RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

1.0 Introduction to Filter A filter is a network that provides perfect transmission for signal with frequencies in certain pass and region and infinite attenuation in the stop and regions! "uch ideal characteristics cannot e attained# and the goal of filter design is to appro$imate the ideal requirements to within an accepta le tolerance! Filters are used in all frequenc% ranges and are categori&ed into three main groups' (ow)pass filter *(PF+ that transmit all signals etween DC and some upper limit c and attenuate all signals with frequencies a ove c! ,igh)pass filter *,PF+ that pass all signal with frequencies a ove the cutoff value c and re-ect signal with frequencies elow c! .and)pass filter *.PF+ that passes signal with frequencies in the range of / to 0 and re-ect frequencies outside this range! 1he complement to and)pass filter is the and) re-ect or and)stop filter! 2n each of these categories the filter can e further divided into active and passive t%pe! 1he output power of passive filter will alwa%s e less than the input power while active filter allows power gain! 2n this la we will onl% discuss passive filter! 1he characteristic of a passive filter can e descri ed using the transfer function approach or the attenuation function approach! 2n low frequenc% circuit the transfer function *,* ++ description is used while at microwave frequenc% the attenuation function description is preferred! Figure /!/a to Figure /!/c show the characteristics of the three filter categories! 3ote that the characteristics shown are for passive filter!
8,*+8 / 1ransfer function

7/*+

c Attenuation9d.
5 : /5 05 :5

A Filter ,*+

70*+

H ( ) =

V0 ( ) V/ ( )

;5

V0 ( ) Attenuation = 05 Log /5 V ( ) /

Figure 1.1A A low)pass filter frequenc% response!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

8,*+8 / 1ransfer function

5 : /5 05 :5

Attenuation9d.

;5

c Attenuation9d.

Figure 1.1B A high)pass filter frequenc% response!

8,*+8
5

1ransfer function

: /5 05 :5

;5

Figure 1.1C A and)pass filter frequenc% response! 2.0 Realization of Filters At frequenc% elow /!5<,&# filters are usuall% implemented using lumped elements such as resistors# inductors and capacitors! For active filters# operational amplifier is sometimes used! 1here are essentiall% two low)frequenc% filter s%ntheses techniques in common use! 1hese are referred to as the image)parameter method *2PM+ and the insertion)loss method *2(M+! 1he image)parameter method provides a relativel% simple filter design approach ut has the disadvantage that an ar itrar% frequenc% response cannot e incorporated into the design! 1he 2PM approach divides a filter into a cascade of two)port networks# and attempt to come up with the schematic of each two)port# such that when com ined# give the required frequenc% response! 1he insertion)loss method egins with a complete specification of a ph%sicall% reali&a le frequenc% characteristic# and from this a suita le filter schematic is s%nthesi&ed! Again we will ignore the image parameter method and onl% concentrate on the insertion loss method# whose design procedure is ased on the attenuation response or insertion loss of a filter! 1he insertion loss of a two)port network is given %'
PIL = Power availa le from the source P / = inc = Power delivered to load Pload / ( ) 0

*0!/+ =here is the reflection coefficient looking into the filter *we assume no loss in the filter+!
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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

Design of a filter using the insertion)loss approach usuall% egins % designing a normali&ed low)pass protot%pe *(PP+! 1he (PP is a low)pass filter with source and load resistance of / and cutoff frequenc% of / Radian9s! Figure 0!/ shows the characteristics! 2mpedance transformation and frequenc% scaling are then applied to denormali&e the (PP and s%nthesi&e different t%pe of filters with different cutoff frequencies!
Attenuation9d. R" >/
7/*+

A Filter ,*+

70*+

R( >/

: /5 05 :5

;5

c > /

Figure 2.1 A normali&ed (PP filter network with unit% cutoff frequenc% */Radian9s+! (ow)pass protot%pe *(PP+ filters have the form shown in Figure 0!0 *An alternative network where the position of inductor and capacitor is interchanged is also applica le+! 1he network consists of reactive elements forming a ladder# usuall% known as a ladder network! 1he order of the network corresponds to the num er of reactive elements! 2mpedance transformation and frequenc% scaling are then applied to transform the network to non)unit% cutoff frequenc%# non)unit% source9load resistance and to other t%pes of filters such as high)pass# and)pass or and)stop! E$amples of high)pass and and)pass filter networks are shown in Figure 0!: and Figure 0!; respectivel%!
/ (/>g0 (0>g;

C/>g/

C0>g:

R
(/>g/ (0>g:

R(> g3?/

g5> /

C/>g0

C0>g;

R(> g3?/

Figure 2.2 (ow)pass protot%pe using (C elements!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

C/

C3

(/

(0

Figure 2.3 E$ample of high)pass filter# note the position of inductor and capacitor is interchanged as compared with low pass filter!
C0 (0 C3 (3

(/

C/

(:

C:

Figure 2.4 E$ample of and pass)filter# the capacitor is replaced with parallel (C network while the inductor is replaced with series (C network! 3.0 Brief Overview of ow!"ass "rotot#$e Filter %esign &sing u'$ed (le'ents 1here are a num er of standard approaches to design a normali&ed (PP of Figure 0!: that appro$imate an ideal low)pass filter response with cutoff frequenc% of unit%! Among the well known methods are' Ma$imall% flat or .utterworth function! Equal ripple or Che %shev approach! Elliptic function! =e will not go into the details of each approach as man% ooks have covered them! 2nterested reader can refer to reference @:A# which is a classic te$t on network anal%sis or @;A# a more advance version! 1he asic idea is to appro$imate the ideal amplitude response 8,*+80 of an amplifier using pol%nomials such as .utterworth# Che %shev# .essel and other orthogonal pol%nomial functions! 1his is usuall% given as'

H * + =

Vo * + Ko = Vi * + / + Co PN * +

*:!/+

,ere 4o and Co are constants and P3*+ is a pol%nomial in of order 3! 4o and Co are usuall% dependent on the t%pe of pol%nomial used! A comparison of appro$imating the (PP amplitude response with .utterworth# .essel and Che %shev pol%nomials is illustrated in Figure :!/!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

Amplitude in d. .essel

.utterworth

Che %shev

Figure 3.1 Amplitude response of fourth order *3>;+ .utterworth# Che %shev and .essel filters using *:!/+! Each appro$imation has its advantages and disadvantages# for instance the Che %shev appro$imation provide rapid cutoff e%ond /!5 radian9second! ,owever the user must compromise this with ripple in the pass and! 1he .essel appro$imation has the slowest cutoff rate# ut this is offset with a favoura le linear phase response# which reduces phase distortion! A .utterworth appro$imation has a characteristic etween the two! A ladder (C network with the num er of reactive elements corresponding to the order of the pol%nomial P3 in *:!/+ is then compared with equation *:!/+! 1he respective inductance and capacitance of the reactive elements can then e o tained! An alternative approach would e to s%nthesi&e the transfer function of *:!/+ using standard techniques as listed in references @:A and @;A! 2t is suffice to sa% that for each approach# values of g /# g0# g: B g3 for an 3th order (PP have een ta ulated % man% authors *For instance see @0A+! ,ere we will demonstrate the design of a low)pass filter and a and)pass filter using the insertion)loss method and illustrate the implementation of the R(C lumped circuit using distri uted elements such as microstrip and stripline in microwave region! 1he 1a le C!: of reference @0A is repeated here! =e will use this ta le to design a (PP .utterworth filter! 1he values of gi correspond to inductance and capacitance in the (PP .utterworth filter! )
/ 0 : ; E D

g1
0!5555 /!;/;0 /!5555 5!6DE; 5!D/C5 5!E/6D

g2
/!5555 /!;/;0 0!5555 /!C;6C /!D/C5 /!;/;0

g3
/!5555 /!5555 /!C;6C 0!5555 /!F:/C

g4
/!5555 5!6DE; /!D/C5 /!F:/C

g*

g+

g,

g-

g.

/!5555 5!D/C5 /!;/;0

/!5555 5!E/6D

/!5555

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

6 C

5!;;E5 5!:F50

/!0;65 /!////

/!C5/F /!DD0F

0!5555 /!FD/E

/!C5/F /!FD/E

/!0;65 /!DD0F

5!;;E5 /!////

/!5555 5!:F50

/!5555

/a0le 3.1 Element values for Ma$imall% flat *.utterworth+ (PP *g5 > /# c >/+! Source ) <!(! Matthaei# (! Goung and E!M!1! Hones# IMicrowave filters# impedance) matching networks# and coupling structuresJ! Artech ,ouse /FC5! 4.0 %esigning a ow "ass "rotot#$e 1 ""2 =e will now design a ;th order .utterworth (PP and use this design for the rest of the la ! 1he specification of the filter is as follows' R " > R( > E5! Cutoff frequenc% fc > /!E<,& or c > F!;0;C/5F rad9s! 3te$ 1 4 %esign t5e "" filter wit5 c 6 1 rad7s. Ksing 1a le :!/# the schematic of the (PP filter is as shown in Figure ;!/!
(/>5!6DE;, (0>/!C;6C,

g5> /

C/>/!C;6CF

C0>5!6DE;F

R(> /

(/ > g/ > 5!6DE;, (0 > g: > /!C;6C, C/ > g0 > /!C;6CF C0 > g; > 5!6DE;F

Figure 4.1 1he ;th order .utterworth (PP filter! 3te$ 2 4 "erfor' i'$edance and fre8uenc# scaling 1he filter designed in Figure ;!/ supports load impedance of / and cutoff frequenc% of / radian9second! 1his filter can e converted into a low)pass filter# which meets ar itrar% cutoff frequenc% and impedance level specification using frequenc% scaling and impedance transform! For a new load impedance of Ro and cutoff frequenc% of o# the original resistance Rn # inductance (n and capacitance Cn are changed % the followings @:A'
R = Ro Rn

*;!/a+ *;!/ +

L = Ro

Ln o

C=

Cn Roo

*;!/c+

1he transformation as shown in *;!/a+ to *;!/c+ implies that the schematic does not need to e changed# onl% the element values are scaled down or up to reflect the new specifications! "pace does not permit us a detailed discussion of how equations *;!/a+) *;!/c+ achieve this! .ut a qualitative -ustification is as follows!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

1he transfer function of a linear two)port network is a function of the impedance or admittance of the individual R# ( and C in the network! 1his is ecause the transfer function is derived using circuit theor% rules *4irchoffLs voltage and current laws+ involving the impedance or admittance! Furthermore the numerator and denominator of the transfer function involve com ination of operations such as parallel of impedance9admittance and addition of the impedance9admittance! 1hese operations have the characteristic that if each impedance9admittance is multiplied % a constant# the net effect is equivalent to multipl%ing the total impedance9admittance % the constant! For instance'

( AZ/ ) 99 ( AZ 0 ) =

A0 Z/Z 0 = A( Z/ 99 Z 0 ) A( Z/ + Z 0 )

*;!0a+ *;!0 + *;!0c+

( AZ/ ) + ( AZ 0 ) = A( Z/ + Z 0 )

( AZ/ ) + ( AZ 0 ) 99 ( AZ : ) = A[ Z/ + ( Z 0 99 Z: ) ]

1here is no non)linear operation such as square or cu e of the impedance9admittance! =ith this in mind the transfer function is written as'

H ( ) =

N * Z/ # Z 0 Z n + D * Z/ # Z 0 Z n +

*;!:+

2f each impedance9admittance is multiplied % Ro' H M ( ) = N * Ro Z/ # Ro Z 0 Ro Z n + Ro N * Z/ # Z 0 Z n + = = H ( ) D* Ro Z/ # Ro Z 0 Ro Z n + Ro D * Z/ # Z 0 Z n + *;!;+

,owever multipl%ing each impedance with Ro means we are scaling the impedance due to each R# ( and C % Ro as seen in the following'
Ro Z L = Ro jLn = j ( Ro L ) L = Ro Ln C / / Ro Z C = Ro = C= n j C Ro C j R o
Ro Z R = Ro Rn R = Ro Rn

*;!Ea+ *;!E + *;!Ec+

Frequenc% scaling is achieved % using the transformation n = o

*;!D+

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

"uppose the impedance of an inductor is -(! At > / the impedance is -(! Another inductor with inductance (9o will give similar impedance at > o! 1hus we o serve that the frequenc% response of the inductor is scaled % o! "imilarl% if a capacitor C is replace with capacitance C9o# its frequenc% response is also scaled % o! 1he resistor eing independent of frequenc% is not affected % frequenc% scaling! Com ining the frequenc% scaling and impedance scaling operation# one would arrive at the equations *;!/a+ to *;!/c+! Ksing the transformation *;!/a+ to *;!/c+ with Ro > E5 and o > 0*/!E/5F+ on the schematic of Figure ;!/# the new schematic of the low)pass filter is shown in Figure ;!0 elow!
(/>;!5D/n, (0>F!C5:n,

g5>/9E5

C/>:!F0/pF

C0>/!D0;pF

R(> E5

Figure 4.2 1he denormali&ed low)pass filter with cutoff frequenc% at /!E<,& and impedance of E5! *.0 I'$le'enting t5e ow!$ass Filter using 9icrostri$ ine 4 :i ;! ow ; /rans'ission ine Filter A relativel% eas% wa% to implement low)pass filters in microstrip or stripline is to use alternating sections of high and low characteristic impedance *N o+ transmission lines! "uch filters are usuall% referred to as stepped)impedance filter and are popular ecause the% are eas% to design and take up less space than similar low)pass filters using stu s! ,owever due to the appro$imation involved# the performance is not as good and is limited to application where a sharp cutoff is not required *for instance in re-ecting out) of) and mi$er products+! A short length of transmission line of characteristic impedance N o can e represented % the equivalent s%mmetrical 1 network shown elow *see reference @0A# chapter C+'

N// ) N/0

N// ) N/0

N/0 No

Figure *.1 Equivalent 1 network for a transmission line with length l!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

,ere N// and N/0 are the N parameters of the two port network! Z// = Z 00 = jZ o cot ( l ) *E!/a+ Z/0 = Z 0/ = jZ o cosec( l ) *E!/ + and is the propagation constant of the transmission line! For EM wave propagation that is of 1EM mode or quasi)1EM mode# the propagation constant can e appro$imated as' o e o = e k o *E!0+ where e is the effective dielectric constant of the transmission line structure! =hen l O 90# the series element of Figure E!/ can e thought of as inductor and the shunt element can e considered a capacitor! 1his is illustrated in Figure E!0 *a+ with' X l Z // Z /0 = = Z o tan *E!:a+
0 0 / / =B= sin ( l ) Z /0 Zo

*E!: +

Assuming a short length of transmission line *l O 9;+ and No>N, PP /' X ZH l Assuming a short length of transmission line *l O 9;+ and No>N( /' X 5
/ B l ZL
Q Nol

B 5

*E!;a+ *E!; + *E!Ea+ *E!E +

=hen No PP /
-Q90 -Q90

l O 9;

* +
-.

*a+ =hen No 5 l O 9; *c+

. Gol

Figure *.2 Appro$imate equivalent circuits for short section of transmission lines! 1he ratio N,9N( should e as high as possi le# limited % the practical values that can e fa ricated on a printed circuit oard! 1%pical values are N ,>/55 to /E5 and N(>/5 to /E! "ince a t%pical ow)pass filter consists of alternating series inductors and shunt capacitors in a ladder configuration# we could implement the filter on a printed circuit oard % using alternating high and low characteristic impedance section

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

transmission lines! Ksing *E!;a+ and *E!E +# the relationship etween inductance and capacitance to the transmission line length at the cutoff frequenc% c are' L lL = c *E!Da+ ZH CZ L lC = c *E!D + +.0 %esigning wit5 9icrostri$ line Cross section of microstrip and strip transmission line on printed circuit oard *PC.+ is shown in Figure D!/! For stripline the propagation mode is 1EM since the conducting trace is surrounded % similar dielectric material! ,ence e > r# the dielectric constant of the medium! For microstrip line the propagation mode is a com ination of 1M and 1E modes! 1his is due to the fact that the upper dielectric of a micostrip line is usuall% air while the ottom dielectric is the printed circuit oard dielectric! A 1EM mode cannot e supported as the phase velocities for electromagnetic waves in air and the PC. are different# resulting in mismatch at the air)dielectric oundar%! ,owever at frequenc% of D<,& or lower# the a$ial E and , fields are small enough that we can appro$imate the propagation mode as 1EM# hence the name quasi)1EM applies! For microstrip line the effective dielectric constant e falls within the range / and r! At low frequenc% most of the electromagnetic field is distri uted in the air# while at high frequenc% the electromagnetic field crowds towards the PC. dielectric! 1his result in the curve shown in Figure D!0# thus the microstrip line is dispersive!
= Air , r Conducting trace *thickness > t+ Dielectric <round Plane "trip (ine , r

Microstrip (ine

Figure +.1 Cross section view of microstrip and strip transmission line as implemented on a printed circuit oard!
e r / f Microstrip (ine
Region where *D!/+ applies!

e r / f "trip (ine

Figure +.2 Effective dielectric constant of microstrip and strip transmission line!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

+.1 For'ulas for (ffective %ielectric Constants and C5aracteristics I'$edance =e will use the microstrip line to implement the low pass filter designed earlier! Microstrip line is popular# as it is easil% fa ricated and low cost as compared to stripline! 1here is no closed form solution for the propagation of electromagnetic wave along a microstrip line! 1he solution for wave propagation is usuall% o tained through numerical method! Parameters such as the effective dielectric constant# characteristic impedance and line attenuation are then o tained from the numerical solution as a function of frequenc%! Empirical formulas are o tained from the numerical solution % the methods of curve fitting! Assuming the conductors and dielectric are lossless# and ignoring the effect the conductor thickness t# an e$ample of the empirical formulas for e and No are given % @0A'
e = r +/ r / + 0 0
/ /+

/0 H W D5 C H W W Zo = ln + / for ;H H r W

*D!/+

(W )) r ( W H + /!:F: + 5!DD6 ln H + /!;;;

/05

for

W >/ H

*D!0+

No and e as a function of =9d is plotted in Figure D!: using equations *D!/+ and *D!0+! 1he dielectric constant of the PC. dielectric is assumed to e ;!0 *for FR;+!

e No

=9,

/E =9,

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

e No //5 =9,

=9,

=9,

Figure +.3 No and e versus =9, for r > ;!0! +.2 I'$le'enting t5e 4t5 Order Butterwort5 ow "ass Filter using 3te$ I'$edance 9icrostri$ ine Consider the schematic of Figure ;!0 again! 1he filter parameters are as follows' Cutoff frequenc% fc > /!E<,&! Required N( > /E! Required N, > //5! (/>;!5D/n,# (0>F!5C:n,# C/>:!F0/pF# C0>/!D0;pF! I'$le'entation< A t%pical FR; fi erglass PC. with r > ;!0 and , > /!Emm is used! From Figure D!: the following trace parameters are o tained' =9, ,9mm =9mm e /5!5 /!E /E!5 :!DC No > /E 0!5 /!E :!5 :!0/ No > E5 5!:D /!E 5!D 0!C: No > //5 /a0le +.2 Dimension of various microstrip line characteristic impedance!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

1herefore
L = eL k o = eL 0! c :!::ED /5 F = D5!:56
/

H = eH k o = eH 0! c :!::ED /5 F = E:!0EC

Ksing equations *E!Da+ and *E!D +' L l/ = c / = D!E"" Z H H C Z l 0 = c / L = F!0"" L

l : =/E!5""

l ; = :!C""
l$ :!5mm E5 line E5 line 1o E5 (oad 5!Dmm l# l& l%

/E!5mm

Figure +.4 1he top view of the la%out for the (ow Pass Filter on the printed circuit oard! ,.1 Anal#sis of t5e ste$!i'$edance low $ass filter using Agilent Advance %esign 3#ste' 1A%32 software /! (og into the workstation! 0! Run the AD" version 055:A software *newer version ma% e used+! :! From the main window of AD"# create a new pro-ect folder named IstepRimpR(PFJ under the director% ID'SadsRuserSdefaultSJ *Figure 6!/ and Figure 6!0+!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

Figure ,.1 Tpening a new pro-ect in AD" main window!

Figure ,.2 1he 3ew Pro-ect dialog o$! ;! 1he new schematic window will automaticall% appear once the pro-ect is properl% created! Ttherwise %ou can manuall% create a new schematic window % dou le clicking the Create 3ew schematic utton on the menu ar!

E!

From the component palette drop)down list# set the component palette to I / ines! 9icrostri$J! Draw the schematic as shown in Figure 6!E! 1he 93&B component is the general su strate characteristics of the printed circuit oard! 1he 9 I) components represent a short length of microstrip transmission lines used in our low pass filter! ,ere M(23/ corresponds to transmission line section /# M(23 0 to transmission line section 0 and so forth *Figure 6!: to Figure 6!E+!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

Palette (ist

<round 3ode

=ork Area

Component Palette

Figure ,.3 1he "chematic Editor window of AD" *3ew version of AD" ma% e slightl% different+!

Figure ,.4 "elect the I1lines)MicrostripJ component palette from the Palette (ist!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

"u strate Component

Microstrip (ine

Figure ,.* 2nsert the microstrip line component M(23 and su strate component M"K. into the =ork Area! D! "et the characteristics of the su strate IM"K./J as to , > /!Emm# 1 > /!:Cmils *t%pical+# Er > ;!0 and Cond > E!CE?56 *conductivit% of copper+! 1he rest of the parameters leave as default! 1he parameters dialog o$ for 93&B can e invoked % dou ling clicking on the 93&B component! 6! "et the characteristic = and ( of each 9 I) components according to the ta le of "ection D!0! C! 3ow change the component palette to I3i'ulation!3="ara'J! 2nsert the components " parameter simulation control I3 "J and the termination network I/er'J into the schematics! 1he termination network components 1ERM/ and 1ERM0 are actuall% a sinusoidal voltage source in series with an ideal series of resistance as shown in the model during " parameter simulation! 1he " parameter simulation control "P/ determines the start# stop and frequenc% stepping! Kse the wire to connect the components together and ground the outer terminals of the 1ERM/ and 1ERM0 components *Figure 6!6+!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

Figure ,.+ "elect the " parameter component palette! F! "et the parameters in "P/ to "tart > /55M,&# "top > ;<,& and "tep > /5M,&! 1he final schematic should e as shown in Figure 6!6! 2n Figure 6!6# since there is a step discontinuit% etween the transmission line sections# this has to e modeled % inserting a step element IM"1EPJ at the -unction etween two transmission line sections# this will make the simulated result more accurate!
1o model step discontinuit% in microstrip line

Figure ,., 1he final schematic for the low pass filter model! /5! Finall% run the simulation!

//! 2nvoke the data displa% window! 2nsert a Rectangular Plot component in the data displa%!

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Microstrip Filter Design

/0! "elect the item to displa% as 321# with the dB option! 1he "0/ represents the attenuation from terminal / *input+ to terminal 0 *output+ of the filter as sinusoidal signals from /55M,& to ;<,& are imposed! /:! "tud% the :d. cut)off frequenc% of the low)pass filter! Gou can use the 9ar>er feature of the AD" displa% window to show the value of the attenuation at specific frequenc%! m1
freq=1.410GHz dB(S (2,1))=-3.051

m1

-5

dB(S (2,1))

-10

-15

-20

-25 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

freq, GHz

Figure ,.- A sample result from the Data Displa% window of AD"# illustrating the " 0/ of the step)impedance low pass filter! /;! Ad-ust the parameter of 1(/# 1(0# 1(: and 1(; until the :d. cutoff frequenc% is within /55M,& of /!E<,&! 1his can e done using the optimi&ation feature of the software! .ut as a start %ou can manuall% tune the width and length of each transmission line section to achieve the desira le cut)off frequenc% at /!E<,&!

a0 "rocedure Following the steps in "ection ; to "ection D# design a ; th order .utterworth (ow)Pass Filter using ladder (C network with cut)off frequenc% at /!C<,&! "how the steps of how the inductance and capacitance in the network are determined from the (ow)Pass Protot%pe! Also show the conversion of the (C circuit into microstrip circuit# ta ulating the dimensions of each section of the transmission line! Kpon completing the design# simulate the frequenc% response of the low pass filter using ,P AD" software# again following the steps shown in "ection 6! Kse a frequenc% sweep from /55M,& to E<,&# with a step of /5M,&!
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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

Re$ort
/5e re$ort 9&3/ 0e 5and!written? e@ce$t for gra$5ics? w5ic5 can 0e co'$uter generated. "lease su0'it #our re$ort wit5in , da#s fro' t5e e@$eri'ent to t5e la0. References /! R!E! Collin# IFoundations for microwave engineerngJ# 0nd edition# /FF0 Mc<raw) ,ill! 146C6D)CD;E! 0! D!M! Po&ar# IMicrowave engineeringJ# 0nd edition# /FFC Hohn)=ile% U "ons! 146C6D!PDF! :! F!F! 4uo# I3etwork anal%sis and s%nthesisJ# 0nd edition# /FDD Hohn)=ile% U "ons! ;! 1emes <!C!# (aPatra H!=!# I2ntroduction to circuit s%sthesis and designJ# /F66 Mc<raw),ill# 14;E;!E! E! =!4! Chen *editor+#J1he circuits and filters hand ookJ# /FFE CRC Press! 146C6D!C;F66! A$$endi@ ,aving carried out a computer anal%sis of the design# an actual step)impedance low pass filter is uilt % the author# elow are the photograph of the printed circuit oard and the frequenc% response measured using a vector network anal%&er *73A+!

Figure A1 Picture of the step impedance ;th order .utterworth (ow Pass Filter constructed % the author in Dec 0555!

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RF Engineering Passive Circuit

Microstrip Filter Design

5d. ):d.

/!;0<,&

3cale< G a$is' :d. per division Q a$is' :55M,& per division

Figure A2 Actual measurement of the attenuation using ,PC605D 7ector 3etwork Anal%ser! 3ote that the cut)off frequenc% is less than required# at /!;0<,& or E!:V error!

F! 4ung

05

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