Radar System Performance Analysis under Dynamic Jamming

Haroon Rashid

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Motivation
Why radar performance analysis under jamming is critical Main factors impacting radar performance Radar system noise Jammer characteristics Jammers as noise sources Radar system performance parameters

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RAdio Detection And Range

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Radar Equation

Pr =

Pt Gt Lt Gr Lr L p LL Lx T
2

( 4 ) R
3

G is Gain, L is Loss, R = Range Received Power is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the target range In order to maintain the same received power level, 16 times transmit power is needed at double the range

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Range Equation

R =
4

Pt Gt Lt Gr Lr L p LL Lx T
2

( 4 ) KTs Bn ( S / N )
3

K Ts Bn is the thermal noise power of the receiver S/N is the signal to Noise ratio the minimum detectable received power threshold is

Pr = KT s B n ( S / N )
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Factors Impacting Radar Performance

We have little control over these factors. Radar Cross Section (stealth). Atmospheric propagation loss, rain attenuation, ... External noise (Sun, Earth, ) Clutter Radar system noise Jamming
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Radar Environmental Noise

Sun Noise Troposphere Loss and Noise

Polarization

Rain Loss and Noise

Desired Signal

Earth Noise

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Radar System Noise

Gain LNA Loss Antenna Cable

Noise Temperature

Noise Figure LNA

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Jammer Types
Wideband, white noise Wideband, colored noise Narrowband Single frequency, Continuous wave (CW) Pulsed Transponders with delay

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Jammer Attributes
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)
Power amplifier power Jammer antenna gain in the direction of the radar Jammer post transmit losses, (hidden behind trees)

Signal characteristics
Frequency Bandwidth Modulation

Spectrum analyzers let you see and estimate some of these attributes
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Jammer Power At The Radar

PD
Where

PJ G J B n A e L L x 4
2 R J

B J

Bn is bandwidth of the radar receiver front end (filters & LNA). Bj is the jammer signal bandwidth.

Received jammer power is inversely proportional to the square of the jammer range

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Jammers As A Source Of Noise

NoiseSystem = KTs Bn
NoiseTemperature = K o (1 e loss / 10 )

PDJ =

PJ G J Bn Ae L Lx
2 4 R J BJ

Total Noise = System + Environment + Clutter + Jammer

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Dynamic Radar Jamming Analysis

Account for object movements Object attitude dynamics Dynamic antenna gain and EIRP computations System, environmental, and external noise sources Frequency and bandwidth overlap, power transfer as seen by the radar Dynamic computation of SNRs, S/(N+J), S/(C+N+J), J/S, Pdet,
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Jammer As Seen By The Radar

Signal bandwidth overlap Radar antenna gain in the direction of the jammer Radar and jammer relative position Radar attitude Phased array adaptive nulling antennas Spectral filters

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Radar Performance (Search/Track)

Signal to Noise Ratio, single pulse (SNR1) Integrated Signal to Noise Ratio over multiple pulses Probability of Detection, single pulse (Pdet) Integrated Probability of Detection SNR goal, number of pulses integrated Integration time System noise density
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S/T Analysis Under Jamming

S1/(N+J) and Integrated S/(N+J) Probability of detection (Pdet) and Integrated Pdet under jamming. Number of pulses integrated and the integration time J/S, jamming power to signal power ratio

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Integrated SNR dB Integrated S/(N+J)

Integ SNR

Integ S/(N+J) SNR1 SNR1 S1/(N+J) S1/(N+J)

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J/S

Integrated J/S

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Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

Side looking radar Will generate radar maps of an area Raster scan is achieved by the forward motion of the radar (aircraft and satellite) and azimuth scan Highly susceptible to clutter. Higher SNR and SCR will yield a better resolution Jamming reduces the SNR due to addition of the jamming power, S/(N+J)
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Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

Signal to Noise ratio, SNR Signal to Clutter ratio, SCR Clutter to Noise ratio, CNR SAR noise power SAR noise bandwidth SAR noise density

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SAR Under Jamming

S/(N+J) S/(C+N+J) C/(N+J) J/S Jamming power Jamming power density Jammer bandwidth
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Radar Jamming On A Coverage Grid

Radar and target objects can be used on a coverage grid to perform jamming analysis over a wide area Search/Track jamming data values can be used as a Figure of Merit (FOM) Jamming FOM contour plots help to envision the impact of jamming on an area target Animate the scenario to view the impact of jamming over time and space
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Radar Jamming Coverage Analysis

Integrated S/(N+J)
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Radar Jamming Analysis On An Attitude Coverage Sphere

Direction of arrival of signals and target and jamming, are critical to a radar Attitude coverage will analyze the S/T and SAR Figures of Merit on a sphere all around a radar Analyzing jamming FOMs help identify the direction of attack and its impact Attitude coverage can help mitigate the threats by identifying the best direction to steer the antenna nulls
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Jamming Analysis On Attitude Sphere

Integrated S/(N+J)

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Future Development Direction

Radar transmitter spectrum shaping filters Radar spectral filters Receiver matched filters Adaptive phased array antennas User plug-in radar models

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Thank you for your time

Questions?

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