The main objectives of stress analysis is to ensure A.

Structural Integrity (Design adequacy for the pressure of the carrying fluid, ailure against various loading in the life cycle and !imiting stresses belo" code allo"able.# $. %perational Integrity (!imiting no&&le loads of the connected equipment "ithin allo"able values, Avoiding lea'age at joints, !imiting sagging ( displacement "ithin allo"able values.# ). %ptimal Design (Avoiding e*cessive fle*ibility and also high loads on supporting structures. Aim to"ards an optimal design for both piping and structure.# To meet these objectives several load cases are required during stress analysis. This article "ill guide all the beginners "ith the methodology to build several load cases "hich "ill be required for stress analysis. In this article "e "ill use follo"ing notations for building load cases+ ,,-"ater filled "eight of piping system, ./-.ydrotest /ressure, ,-"eight of pipe including content and insulation, /0-Internal Design pressure, T0-%perating T1-2a*imum temperature, T3- 2inimum temperature, ,I40, ,I41, ,I43 A4D ,I45+ "ind loads acting in some specific direction, 60, 61, 63 A4D 65+ uniform (seismic# loads acting in some specific direction. ,hile analysis at a minimum the stress chec' is required for the belo" mentioned cases+ a. Hydrotesting case: /ipelines are normally hydrotested before actual operation to ensure absence of lea'age. ,ater is used as the testing medium. So during this situation pipe "ill be subjected to "ater "eight and hydrotest pressure. Accordingly our first load case in )aesar II "ill be as mentioned belo" 0. ,,7./ .8D temperature,

b. Operating case: ,hen operation starts "or'ing fluid "ill flo" through the piping at a temperature and pressure. So accordingly our operating load cases "ill be as mentioned belo"+

1. 3. 5.

,7T07/0 ,7T17/0 ,7T37/0

%/9 %/9 %/9

for operating temperature case for ma*imum system temperature case for minimum system temperature case

c. Sustained Case: Sustained loads "ill e*ist throughout the plant operation. ,eight and pressure are 'no"n as sustained loads. So our sustained load case "ill be as follo"s+ :. ,7/0 S6S

d. Occasional Cases: /iping may be subjected to occassional "ind and seismic forces. So to chec' stresses in those situations "e have to build the follo"ing load cases+ ;. =. ?. @. 0A. 00. 01 03 ,7T07/07,I40 ,7T07/07,I41 ,7T07/07,I43 ,7T07/07,I45 ,7T07/0760 ,7T07/0>60 ,7T07/0761 ,7T07/0>61 %/9 %/9 %/9 %/9 %/9 %/9 %/9 %/9 )onsidering "ind from 7< direction )onsidering "ind from >< direction )onsidering "ind from 7& direction )onsidering "ind from 7& direction )onsidering seismic from 7< direction )onsidering seismic from 7< direction )onsidering seismic from 7< direction )onsidering seismic from 7< direction

,hile stress analysis the above load cases form load case ; to load case 03 is generated only to chec' loads at node points. To find occasional stresses "e need to add pure occassional cases "ith sustained load and then compare "ith code allo"able values. ollo"ing sets of load cases are built for that purpose. 05. !;>!1 %)) /ure "ind from 7< direction 0:. !=>!1 %)) /ure "ind from >< direction 0;. !?>!1 %)) /ure "ind from 7& direction 0=. !@>!1 %)) /ure "ind from >& direction 0?. !0A>!1 %)) /ure seismic from 7< direction 0@. !00>!1 %)) /ure seismic from >< direction 1A. !01>!1 %)) /ure seismic from 7& direction 10. !03>!1 %)) /ure seismic from >& direction 11. !057!: %)) /ure "ind7Sustained 13. !0:7!: %)) /ure "ind7Sustained 15. !0;7!: %)) /ure "ind7Sustained 1:. !0=7!: %)) /ure "ind7Sustained 1;. !0?7!: %)) /ure seismic7Sustained 1=. !0@7!: %)) /ure seismic7Sustained 1?. !1A7!: %)) /ure seismic7Sustained 1@. !107!: %)) /ure seismic7Sustained !oad cases from 11 to 1@ "ill be used for chec'ing occasional stresses "ith respect to code $ 30.3 allo"able (-0.33 times Sh value from code#. 6se scalar combination for load cases 11 to 1@ above and algebraic combination for others as sho"n in figure attached belo"+

e. Expansion Case: ollo"ing load cases are required for chec'ing e*pansion stress range as per code 3A. 30. 31. 33. !1>!: !3>!: !5>!: !3>!5 9</ 9</ 9</ 9</

for complete stress range

The above load cases (from 3A to 33# are used to chec' e*pansion stress The above mentioned load cases are minimum required load cases to analysis any stress system. %ut of the above load cases the load cases mentioned in point number 0, :, and 11>33 are used for stress chec'. And load cases mentioned in point number 0 to 03 are used for chec'ing restraint forces, displacements and no&&le load chec'ing. e" additional load cases may be required for /SB connected systems, Cotary equipment connected systems. Seismic and ,ind analysis may not be required every time. So those load cases can be deleted if the piping system does not fall under the purvie" of seismic and "ind analysis by project specification. .o"ever to perform "ind and seismic analysis proper related data must have to be entered in )aesar II spreadsheet (,ill be discussed in my future posts#. If the stress system involves use of imposed displacements (D# and forces ( # then those have to be added "ith the above load cases in the form of D0, D1 or 0, 1 as applicable. It is a better practice to 'eep

0. .ydro and sustained stresses belo" ;AD of code allo"able 1. 9*pansion and occasional stresses belo" ?AD of code allo"able 3. Sustained sagging belo" 0A mm for process lines and belo" 3 mm for steam, t"o phase and flare lines 5. DesignE2a*imum displacement belo" =: mm for unit piping and belo" 1AA mm in rac' piping.