C.3.1.2.

5 Losses in steel conduitsYp The magnetic field from current in cables causes hysteresis and eddy current losses in the steel conduit. This heats the conduit and raises the conductor temperature. When all three phases are in a conduit, the magnetic field is significantly reduced due to phase cancellation. For a single conductor cable, there is no cancellation and the heating is significant so this situation should be avoided. Loss factor may be calculated using Equation (C. !a" for metric values and Equation (C. !b" for imperial values. For metric units
dc

#.$% &.$% R SD YP
P

= (C. !a" For imperial units

dc

&.$% &. R SD YP
P

'

= (C. !b" (here S is the center)to)center line spacing bet(een conductors in millimeters (inches" DP is the inner diameter of conduit in millimeters (inches" C.3.1.3 Reactance The reactance of a cable is a function of the spacing bet(een conductors and the conductor diameter. *eactance is +ero for dc circuits and insignificant for cable si+es less than ,-& .W/. For a three)phase circuit, the per)phase reactance is given by Equation (C. 0a" or Equation (C. 0b". For a t(o)(ire, singlephase circuit, the reactance (ill be t(ice that given by Equation (C. 0a" or Equation (C. 0b". For metric units ! (&.,#&# log & 1 &.&'&!" + = rC X f S 23-m-phase (C. 0a" For imperial units ! (&. ,&, log & 1 &.& '0" + = rC X f S 23/ft/phase (C. 0b" (here f is frequency in hert+ S1= 0 A B C for the configurations sho(n in Figure C. in millimeters (inches" rC is the radius of bare conductor in millimeters (inches" 00
Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 525-2007 IEEE Guide for the Desig ! d I st!ll!tio of C!"le Syste#s i Su"st!tio s

Figure C.1Common cable configurations C.3.2 Load

4nformation on the load being supplied is required. Typically load current and po(er factor are required. Consideration should be given to (hether the type of load is constant current, constant po(er or constant impedance. The characteristics of the different load types are summari+ed in Table C.#. 4t is recommended that current be determined for the desired load voltage. 4f the current is available only for a specific voltage, then the current may be estimated using the formula in Table C.#. Table C.6Load characteristics
Load type Examples Characteristics Estimating for different voltage Constant po(er 5otors6full load lighting V and I or V and I Ine( 7 Iold (Vold/Vne(" Constant impedance 5otor starting heating I varies (ith voltage Ine( 7 Iold (Vne(/Vold"

C.4 hort!circuit ca"abilit#

.ll cables should be chec8ed to ensure they are capable of carrying the available fault current. The shortcircuit rating of an insulated conductor is based on the ma9imum allo(able conductor temperature and insulation temperature. Conductor temperature is dependent on the current magnitude and duration. Equation (C. ," is used to estimate conductor temperature and is valid only for short durations. The ma9imum recommended conductor temperature is !'& C to prevent conductor annealing. 0,
Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 525-2007 IEEE Guide for the Desig ! d I st!ll!tio of C!"le Syste#s i Su"st!tio s

+ + =
& !&

log & ,$#.% TK TK t IA

F SC (amperes"

(C. ," (here ISC is the symmetrical short)circuit current in amperes A is the conductor area in square millimeters K& is the inverse of material temperature coefficient at & C per Table C.: tF is the duration of fault in seconds T is the conductor temperature before the fault in degrees Celsius T! is the conductor temperature after fault in degrees Celsius Table C.$%arameters for &'uation (C.14)
Conductor type K0 Copper, &&; 4.C< !0,.' .luminum, # ; 4.C< !!$.

4n most cases the short)circuit current is 8no(n and the required conductor area needs to be determined, and Equation (C. 'a" and Equation (C. 'b" may be used. For metric units

 + + =
& !&

log & ,$#.% TK TK t I A

F SC mm! (C.

'a" For imperial units + + =

& !&

log & &.& !' TK TK t I A

F SC cmil

(C. 'b" The ma9imum insulation temperature is dependent on the material used. Table C.$ lists ma9imum temperatures for common insulation materials. Table C.*+nsulation material tem"erature ratings
Insulation material Short-circuit temperature rating (C) =L>E and E>* !'& <* 0&& >aper, rubber, varnish cambric !&& >E, >?C '&

0'
Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 525-2007 IEEE Guide for the Desig ! d I st!ll!tio of C!"le Syste#s i Su"st!tio s

C.5 +nsulation
The selection of the cable insulation system also includes consideration of cost and performance under normal and abnormal conditions. @ielectric losses, resistance to flame propagation, and gas generation (hen burned are the most common performance considerations. C.5.1 ,oltage rating The selection of the cable voltage rating is based on the service conditions of .nne9 A, the electrical circuit frequency, phasing, and grounding configuration, and the steady)state and transient conductor voltages (ith respect to ground and other energi+ed conductors. . voltage rating has been assigned to each standard configuration of insulation material and thic8ness in BE5. WC ':-4CE. <):0)'0! CA%#D. The selected voltage rating should result in a cable insulation system that maintains the energi+ed conductor voltage, (ithout installation brea8do(n under normal operating conditions. C.5.2 Thermal stabilit#

The cable should maintain its required insulating properties (hen subEected to its rated thermal limit (the combination of its ma9imum ambient temperature and its o(n generated heat" during the service life. 4n some cable installations, specifications may call for safe operation under high)temperature conditions. >E has a ma9imum service temperature of $& FC, and, therefore, it should be replaced by other dielectrics (here high)temperature operation is required. Chlorosulfonated >E (C<>E" is normally only rated up to %& FC, so better choices include =L>E or E>*. <* compound has been used in high)temperature cables (as high as !&& FC", or (here cable fire propagation is a consideration. Gutdoor cables are typically insulated (ith heat resistant thermoplastic (designated THWB" and rated up to :' C. Typical indoor cables (designated THHB" are rated to %& C. C.5.3 -oisture resistance The cable should maintain its required insulating properties for its service life (hen installed in (et locations, especially underground. C.5.4 Chemical resistance The cable should maintain its required insulating properties (hen e9posed to chemical environments. The cable manufacturer should be consulted for recommendations for specific chemical requirements to (hich the cable may be e9posed. C.5.5 Flame "ro"agation resistance Cables installed in open or enclosed cable trays, (ire(ays, or in other race(ay systems (here flame propagation is of concern should pass the 4EEE <td !&!I) %% CA#$D flame tests.

C.6 .ac/et
The cable Eac8et, or outer covering (if any", is selected to meet mechanical protection, fire resistance, and environmental criteria, or to provide a moisture barrier for the insulation system. 0#
Copyright 2008 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 525-2007 IEEE Guide for the Desig ! d I st!ll!tio of C!"le Syste#s i Su"st!tio s

C.6.1 -aterial Jac8et covering may consist of thermoset materials such as cross)lin8ed chlorinated >E (C>E" or chlorosulfonated polyethylene (C<>E", thermoplastic materials such as >?C, and-or metal armor such as aluminum interloc8ed armor, galvani+ed steel interloc8ed armor, continuous smooth or corrugated e9truded aluminum armor, or continuously (elded smooth or corrugated metallic armor (ith or (ithout an overall nonmetallic sheath. .ll thermoset and thermoplastic Eac8et covering materials shall be selected suitable for the conductor insulation temperature rating and the environment in (hich they are to be installed. Gther acceptable Eac8et cover materials include cross)lin8ed polychloroprene (>C>" or crosslin8ed polyolefin (=L>G". 4n the past, lead s