglise
BAKUNIN. God and the State
H. SIDGWICK. The Methods of Ethics, BK III,
CH 5
GEORGE. Progress and Poverty
T. H. HUXLEY. Atethods and Results, VIII
T. H. GREEN. The Principles of Political Obligation,
(H,I,O)
O. W. HOLMES JR. The Common Law
RITCHIE. Natural Rights
ZOLA. Letter to M. Felix Faure (J'accuse)
WILLOUGHBY. Social Justice
VECCHIO. The Formal Bases of Law
CROCE. The Philosophy ofthe Practical
G. DICKINSON. Justice and Liberty
STAMMLER. ,The Theory ofJustice
KAFKA. The Trial
HOBHOUSE. The Elements of Social Justice
HOCKING. Present Status ofthe Philosophy ofLaw and
of Rights
J. DICKINSON. AdministrativeJustice andthe Supreln-
acy of Law in the United States
BERDYAYEV. Christianity and the Class War
M. R. COHEN. Reason and Nature, BK III, CH 4
TAWNEY. The Acquisitiz!e Society
--. Equality
MOUNIER. A Personalist Manifesto
MICHEL. Christian Social Reconstruction
MARITAIN. Ransoming the Time, CH I
--. The Rights of Man and Natural Law
KELSEN. Society and Nature
CHAPTER 42: JUSTICE
ADDITIONALREADINGS
Listed below are works not included in Great Books ofthe Western World, but relevant to the
idea and topics with which this chapter deals. These works are divided into two groups:
1. 'Vorks by authors represented in this coliection.
II. Works by authors not represented in this collection.
For the date, place, and other facts concerning the publication of the works cited, consult
the Bibliography of Additional Readings, which foHovvs the last chapter of The Great Ideas.
1.
LUTARCH. "Delays in Divine Justice," in Moralia
UlNAS. Sumlna Theologica, PART II-II, QQ 57-80,
08-113, 120-122
NTE. On World-Government or De AIonarchia,
BK I,' CH I I; BK II, CH 6
BACON. "Of Usury," in Essays
INOZA. Tractatus Politicus (Political Treatise), CH 2
flUME. A Treatise ofHulnan Nature, BK III, PART II,
SECT I-VI
FIELDING. Amelia
~ S M I T The Theory ofMoral Sentiments, PART II
. Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms
NT. Lectures on Ethics, pp 191-253
GEL. The Philosophy ofMind, SECT II, SUB-SECT C,
(BB, b, c)
OSTOEVSKY. The House ofthe Dead
OLSTOY. Resurrection
II.
(8ICERO. De Finibus (On the Supreme Gooel)
-'-. De Officiis (On Duties), II (ix)
$ENECA. De Beneficiis (On Benefits)
$AADIA GAON. The Book of Beliefs and Opinions,
TREATISE IV-V, IX
Njalssaga
EANGLAND. Piers Plowman
$OTO. Libri Decem de Justitia et Jure
SPENSER. The Faerie Queene, BK V
tIOOKER. Ofthe Latus of Ecclesiastical Polity
(JROTIUS. The Rights of Vvar and Peace
tI. MORE. An Account of Virtue (Enchiridion Ethi-
cum), BK II
EEIBNITZ. Philosophical Works, CH 8 (On the Notions
of Right and Justice)
VOLTAIRE. Essay on Toleration
--. "Equality," "Justice," "Rights," "Tolera-
tion," in A Philosophical Dictionary
42 KANT: Practical Reason, 325a-327d ; 344c-3
/fudgement, 611a-c
44 BOSWELL: Johnson, 84b-c; 262b
46 f-IEGEL: Philosophy of History, PART I, 2
PART III, 290d-291G;311b-d
48 MELVILLE: Moby Dick, 30a-36b
51 TOLSTOY: War and Peace, BK III, 122
BK VI, 271c-d
THE ,GREAT IDEAS
(11. Divinejustice: the relation of Godor.the gods
to man. 11b. Man'sdebt to God or the gods:
the religious acts ofpiety and worship.)
35 BERKELEY: Human Knowledge, SECT 155-156
444b-d
3.7 FIELDING: Tom Jones, 187d-188a
41 GIBBON: Decline and Fall,259b-260a
878
For: Matters relevant'to the conception of justice as a virtue and as it relates to theot
virtues and to happiness, see CdURAGE 4; GOOD AND EVIL'3e; HAPPINESS S-Sb; TEMP
ANCE Ia; VIRTUE AND VICE 2a( I), 3b; WILL 8c; and for the theological doctrine of origi
justice, see SIN 3a.
The relation ofjustice and duty, see DUTY 7; WILL 8e.
The comparison of justice with love and friendship, see LOVE 3c,' 4b.
Other considerations of natural rights and civil liberties, see LAw4e, 7c; LIBERTY Ie-
SLAVERY 3d; TYRANNY sa.
Problems of economic justice, see DEMOCRACY 4a(2); LABOR 7a-7b, 7C(2), 7d-jf; LIBER
2d; SLAVERY 4a-4c,sa-sb;WEALTH se, 6d(2), 'Iod.
Problems of justice in government and la,,,, see ARISTOCRACY Ia-I b; CONSTITUTION 5
DEMOCRACY4a-4a(I),4b;HoNOR 4b; LAW 5c, 6c; LIBERTY If; MONARCHY Ia(2),4e(
sa-sb; OLIGARCHY 4, sa; SLAVERY sa-sb, 6d; STATE 3e ;TYRANNY Ia--Ib,4b, 6; and
the special problem of the distinction between justice and equity, see LAW Sh; UN!"V
SAL ANDPARTICULAR 6c.
Justice in the relation of states to one another and in the issues of war and peace, see IT
4g; STATE 9c ; WAR AND PEACE 3Cl-3b, lIb.
The issue concerning the justice of punishment as a political instrument, see LAW 6e(
PUNISHMENT I b, 2, 4c-4d.
The justice of divine punishment and the relation of God's mercy to God's justice, see G
si; PUNISHMENT seiSIN 6a-6b.
The justice involved in man's debt to God, see DUTY I I ; GOD 3d; RELIGION 2.
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