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Research Project C10

Domain Decomposition Methods


Olaf Steinbach, Wolfgang L. Wendland, G unther Of
Institut f ur Angewandte Analysis und Numerische Simulation

Domain decomposition methods are used to construct fast algorithms for the numerical treatment of coupled boundary value problems in solid mechanics. Therefore structures with dierent physical properties and dierent materials can be handled. Domain decomposition methods are also very ecient solution strategies for coupled boundary value problems as they are suitable for parallelization because of the separate solution of the local subproblems on the single subdomains. Figure 1 shows the deformation of two beams under an imposed load. The two beams are decomposed into 48 subdomains.

the coupling interfaces by introducing local solutions on each subdomain. Therefore it is sucient to be able to solve local subproblems. Second, the BETI methods reinforce the continuity by corresponding constraints for the local solutions across the coupling interfaces by the use of Lagrange multipliers. For the numerical simulation of technical and physical processes the mesh generation of complex structures as for example shown in Figure 2 is already a challenging task. The meshes generated by automatic mesh generators still must often be checked up on their correctness by hand. Boundary Element Methods [11] provide a signicant simplication as only the surface of the structure is to be meshed. This also leads to a reduction of the dimension of the resulting system of linear equations. Boundary Element Methods have further advantages in some applications such as for fareld computations, handling of singularities and moving parts.

Figure 1: A domain decomposition. The local solutions of the single subproblems can be determined by dierent numerical methods as for example with the Finite Element Method or the Boundary Element Method. In doing so, these methods can be applied for the single subproblems according to their particular features. A new approach to domain decomposition methods are the Boundary Element Tearing and Interconnecting methods (BETI) introduced in [5, 6] as counterparts to the Finite Element Tearing and Interconnecting methods [1]. Compared to standard domain decomposition methods [4, 10], the BETI methods rst discard the continuity of the global solution on 33

Figure 2: A foam. On the other hand, the local character of the underlying partial dierential equations is lost. This disadvantage can be compensated by the use of fast boundary element methods as for example the Fast Multipole Method [3]. This method is based on the use of a ctitious hierarchy for the clustering of the boundary elements and suitable series expansions of the kernels valid for boundary elements which are well separated from each other. The utilization of the cluster hierarchy is essential for an ecient com-

putation of the approximation. In [7, 8], the Fast Multipole Boundary Element Method is applied to the Laplacian and in [9] to the system of linear elastostatics. In cooperation with the research project B5 [2], a fast multipole code has been developed for acoustics. Even with the use of these fast methods, an ecient preconditioning for the iterative solution of the resulting system of linear equations is decisively important. One approach is an Articial Multilevel Boundary Element Preconditioner [12] which is based on the hierarchy already introduced by the Fast Multipole Method. This hierarchy denes a sequence of nested boundary element spaces of piecewise constant basis functions. These boundary element spaces and the corresponding L2 projections are used to construct an almost optimal socalled BPX multilevel preconditioner. Another approach for preconditioning is the use of boundary integral operators of opposite order [13]. The eciency of this preconditioning combined with the use of the Fast Multipole Method is shown in [8].

[3] L. Greengard, V. Rokhlin, A fast algorithm for particle simulations, J. Comput. Phys. 73 (1987) 325348. [4] G.C. Hsiao, E. Schnack, W.L. Wendland, Hyprid coupled niteboundary element methods for elliptic systems of second order, Comput. Mech. Adv., Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 190 (2000), 431485. [5] U. Langer, O. Steinbach, Boundary element tearing and interconnecting methods, Computing 71 (2003) 205228. [6] U. Langer, O. Steinbach, Coupled boundary and nite element tearing and interconnecting methods, Preprint 2003-45, Johannes Kepler Universit at Linz, SFB F013, 2003, submitted. [7] G. Of, O. Steinbach, W.L. Wendland, The fast multipole method for the symmetric boundary integral formulation, in preperation. [8] G. Of, O. Steinbach, A fast multipole boundary element method for a modied hypersingular boundary integral equation, in: Analysis and Simulation of Multield Problems (W.L. Wendland, M. Efendiev, eds.), Springer Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics, Springer, 2003, 163169. [9] G. Of, A fast multipole boundary element method for the symmetric boundary integral formulation in linear elastostatics, in: Proceedings of the Second M.I.T. Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics (K.J. Bathe, ed.), Elsevier, 540543. [10] O. Steinbach, Stability Estimates for Hybrid Coupled Domain Decomposition Methods, Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1809, 2003. [11] O. Steinbach, Numerische N aherungsverfahren f ur elliptische Randwertprobleme. Finite Elemente und Randelemente, B.G. Teubner, Stuttgart, Leipzig, Wiesbaden, 2003. [12] O. Steinbach, Articial Multilevel Boundary Element Preconditioners, Proc. Appl. Math. Mech. 3 (2003) 539542. [13] O. Steinbach, W.L. Wendland, The construction of some ecient preconditioners in the boundary element method, Adv. Comput. Math. 9 (1998) 191-216.

Figure 3: A press equipment. Figure 2 shows the computed deformation of a foam made of metal under external forces. Further applications are the layout design of press equipment, Figure 3, the simulation of spray painting and the computation of the potential for the determination of the capacity for micromachined capacitive transducers.

References
[1] C. Farhat, F.-X. Roux, A method of nite element tearing and interconnecting and its parallel solution algorithm. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engrg. 32 (1991), 12051227. [2] M. Fischer, U. Gauger, L. Gaul, A multipole Galerkin boundary element method for acoustics, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 28 (2004), 155162. 34

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