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Quality Sentences
John Sundar
Quality Content Trainer Cramster.com

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Goal
To help the participants develop skill in writing formal sentences.

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Prelude
What is a Sentence?
Sentence is a group of words arranged in SVO or OVS order and terminated by a period to convey a complete thought.

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MAIN OUTLINE
1. Structure 2. Types 3. Quality Enhancers

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1. Structure
Birds fly. The red birds fly. The red birds fly swiftly. The red birds fly swiftly in the air. The red birds fly swiftly in the air with their wings.

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The Red Birds fly swiftly in the air with their wings.
The Red Birds, wings Fly Swiftly In & with their : Article : Adjective : Noun : Verb : Adverb : preposition : pronoun

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II. Types of Sentences

1. Simple Sentence 2. Compound sentence 3. Complex sentence

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1. Simple Sentence
A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb, and a completed thought. Ex: Joe waited for the train. Note: Simple sentence conveys one single idea.

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2. Compound Sentence
Two independent sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction forms a compound sentence.
Ex: Joe waited for a train, but the train came late. Note: Compound sentence is conveying two ideas about Joe and the train.

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List of coordinating conjunctions

F for A and N nor B but O or Y yet S so

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3. Complex Sentence:
A complex sentence is a combination of an independent sentence and a dependent sentence.
Ex: Joe missed the train. (independent sentence) Because he was late. (Dependent Sentence) Dependent sentence has a subordinate conjunction. Ex: Joe missed the train because he was late.

or Because he was late, Joe missed the train.

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List of Subordinating conjunctions

After Although As Because Before Even Though If Though Unless Until When Whenever Whereas Wherever While Since Note: You can begin a sentence using subordinating conjunction, but not using coordinating conjunctions.

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Exercise

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Relative Clauses
Relative clauses give additional information. They are: who, which, that, whom, whose, where

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who : used for a person.

I know a woman. She speaks 6 languages. I know a woman who speaks 6 languages.

which : used for a thing or an idea.

I live in a house. It's 200 years old. I live in a house, which is 200 years old.
Note: the which clause should be placed within commas Cramster, which is a KPO, is in Vizag.

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whom : When who is the object, whom with a

preposition, can be used instead.
The person who I spoke yesterday is a singer. The person to whom I spoke yesterday is a singer.

whose : Whose is a possessive pronoun.

I know a woman. Her husband speaks 6 languages. I know a woman whose husband speaks 6 languages.

where : Refers to places.

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Difference between which and that. Which gives an additional information. Removing the which clause doesnt alter the meaning of the sentence. That also gives information. But, removing the that clause alters the meaning of the sentence. Ex: Cars that have hybrid technology get great gas mileage. That also gives content. Ex: He said that he is coming.

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Exercise

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III. Quality Enhancers

1. Avoid Incomplete Sentences 2. Avoid Ambiguous Sentences 3. Nominalizing Verbs

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1. Avoid Incomplete Sentences

Incorrect: I need a new book. Because the old one is torn. correct: I need a new book because the old one is torn.
This fragment because the old one is torn should always be connected to a complete sentence.

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Exercise

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2. Avoid Ambiguous Sentences

Ill hold the stump in the ground. When I nod my head, you hit it. Ill hold the stump in the ground. When I nod my head, you hit the stump.

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Three strategies to overcome ambiguity

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i. Insert a summarizing word after the pronoun.

Example: Greg often cannot remember the combination for his locker. When this occurs, he has to call his brother for help. Greg often cannot remember the combination for his locker. When this problem occurs, he has to call his brother for help.

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ii. Combine the sentences using ing form and remove this. You could deposit nuclear waste in outer space. This would be one way to solve a difficult dilemma. Depositing nuclear waste in outer space would be one way to solve a difficult dilemma.

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iii. You can use an infinitive phrase (an infinitive is the form To + verb). Some people blame all social problems on moral decay. This is a gross oversimplification. To blame all social problems on moral decay is a gross oversimplification.

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Exercise

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3. Nominalizing Verbs:
One important feature of formal scientific writing is the use of nominalization, Use noun forms rather than verb forms.

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Example:
In dialysis, nitrogenous wastes are removed from the body and electrolyte imbalances are corrected. Dialysis involves the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body and the correction of electrolyte imbalances.

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Use it, or else youll lose it. Thank you

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