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Effects of Mn, P, S, Si & V on the Mechanical Properties of Steel The general symbol of a chemical element is represented by: A ZN where

A is the atomic number indicating the number of protons exist in the nucleus of the atom; N is the atomic mass unit, defined as the ratio of the average mass per atom to 1 1! of the atomic mass of carbon"1! in its nuclear and electronic ground state; and Z is the chemical symbol of the element# Manganese, 25Mn54.938049 $anganese increases hardenability and tensile strength of steel, but to a lesser extent than carbon# %t is also able to decrease the critical cooling rate during hardening, thus increasing the steels hardenability much more efficient than any other alloying elements# $anganese also tends to increase the rate of carbon penetration during carburi&ing and acts as a mild deoxidi&ing agent# 'owever when too high carbon and too high manganese accompany each other, embrittlement sets in# $anganese is capable to form $anganese (ulphide )$n(* with sulphur, which is beneficial to machining# At the same time, it counters the brittleness from sulphur and is beneficial to the surface finish of carbon steel# +or welding purposes, the ratio of manganese to sulphur should be at least 1, to 1# $anganese content of less than ,#-,. may promote internal porosity and crac/ing in the weld bead, crac/ing can also result if the content is over ,#0,.# (teel with low $anganese (ulphide ratio may contain sulphur in the form of iron (ulphide )+e(*, which can cause crac/ing )a 1hot"short2 condition* in the weld Phosphorus, 5P30.9!3!" 3hosphorus increases strength and hardness, but at the expense of ductility and impact to toughness, especially in higher carbon steels that are 4uenched and tempered# As such its content in most steel is limited to a maximum of ,#,5.# 3hosphorus prevents the stic/ing of light"gage sheets when it is used as an alloy in steel# %t strengthens low carbon steel to a degree, increases resistance to corrosion and improves machinability in free"cutting steels# %n terms of welding, phosphorus content of over ,#,6. ma/es weld brittle and increases the tendency to crac/# The surface tension of the molten weld metal is lowered, ma/ing it difficult to control# Sulphur, "S32.0"5 (ulphur improves machinability but lowers transverse ductility and notched impact toughness and has little effects on the longitudinal mechanical properties# %ts content is limited to ,#,5. in steels but is added to freecutting steels in amount up to ,#-5. with the manganese content increased to counter any detrimental effects since sulphur is beneficial to machining# +or welding, weldability decreases with increasing sulphur content# (ulphur is detrimental to surface 4uality in low carbon and low manganese steels and it promotes hot shortness in welding with the tendency increasing with increased sulphur# Silicon, 4Si28.0855 (ilicon increases strength and hardness but to a lesser extent than manganese# %t is one of the principal deoxidi&ers used in the ma/ing of steels to improve soundness, i#e# to be free from

defects, decays or damages# (ilicon is present in all steels to a certain extent# %ts content can be up to 6. for electric sheets that are widely used in alternating current magnetic circuits# %n welding, silicon is detrimental to surface 4uality, especially in the low carbon, resulphuri&ed grades# %t aggravates crac/ing tendencies when the carbon content is fairly high# +or best welding condition, silicon content should not exceed ,#1,.# 'owever, amounts up to ,#-,. are not as serious as high sulphur or phosphorus content# +or galvani&ing purposes, steels containing more than ,#,6. silicon can greatly affect the thic/ness and appearance of the galvani&ed coating# This will result in thic/ coatings consisting mainly &inc"iron alloys and the surface has a dar/ and dull finish# 7ut it provides as much corrosion protection as a shiny galvani&ed coating where the outer layer is pure &inc# Vana#iu$, 23V50.94 5s 8anadium is used to refine grain si&e# (teels containing vanadium have a much finer grain structure than steels of similar compositions without vanadium# %t decreases the rate of grain growth during heat treating processes and raises the temperature at which grain coarsening sets in thus improving the strength and toughness of hardened and tempered steels# 9ontents up to ,#,5. increases hardenability while larger amounts tend to reduce hardenability due to the formation of carbide# 8anadium lessens softening on tempering and induces secondary hardness on high speed steels# 8anadium is used in nitriding, heat resisting, tool and spring steels together with other alloying elements# %t is also being utili&ed in ferrite pearlite microalloy steels to increase hardness through carbonitride precipitation strengthening of the matrix# :eferences Automotive 'andboo/, 7osch, 1st ;nglish ;dition, 1<=0, p 156"150 >awrence '# 8an 8lac/, ;lements of $aterial (cience and ;ngineering, 6 th ;dition, Addison"?esley, 1<0,, p -1"-! -# http: www#webelements#com 6# http: www#macsteel#com mdb general@information glossary@of@metallurgical@terms#htm 5# http: www#weldind#com wl6#html A# http: www#summitsteel#com term#htm =# http: www#metals#about#com library bl"glossary"m#htm 0# http: www#mesteel#com dictionary <# http: www#metal"mart#com Bictionary dictlist#htm 1,# http: www#steelforge#com infoservices steellog pdoc#htm 11# http: www#witt#com galvani&ing"process#htm 1# !#

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