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Cristalización.
Contenido
• Estructura cristalina.
• Cristalinidad
• Temperatura de fusión en función del tamaño de cristal. Ecuación de
Gibbs-Thomson
• Cristalización primaria. Nucleación y crecimiento de cristal.
• Relación entre la temperatura de cristalización y el tamaño de cristal.
• Cristalización secundaria.
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Diapositiva 2
Estructura cristalina.
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Diapositiva 3
K ( z ) := (ρ e (0) − ρ e )⋅ (ρ e ( z ) − ρ e )
1 1 ∞
K ( z) =
re2 (2π )3 ∫
q =0
4πq 2 Σ(q ) cos qz ⋅ dq
Cristalinidad
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Diapositiva 4
cristalita
La energía superficial de la cristalita supone un
energía libre
incremento de la energía libre del cristal real sólido
respecto del cristal de tamaño infinito. ta maño
in finito
líquido
∞
Cristal en forma de lámina de espesor Lc Tf Tf
2σT f∞
∞
Tf = T −
Lc ρ c ∆h f
f
Ecuación de Gibbs-Thomson
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Diapositiva 5
Criterio de equilibrio
cristalita
Gc = Ga
energía libre
sólido
ta maño
in finito
G = mg + 2 Aσ
c c
líquido
Lc
A
G c = ALc ρ c g c + 2 Aσ
G a = ALc ρ c g a
∞
Tf Tf
Energía específica superficial
(
G c − G a = ALc ρ c g c − g a + 2 Aσ = 0 )
2σ
(g a
)
− g c (T f ) =
Lc ρ c
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Diapositiva 6
∆h f (T f∞ )
∆s f (T f∞ ) =
∆g (T ) = ∆h (T ) − T∆s (T )
f f f
T
d∆g f (T ) = − ∆s f (T )dT ∆h f (T )
∆g f (T ) = − (T − T f∞ )
T f∞
T
∫ d∆g (T ) = − ∆s f (T )(T − T f∞ )
f
T f∞
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Diapositiva 7
2σ
(g a
)
− g c (T f ) =
Lc ρ c
∆h f (T f ) 2σ
(T f − T f∞ ) = −
T f∞ Lc ρ c
∆h f (T )
∆g f (T ) = − (T − T f∞ )
T f∞
Ecuación de Gibbs-Thomson
∞
2σT f∞
Tf = T −
Lc ρ c ∆h f
f
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Diapositiva 8
Nucleación.
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Diapositiva 9
Nucleación.
energía libre
libre. sólido
ta maño
in finito
La diferencia Gc-Ga a una temperatura T depende del
tamaño de la esfera de cristal
líquido
4
G c = πr 3 ρ c g c + 4πr 2σ ∞
3 4 Tf Tf
G c − G a = πr 3 ρ c ( g c − g a ) + 4πr 2σ
4 3
G a = πr 3 ρ c g a
3
El radio de la esfera para el que el cristal es estable a la temperatura T viene dado por
(
d Gc − Ga )
= 4πr 2 ρ c ( g c − g a ) + 8πrσ = 0 r=
− 2σ
=
T f∞ 2σ
dr ρ c ( g c − g a ) ρ c ∆h f T f∞ − T ( )
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Diapositiva 10
dφ c
Inicialmente = K ' (ut )
2
dt
Ecuación de Avrami ( [
φ c = K 1 − exp − (zt )β ])
z coeficiente de velocidad
β exponente de Avrami
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Diapositiva 11
velocidad de cristalización
⎛ T ⎞ ⎛ B ⎞
u = const exp⎜⎜ - A ⎟⎟ exp⎜ − ∞ 0 ⎟
⎜ T −T ⎟
⎝ T − TV ⎠ ⎝ f ⎠
espesor de la cristalita
B1
dc = + B2
T f∞ − T
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Diapositiva 12
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Diapositiva 13
Cristalización Secundaria.
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Diapositiva 14
Cristalización Secundaria.
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Diapositiva 15
Cristalización Secundaria.
Modo de inserción
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Diapositiva 16
Conclusiones.
Cristalización primaria
• Los cristales crecen manteniendo un espesor constante en la dirección de la laminilla,
formando esferulitas. El frente de avance de la laminilla es también la superficie de la esferulita.
• El espesor de la laminilla es tanto menor cuanto menor es la temperatura de cristalización
(mayor el subenfriamiento)
• El proceso de cristalización primaria consta de dos etapas: nucleación y crecimiento de cristal.
• La nucleación ocurre tanto más rápido cuanto menor es la temperatura.
• La velocidad de crecimiento de cristal presenta un máximo a una temperatura
significativamente menor que la temperatura de fusión del cristal infinito, disminuyendo
rápidamente para temperaturas menores o mayores de la que produce la cristalización máxima.
Cristalización secundaria
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