Equalizers Equalizers

Objectives Outline

- How ISI can be reduced? - Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

- How different types of equalizers work? - Equalizers and equalizer types
- Some limitations of linear equalizers - Limitations of linear equalizers
- Simulations

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Equalizers Equalizers
How ISI occurs? How can ISI be reduced/eliminated?
At the transmitter

- Pulse shaping to limit the bandwidth

- Precoding
At the receiver

- Equalizers

- Optimal estimators

- Temporal spreading and overlapping of pulses cause ISI

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 Equalizers Equalizers
Linear Equalizers Linear Equalizers
Since
GT(f) GR(f) = Xrc(f)

therefore
- The receiver filter response GR(f) is matched to the
transmitter filter GT(f) GE(f) = 1 / C(f) = e-j c(f) / |C(f)|

GR(f) = G*T(f)
In practice, the channel equalizer is implemented as a finite-
For zero ISI duration impulse response (FIR) filter.

GT(f) C(f) GR(f) GE(f) = Xrc(f)

where Xrc(f) = the desired raised-cosine spectral characteristic

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Equalizers Equalizers
Linear Equalizer: FIR Filter Linear Equalizer: Zero-Forcing Criterion
where {cn} are the 2K + 1 equalizer coefficients and K is
chosen large enough so that the equalizer spans the length
of the ISI, i.e. 2K + 1 > L, where L = no. of samples.
The equalized output is:
y(mT)

Let y(t) be taken at times t = mT

y(mT)
The impulse response of the FIR equalizer is
The desired conditions of zero-forcing equalizer then gives,
y(mT)
and the frequency response

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 Equalizers Equalizers
Example Example
K=2
Consider a channel-distorted pulse x(t), at the input to the
equalizer:

y(mT)
where 1/T = symbol rate. The pulse is sampled at the rate 2/T and
equalized by a zero-forcing equalizer. Find cn of a five-tap zero- y=Xc
forcing equalizer.
Solution:

y(mT)
y=

Symbol rate = 1/T, Re-sampling rate = 2/T, therefore = T/2

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Equalizers Equalizers
Example Example
1 1.2

0.9
1

X-1 y
0.8

0.8
0.7

0.6
0.6

0.5

0.4
0.4

0.3 0.2

0.2
0
0.1

0 -0.2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

(a) Original pulse (b) Equalized pulse

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 Equalizers Equalizers
Zero-Forcing Equalizer: Limitations Linear Equalizer: Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) Criterion
- FIR zero-forcing equalizer does not completely eliminate The equalized output is:
ISI because it has a finite length. y(mT)
- It performs poorly on channel having spectral nulls.
- It ignore the presence of additive noise. Let y(t) be taken at times t = mT
y(mT)

The desired conditions of MMSE equalizer then gives,

K 2
2
MSE E y (mT ) am E cn x(mT n ) am
n K

K K K
2
cn ck R x ( n k ) 2 ck Rax (k ) E am
n Kk K k K

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Equalizers Equalizers
Linear Equalizer: Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) Criterion Linear Equalizer: Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) Criterion
where am is the transmitted symbol, and : The Ry(n) and Ray(n) are unknown. We apply a test signal to
the channel and use time-average to estimate:
Rx ( n k ) E x* (mT n ) x(mT k )
1 N
Rax (k ) E x(mT k )am* Rˆ x (n) x* (kT n ) x(kT )
N k 1

1 N
The MSE solution is obtained by differentiating the mentioned Rˆ ax (n) x(kT n )ak*
equation with respect to the {cn}. Thus the desired conditions N k 1

for the MSE is:

K
cn R x ( n k ) Rax (k ), k 0, 1, 2,..., K
n K

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