Electronic Eye For Detecting Multi-Colors

ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 DESCRIPTION:
In this project an LDR is used the color sensor, which senses color intensity and converts into voltage with respect to the light intensity. This voltage is converted into the digital data using analog to digital converter. By this we can get selected compositions of the radiant light. By using this sensor we can find color of the object. The LDR detects each color and it gives different voltage levels. Analog to digital converter will take that voltage and convert it into digital form. These digital values are varying from color to color. Here ADC0804 is used to convert analog voltage levels into digital 8 bit data. If this color sensor is irradiant with any color, it produces different voltage outputs to the microcontroller then microcontroller compares the voltages to the different colors and displays the corresponding light color on LCD.
1.2 AIM:
This project is aimed to design a system to find out the color of the Object by using color sensor interfaced to Microcontroller.
DEPARTMENT OF ECE, KGRCET
1.3 INTRODUCTION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
An embedded system is a system which is going to do a predefined specified task is the embedded system and is even defined as combination of both software and hardware. A general-purpose definition of embedded systems is that they are devices used to control, monitor or assist the operation of equipment, machinery or plant. "Embedded" reflects the fact that they are an integral part of the system. At the other extreme a general-purpose computer may be used to control the operation of a large complex processing plant, and its presence will be obvious.
All embedded systems are including computers or microprocessors. Some of these computers are however very simple systems as compared with a personal computer. The very simplest embedded systems are capable of performing only a single function or set of functions to meet a single predetermined purpose. In more complex systems an application program that enables the embedded system to be used for a particular purpose in a specific application determines the functioning of the embedded system. The ability to have programs means that the same embedded system can be used for a variety of different purposes. In some cases a microprocessor may be designed in such a way that application software for a particular purpose can be added to the basic software in a second process, after which it is not possible to make further changes. The applications software on such processors is sometimes referred to as firmware.
The simplest devices consist of a single microprocessor (often called a "chip), which may itself be packaged with other chips in a hybrid system or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Its input comes from a detector or sensor and its output goes to a switc or activator which (for example) may start or stop the operation of a machine or, by operating a valve, may control the flow of fuel to an engine.
Embedded System
Software
Hardware
o o o
ALP C VB Etc.,
o o o
Processor Peripherals memory
Figure.1: Block diagram of Embedded System Software deals with the languages like ALP, C, and VB etc., and Hardware deals with Processors, Peripherals, and Memory. Memory: It is used to store data or address. Peripherals: These are the external devices connected Processor: It is an IC which is used to perform some task Applications of embedded systems Manufacturing and process control Construction industry Transport Buildings and premises Domestic service Communications Office systems and mobile equipment Banking, finance and commercial Medical diagnostics, monitoring and life support Testing, monitoring and diagnostic systems
Processors are classified into four types like: Micro Processor (p)
3 DEPARTMENT OF ECE, KGRCET
Micro controller (c) Digital Signal Processor (DSP) Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC)
Micro Processor (p): A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of personal computers, the terms microprocessor and CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all personal computers and most workstations sits a microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles. Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors: Instruction set: The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute. Bandwidth : The number of bits processed in a single instruction. Clock speed : Given in megahertz (MHz), the clock speed determines how many
instructions per second the processor can execute.
Fig.2:Three Basic Elements of a Microprocessor Micro Controller (c): A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications.
ALU CU Memory
Timer, Counter, serial communication ROM, ADC, DAC, Timers, USART, Oscillators
Fig.3: Block Diagram Etc., of Micro Controller (c) Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): Digital Signal Processors is one which performs scientific and mathematical operation.Digital Signal Processor chips - specialized microprocessors with architectures designedspecifically for the types of operations required in digital signal processing. Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) ASIC is a combination of digital and analog circuits packed into an IC to achieve the desired
control/computation function
ASIC typically contains CPU cores for computation and control Peripherals to control timing critical functions Memories to store data and program Analog circuits to provide clocks and interface to the real world which is
analog in nature I/Os to connect to external components like LEDs, memories, monitors etc.
Memory Architecture There two different types memory architectures there are: Harvard Architecture Von-Neumann Architecture
Harvard Architecture
Computers have separate memory areas for program instructions and data. There are two or more internal data buses, which allow simultaneous access to both instructions and data. The CPU fetches program instructions on the program memory bus.
Von-Neumann Architecture The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital computer that uses a central processing unit (CPU) and a single separate storage structure ("memory") to hold both instructions and data. It is named after the mathematician and early computer scientist John von Neumann. Such computers implement a universal Turing machine and have a sequential architecture.
Conclusion: Before starting practical the theory helped us understand the working
principal.
CHAPTER 2 OPERATONAL REPRESENTATON
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Power Supply
Colored Specimen AT89S52 16X2 LCD
LDR
ADC 0804/0808
The Power supply of 230v is stepped-down to 12v.Then the 12v is passed through bridge rectifier which gives a continues DC output.The DC output s fed to the voltage regulator which is given to the microcontroller.Power for ADC is fetched from voltage regulator of 5v.Voltage regulator output is connected for LCD also.
2.2 POWER SUPPLY:

Block diagram:
OPERATION: The input voltage to the diodes 1 and 2 is supplied from a transformer and is equal to the peak AC voltage of the secondary winding of the transformer as shown in graph 1. The circuit consisting of the combination of the two diodes is called full wave rectifier. These diodes combined with a capacitor are known as full wave rectifier with a capacitor. This capacitor is known as filtering capacitor improves the output of the rectifier and the efficiency of this rectifier is 81.2%. The resistor is used to limit the voltage and current those are supplied to the regulator in order to avoid the regulator from getting damaged. The diode 3 is used to protect the diodes 1 and 2 from the back current discharged by the capacitor. The output at this point is not completely regulated since there is still some amount of ripple present in the rectified voltage. Therefore a regulator is used to ensure low voltage ripple and excellent load and line voltage regulation. The resistor after the regulator is used to limit the current supplied to the LED. When the voltage supplied is greater than 3.8V, the LED will glow. The regulated DC voltage output is taken across the capacitor and is further supplied to other applications.
CHAPTER 3 CIRCUIT SCHEMATICS

3.1 SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
The following schematic explanation includes the detailed pin connections of every device with the microcontroller.
3.2 SYSTEM WORKING:
Fig.4:Working of system
Power Supply:
The main aim of this power supply is to convert the 230V AC into 5V DC in order to give supply for the TTL or CMOS devices. In this process we are using a step down transformer, a bridge rectifier, a smoothing circuit and the RPS. At the primary of the transformer we are giving the 230V AC supply. The secondary is connected to the opposite terminals of the Bridge rectifier as the input. From other set of opposite terminals we are taking the output to the rectifier. The bridge rectifier converts the AC coming from the secondary of the transformer into pulsating DC. The output of this rectifier is further given to the smoother circuit which is capacitor 10 DEPARTMENT OF ECE, KGRCET
in our project. The smoothing circuit eliminates the ripples from the pulsating DC and gives the pure DC to the RPS to get a constant output DC voltage. The RPS regulates the voltage as per our requirement.
LCD module:
This module is used to display the status of the devices.This module consists of 8 data lines D0 D7, which are connected to the 8 pins of port1 (P0). Additionally this module is having 3 control lines namely RS, RW and EN, which are connected to the port2 higher pins P2.7, P2.6 and P2.5 respectively. And the supply connections are given from the Power supply output 7805 to the VCC and VSS.
Microcontroller:
The microcontroller AT89S52 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11.0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 18th & 19th pins of 89S52 to make it work (execute) properly.
LED:
All the three LEDs (Red,Green,Blue) are connected in parallel for power.A power of 5v,an output,ground are connected to the ADC for data processing.
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CHAPTER 4 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 DESCRIPTION OF MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit micro controller with 8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured Using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industrystandard 80C51 micro controller. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable flash one monolithic chip; the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful micro controller, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator.
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4.2 Architecture of 8052:
Fig.5: Architecture of 8052.
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PIN CONFIGURATION & DESCRIPTION OF MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52
Fig.6: Pin configuration of AT89S52 PIN DESCRIPTION OF MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52: Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1sare written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 Output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled
high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Table 1: Port 1 functions Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are writen 1s are written to Port 3 pins,
they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
Table 2: Port 3 functions RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during access to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/16 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purpose. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data memory. PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
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EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. A should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12voltProgramming enables voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator Characteristics: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an External clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown.
Special Function Register (SFR) Memory: Special Function Registers (SFR s) are areas of memory that control specific functionality of the 8051 processor. For example, four SFRs permit access to the 8051s 32 input/output lines. Another SFR allows the user to set the serial baud rate, control and access timers, and configure the 8051s interrupt system. The Accumulator: The Accumulator, as its name suggests is used as a general register to accumulate the results of a large number of instructions. It can hold 8-bit (1-byte) value and is the most versatile register.
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The R registers: The R registers are a set of eight registers that are named R0, R1. Etc up to R7. These registers are used as auxiliary registers in many operations. The B registers: The B register is very similar to the accumulator in the sense that it may hold an 8-bit (1-byte) value. Two only uses the B register 8051 instructions: MUL AB and DIV AB. The Data Pointer: The Data pointer (DPTR) is the 8051s only user accessible 16-bit (2Bytes) register. The accumulator, R registers are all 1-Byte values. DPTR, as the name suggests, is used to point to data. It is used by a number of commands, which allow the 8051 to access external memory. THE PROGRAM COUNTER AND STACK POINTER: The program counter (PC) is a 2-byte address, which tells the 8051 where the next instruction to execute is found in memory. The stack pointer like all registers except DPTR and PC may hold an 8-bit (1-Byte) value.
ADDRESSING MODES: An addressing mode refers that you are addressing a given memory location. In summary, the addressing modes are as follows, with an example of each:
Each of these addressing modes provides important flexibility. Immediate Addressing Direct Indirect Indexed Addressing Addressing Addressing MOV A, #20 H MOV A, 30 H MOV A, @R0
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a.External Direct b.Code In direct
MOVX A, @DPTR MOVC A, @A+DPTR
Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H , RCAP2L) are the Capture / Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode .
Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register . Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register. Function Symbol Position IE.7 EA Disables all interrupts.if EA=1.each EA=C.no interrupt interrupt source is is
acknowledged.if
individually enabled or desabled by setting or clearing its erasable bit. -ET2 ES ET EX1 ET0 EX0 IE.6 IE.5 IE.4 IE.3 IE.2 IE.1 IE.0 Reserved.12 Timer 2 interrupt enable bit. Serial port interrupt enable bit. Timer 1 interrupt enable bit. External interrupt 1 enable bit. Timer 0 interrupt enable bit. External interrupt 0 enable bit.
Table 3: Interrupt registers functions
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Timer 2: Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer / Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in. The SFR T2CON. Timer 2 has three operating Modes : capture , auto-reload ( up or down Counting ) , and baud rate generator . The modes are selected by bits in T2CON. Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency. In the Counter function , the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its
corresponding external input pin , T2 .When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented . Since two machine cycles (24 Oscillator periods ) are required to recognize 1-to-0 transition , the maximum count rate is 1 / 24 of the oscillator frequency .
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TCON REGISTER:
Table 4: Timer/counter Control Register
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TMOD REGISTER:
7 GATE1 6 C/T1# 5 M11 4 M01 3 GATE0 2 C/T0# 1 M10 0 M00
Bit
Bit
Description
number Mnemonic 7 GATE1 Timer 1 gating control Bit Clear to enable timer 1 whenever the TR1 bit is set. Set to enable timer 1 only while the INT1# pin is high and TR1 bit is set. Timer 1 Counter/Timer select bit Clear for timer operation:timer 1 counts the divide-down system clock.Select Counter operation:timer 1 counts negative transitions on external pin l 1. Timer 1 Mode Select Bits. M11 M01 0 0 Operating mode mode 0:8-bit timer/counter (TH1) with 6-bit proscalar(TL1). 0 1 mode 1:16-bit timer/counter. 1 0 mode 2:8-bit auto-reload timer/counter (TL1).Reloaded from TH1 at overflow. 1 1 mode 3:timer 1 halted.Routine count. Timer 0 Gating Control Bit Clear to enable timer 0 whenever the TR0 bit is set. Set to enable timer/counter 0 only while the INT0#pin is high and the TR0 bit is set. Timer 0 counter/timer select Bit Clear Timer operation:timer 0 counts the divided-down system clock. Set for counter operation:timer 0 counts negative transitions on external pin T0. Timer 0Mode select Bit M11 M01 0 0 Operating mode mode 0:8-bit timer/counter (TH0) with 6-bit proscalar(TL0). 0 1 mode 1:16-bit timer/counter. 1 0 mode 2:8-bit auto-reload timer/counter (TL0).Reloaded from TH0 at overflow. 1 1 mode 3:TL0 is an 8-bit timer/counter. TH0 is an 8-bit timer using timer 1s TR0 and TF0 bits. Table 5: Timer/Counter 0 and 1 Modes
C/T1#
5 4
M11 M01
GATE0
C/T0#
1 0
M10 M00
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4.3 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER ADC

Analog to digital converters are among the most widely used devices for data acquisition. Digital computers use binary values, but in physical world everything is analog. Temperature, pressure, humidity, are a few examples of physical quantities that we deal with everyday. A physical quantity is converted to electrical signals using a device called a transducer. Transducers are also referred to as sensors. Sensors for temperature, velocity, pressure, light, and many other natural quantities produce an output that is voltage(or current). Therefore, we need an analog to digital converter to translate analog signals to digital numbers so that microcontroller can read and process them. An ADC has n-bit resolution where n can be 8,10,12,16 or even 24 bits. The higher resolution ADC provides smaller step size, where step size is the smallest change that can be discerned by an ADC. In addition to resolution, converter time is another major factor in judging an ADC. Conversion time is defined as the time it takes the ADC to convert the analog input to digital number.Commonly used ADC device ADC804.
ADC0804 CHIP: The ADC0804 IC is an 8 bit parallel ADC in the family of the ADC0800 series. In ADC0804, the conversion time varies depending on the clocking signals applied to the CLK IN pin, but it can not be faster than 110micro seconds. Pin diagram:
Fig 7: ADC Pin diagram
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CS Chip Select , active low RD Read Digital data from ADC, H-L edge triggered WR -- Start conversion, L-H pulse edge triggered INTR -- end of conversion, Goes low to indicate conversion done Data bits -- D0-D7 CLK IN & CLK R CLK IN is an input pin connected to an external clock source when an external clock is used for timing. However, ADC804 has an internal clock generator. To use the internal clock generator of the ADC804, the CLK IN and CLK R pins are connected to a capacitor and a resistor. In that case, the clock frequency is determined by the equation. f = 1/1.1RC R=10K and C=150pF f=606Hz the conversion time is 110us. Input Voltage range Default 0-5V. Can be changed by setting different value for Vref/2 pin. Vin=Vin(+) Vin (-) Range = 0 to 2x Vref/2. for Vin = 2x Vref/2. we get 256 as a digital output on D0-D7. (Refer Table) Step Size is a Smallest change (2 x Vref/2)/ 256 for ADC804 for eg for step size 10mv ,digital output on D0-D7 changes by one count for every 10mv change of the input analog voltage. Data out Dout = Vin / Step Size for input vtg. of 2.56 volts (Vref=1.28 volts) and stepsize of 10mv Dout =2560/10 =256 or FF that is full scale output.
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4.4 INTERFACING ADC804 TO 8052 MCRO CONTROLLER
Signals to be interfaced (on the ADC804) D0-D7, RD, WR, INTR, CS Can do both Memory mapping and IO mapping
Memory Mapping (timing is critical) Connect D0-D7 of ADC804 to the data bus of the 8051 system Connect RD, WR of the ADC804 to the 8051 system (ensure polarity) Connect CS of ADC804 to an appropriate address decoder output Connect INTR of ADC804 to an external interrupt Pin on the 8051 (INT0 or INT1) IO Mapping (easiest - I prefer ) Connect D0-D7, RD, WR, CS, INTR to some port bits on the 8051 (12 in all). Algorithm Make CS=0 and send a low-to-high to pin WR to start the conversion. Keep monitoring INTR If INTR =0, the conversion is finished and we can go to the next step. If INTR=1, keep polling until it goes low. After INTR=0, we make CS=0 and send a high-to-low pulse to RD to get the data out of the ADC804 chat
4.5 LCD DISPLAY (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that
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arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence.[1] The LCD screen is more energy efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were first discovered in 1888.[2] By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded annual sales of CRT units; the CRT became obsolete for most purposes. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs because of the following reasons The declining prices of LCDs. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters. Ease of programming for characters and graphics. These components are specialized for being used with the microcontrollers, which means they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing different messages on a miniature LCD.
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Fig 8: LCD display screen
Advantages

Very compact and light. Low power consumption. Depending on the set display brightness and content being displayed, the older CCFT backlit models typically use 3050% of the power a CRT monitor of the same size viewing area would use, and the modern LED backlit models typically use 1025% of the power a CRT monitor would use.
Very little heat emitted during operation, due to low power consumption. No geometric distortion. The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on backlight technology. Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes (which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).
Is very thin compared to a CRT monitor, which allows the monitor to be placed farther back from the user, reducing close-focusing related eye-strain.
Razor sharp image with no bleeding/smearing when operated at native resolution.
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Features:

Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor. Display data RAM 80xx8 bits (80 characters). Character generator ROM 160 different 5x7 dot-matrix character patterns. Character generator RAM 8 different user programmed 5x7 dot-matrix patterns. Display data RAM and character generator RAM may be Accessed by the microprocessor.
Numerous instructions Clear Display, Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF, Blink Character, Cursor Shift, Display Shift. Built-in reset circuit is Built-in oscillator. triggered at power ON.
Description Of 16x2:
This is the first interfacing example for the Parallel Port. We will start with something simple. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if no all Parallel Ports. It however doesn't show the use of the Status Port as an input. So what are we interfacing? A 16 Character x 2 Line LCD Module to the Parallel Port. These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all the logic required to run them is on board
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Schematic Diagram:
fig 9:LCD schematic diagram The 2 line x 16 character LCD modules are available from a wide range of manufacturers and should all be compatible with the HD44780. The one I used to test this circuit was a Power tip PC-1602F and an old Philips LTN211F-10 which was extracted from a Poker Machine! The diagram to the right, shows the pin numbers for these devices. When viewed from the front, the left pin is pin 14 and the right pin is pin 1
16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module Features:
Intelligent, with built-in Hitachi HD44780 compatible LCD controller and RAM providing simple interfacing
61 x 15.8 mm viewing area 5 x 7 dot matrix format for 2.96 x 5.56 mm characters, plus cursor line Can display 224 different symbols Low power consumption (1 mA typical) Powerful command set and user-produced characters TTL and CMOS compatible Connector for standard 0.1-pitch pin headers
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Power supply for LCD driving:
Fig 10: power supply for LCD
PIN DESCRIPTION:
Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections).
Fig 11:pin diagram of 1x16 lines LCD
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Table 6: LCD Pin specifications
4.6 CONTROL LINES: EN:

Line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing it low (0) again.
RS:
Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which sould be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.
RW:
Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively
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querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write commands, so RW will almost always be low. Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.
Logic status on control lines:

E - 0 Access to LCD disabled 1 Access to LCD enabled R/W - 0 Writing data to LCD 1 Reading data from LCD RS - 0 Instructions 1 Character
Writing data to the LCD:

Set R/W bit to low Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character) Set data to data lines (if it is writing) Set E line to high Set E line to low
Read data from data lines (if it is reading) on LCD:

Set R/W bit to high Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character) Set data to data lines (if it is writing) Set E line to high Set E line to low
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FLOWCHART:
1
Copy Data in to Accumulator
Wait No
Is LCD Free
Yes
Set RS Bit Enable LCD Send Data Disable LCD
No
Is Data Count Zero
STOP
Fig 12: flow chart of LCD. 4.7 Light Dependent Resistor

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor or cadmium sulfide (CdS) cell is
a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor. A photo resistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, there by lowering resistance.
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A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.
The symbol for a photoresistor Applications:

Photoresistors come in many different types. Inexpensive cadmium sulfide cells can be found in many consumer items such as camera light meters, street lights, clock radios, alarms, and outdoor clocks. They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent lamp or light emitting diode to control gain reduction. Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs (light dependent resistor) are used for the mid infrared spectral region. Ge:Cu photoconductors are among the best far-infrared detectors spectroscopy. available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared
Fig 13: LDR

A light dependent resistor is a small, round semiconductor. Light dependent resistors are used to re-charge a light during different changes in the light, or they are made to turn a light on during certain changes in lights. One of the most common uses for light dependent resistors is in traffic lights. The light dependent resistor controls a built in heater inside the traffic light, and causes it to recharge over night so that the light never dies. Other common places to find light dependent resistors are in: infrared detectors, clocks and security alarms. LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically. The animation opposite shows that when the torch is turned on, the resistance of the LDR falls, allowing current to pass through it. Circuit Wizard software has been used to display, the range of values of a ORP12,LDR . When a light level of 1000 lux (bright light) is directed towards it, the resistanceis 400R(ohms). When a light level of 10 lux (very low light level) is directed towards it, the resistance has risen dramatically to 10.43M (10430000 ohms).
Basic structure:
Although there are many ways in which LDRs or photo resistors can be manufactured, ther are naturally a few more common methods that are seen. Essentially the LDR or photo resistor consists of a resistive material sensitive to light that is exposed to light. The photo resistive element comprises section of material with contacts at either end. Although many of the material used for light dependent resistors are semiconductors, when used as photo resistors, they are used only as a resistive element and there are no p-n junctions. Accordingly the devices purely passive.
Operation:
Light Dependent Resistor made of a high resistance semiconductor, if light falling on the is of high enough efficiently, photon absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
35
In intrinsic devices, the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the electrons across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices have impurities added , which have a ground state energy closer to the conduction band, since the electrons dont have so far to jump, lower energy photons ( i.e. longer wavelengths and lower frequencies ) will suffice to trigger the device.
Characteristics of LDR:
The characteristics of LDR are shown below. Here the resistance variations are shown as a function of illumination. The resistance of LDR decreases with increasing incident light intensity
1000
100 Res.
10
1.0
0.1 0.1 1.0 10 100
( Ftc )* *1 Ftc = 10.764 lumens Fig 14: LDR characteristics. LDR Applications:
LDRs are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits 1. Camera light meters. 2. Clock radios.
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CHAPTER 5 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

5.1 KEIL VISION3 Software: VISION3 Overview:
The Vision3 IDE is a windows based software development platform that combines a robust editor, project manager, and integrated make facility. Vision3 integrates all tools including the C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file generator. Vision3 helps expedite the development process of our embedded applications by providing the following: Full-featured source code editor. Device database for configuring the development tool setting. Project manager for creating and maintaining our projects. Integrated make facility for assembling, compiling, and linking our embedded applications. Dialogs for all development tool settings. True integrated source level Debugger with high-speed CPU and peripheral simulator. Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for connection to Keil ULINK. Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash ROM. Links to development tools manuals, device datasheets and users guides. In the Build Mode, we maintain the project files and generate the application. In the Debug Mode, we verify our program either with a powerful CPU and peripheral simulator or with the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter (or other AGDI drivers) that connect the
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debugger to the target system. The ULINK allows us also to download our application into Flash ROM of our target system.
Environment :
The Vision3 screen provides us with a menu bar for command entry, a tool bar where we can rapidly select command buttons, and windows for source files, dialog boxes, and information displays. Vision3 lets us simultaneously open and view multiple source files. Vision3 has two operating modes: Build Mode: Allows us to translate all the application files and to generate executable programs. The features of the Build Mode are described under Creating Applications. Debug Mode: Provides us with a powerful debugger for testing our application. The Debug Mode is described in Testing Programs. In both operating modes we may use the source editor of Vision3 to modify our source code. The Debug mode adds additional windows and stores an own screen layout.
Figure 15 : Debug mode command window
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The tabs of the Project Workspace give us access to: Files and Groups of the project. CPU Registers during debugging. Tool and project specific on-line Books. Text Templates for often used text blocks. Function in the project for quick editor navigation. The tabs of the Output Window provides: Build messages and fast error access; Debug Command input/output console; Find in Files results with quick file access. The Memory Window gives access to the memory areas in display various formats. The Watch and Call Stack Window allow us to review and modify program variables
and display the current function call tree. The Workspace is used for the file editing, disassembly output, and other debug
information. The Peripheral Dialogs help us to review the status of the on-chip.
Software development Lifecycle :

When you use the Keil Vision3, the project development cycle is roughly the same as it is for any other software development project. Create a project, select the target chip from the device database, and configure the tool
settings. Create source files in C or assembly. Build our application with the project manager. Correct errors in source files. Test the linked application.
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Create a project:
Vision3 includes a project manager which makes it easy to design applications for an ARM based microcontroller. We need to perform the following steps to create a new project: Create Project file and Select CPU Project Workspace-Books Create New Source Files Add Source Files to the Project Create Files Groups Set tool Options for Target Hardware Configure the CPU Start-up Code Build Project and Generate Application Program Code
Description:
Add Source Files to Project: Once we have created our source file we can add this file to our project. Vision3 offers several ways to add source files to a project. For example, we can select the file group in the Project Workspace Files page and click with the right mouse key to open a local menu. The option Add Files opens the standard files dialog. Select the file MAIN.C we have just created.
Simulation:
The Vision3 Debugger incorporates a C script language you can use to create Signal Functions. Signal functions let us simulate analog and digital input to the microcontroller. Signal functions run in the background while Vision3 simulates our target program.
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5.2 Program #include<reg51.h> #define lcd_data P2 sbit lcd_rs = P2^0; sbit lcd_en = P2^1; sbit rd=P3^2; sbit wr=P3^3; sbit intr=P3^4; void delay(unsigned int t) { unsigned int i,j; for(i=0;i<t;i++) for(j=0;j<1275;j++); } void lcdcmd(unsigned char value) { lcd_data=value&(0xf0); //send msb 4 bits lcd_rs=0; lcd_en=1; delay(3); lcd_en=0; lcd_data=((value<<4)&(0xf0)); lcd_rs=0; lcd_en=1; delay(3); lcd_en=0; } //send lsb 4 bits //select command register //enable the lcd to execute command // LCD COMMAND
//select command register //enable the lcd to execute command
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void lcd_init(void) { lcdcmd(0x02); lcdcmd(0x02); lcdcmd(0x28); //intialise the lcd in 4 bit mode*/ lcdcmd(0x28); //intialise the lcd in 4 bit mode*/ lcdcmd(0x0e); lcdcmd(0x06); lcdcmd(0x01); } void lcddata(unsigned char value) { lcd_data=value&(0xf0); //send msb 4 bits lcd_rs=1; lcd_en=1; delay(3); lcd_en=0; lcd_data=((value<<4)&(0xf0)); lcd_rs=1; lcd_en=1; delay(3); lcd_en=0; delay(3); } void msgdisplay(unsigned char b) // send string to lcd { unsigned char s,count1=0; for(s=0;b[s]!='\0';s++)
//cursor blinking //move the cursor to right side //clear the lcd
//select data register //enable the lcd to execute data
//send lsb 4 bits
//select data register //enable the lcd to execute data
{ count1++; if(s==16) lcdcmd(0xc0); if(s==32) { lcdcmd(1); count1=0; } lcddata(b[s]); } } void main() { unsigned char a; lcd_init(); lcdcmd(0x80); msgdisplay("ELECTRONIC EYE") ; delay(400); lcdcmd(0xc0); msgdisplay("COLOR:");//0X85
intr=1; rd=1; wr=1;
while(1) {
wr=0; wr=1; while(intr==1); rd=0; a=P1; rd=1; if(a>= && a< ) { lcdcmd(0xc6); msgdisplay(""); } if(a>= && a< ) { lcdcmd(0xc6); msgdisplay(""); } if(a>= && a< ) { lcdcmd(0xc6); msgdisplay(""); } } }
5.3 Conclusion: By changing the values in the while loop there is a change in the
color.The values thus obtained was random and depends on ADC which gives different values for different colours depending on the intensity values of light.
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION:
This project presents electronic eye based automation controlling. The controller based on closed loop algorithm is designed and implemented with Atmel MCU in embedded system the domain. Experimental work has been carried out carefully. with the help of 8052 controller.In all low end applications now a days we are using 8052 controllers like industrial automation and data acquisition. All the inherent parts of the circuit performed consistently. It helped us to come out with good judgment. With the features what it inherits, it seems to be advantageous to the present era.
6.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:

We can modify this project by replacing LDR sensor with photo camera which is then image processed for better purpose in future So future scope of this project is ever lasting and it depends on public need.
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CHAPTER 7
RESULT
The outcome of this project was as expected. The different inputs given to the device gave predicted outputs.And siginificantly other than colored objects were also detected. The received data is displayed on the LCD panel. The LCD panel was very impressive with its emitting ability, it displayed the data very precisely.
LDRs are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000k ohms,but when they are illuminated with light, resistance drops immediately.The following are some of the major applications.
1. Camera light meters. 2. Clock radios. 3. Security alarms. 4. Optical switches. 5. Far infrared detector. 6. Streetlights.
The future would be completely automated sytems.This project is majorly used in Textile industries for power looms and Robotics in a wide range.This Project is very cheap and accurate automation system .
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BIBILOGRAPHY
Books Referred:
Muhammad Ali Mazidi - The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded systems. B.Ram - Fundamentals of Micro processors and Micro computers. Ramesh S.Gaonkar- Micro processor Architecture, Programming& Applications. D.V.Prasad- Electronic components.
Websites Referred:
www.national.com www.atmel.com www.electronicsforu.com www.futurelec.com
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Electronic Eye For Detecting Multi-Colors

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

DEPARTMENT OF ECE, KGRCET

ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

1.3 INTRODUCTION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

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Processor Peripherals memory

ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

instructions per second the processor can execute.

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

CHAPTER 2 OPERATONAL REPRESENTATON

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Colored Specimen AT89S52 16X2 LCD

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

2.2 POWER SUPPLY:

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

CHAPTER 3 CIRCUIT SCHEMATICS

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

3.2 SYSTEM WORKING:

ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

CHAPTER 4 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

4.2 Architecture of 8052:

Fig.5: Architecture of 8052.

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

PIN CONFIGURATION & DESCRIPTION OF MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

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ELECTRONIC EYE FOR SENSING MULTI-COLOURS

a.External Direct b.Code In direct

MOVX A, @DPTR MOVC A, @A+DPTR

Table 3: Interrupt registers functions

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Table 4: Timer/counter Control Register

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4.3 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER ADC

Fig 7: ADC Pin diagram

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