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E.m.f. equation of transformer

d e = Nd dt = m sin t d e = N ( m sin t ) = N m cos t = Em cos t dt Em = N m = 2f m N 2 r.m.s.E = f m N = 4.44 f m N 2 E1 = 4.44 N1 f m E2 = 4.44 N 2 f m

Ideal Transformer
Conditions for the ideal transformer. a) no leakage flux b) all core losses (both hysteresis and eddy) are zero c) the windings have zero resistance d)the permeability of the core is infinite ( the exciting current is negligible)

Ideal Transformer
Relation between current that flows in the primary winding, ip(t) and current that flows in the secondary winding, is(t):

N PiP (t ) = N S iS (t ) iP (t ) 1 = iS (t ) a

(2)

VP =a VS IP 1 = IS a

(4)

(3)

(5)

Transformer Impedance
Primary Impedance: Primary Voltage: Primary Current: Primary impedance in terms of secondary impedance
ZL '= VP IP
(15)

VP = aVS

(16)

IS IP = a

(17)

VP aVS 2 VS ZL '= = =a IP IS / a IS Z L ' = a2Z L

(18)

Example 1
A transformer coil possesses 4000 turns and links an ac flux having a peak value of 2 mWb. If the frequency is 60 Hz, calculate the effective value of the induced voltage E. Ans: 2131V

Example 2
A coil having 90 turns is connected to a 120V, 60 Hz source. If the effective value of the magnetizing current is 4 A, calculate the following: a. The peak value of flux b. The peak value of the mmf c. The inductive reactance of the coil d. The inductance of the coil.

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Equivalent Circuit a) referred to primary side b) referred to secondary side

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Approximate equivalent circuit

Approximate equivalent circuit c) Referred to primary side (no exicitation) d) Referred to secondary side (no excitation).

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Example 3
A not-quite-ideal transformer having 90 turns on the primary and 2250 turns on the secondary is connected to a 120 V, 60 hz source. The coupling between the primary and the secondary is perfect but the magnetizing current is 4 A. calculate: a. The effective voltage across the secondary terminals b. The peak voltage across the secondary terminals. c. The instantaneous voltage across the secondary when the instantaneous voltage across the primary is 37 V. Ans: 3000V, 4242 V, 925 V.

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Example 4
An ideal transformer having 90 turns on the primary and 2250 turns on the secondary is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz source. The load across the secondary draws a current of 2 A at a power factor of 80 per cent lagging. Calculate : a. The effective value of the primary current b. The instantaneous current in the primary when the instantaneous current in the secondary is 100 mA. c. The peak flux linked by the secondary winding. Ans: 50 A, 2.5 A, 10 mWb.

Example 5

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Calculate voltage E and current I in the circuit of Fig. shown below, knowing that the ideal transformer T has a primary to secondary turns ratio of 1;100.

Ans: 800 V, 2 A.

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Determination of transformer parameters: Short Circuit Test Magnitude of series impedance:

Z SE VSC 00 VSC 0 = = I SC 0 I SC 0

Z SE

VSC = I SC

Z SE = Req + jX eq Z SE = ( RP + a 2 RS ) + j ( X P + a 2 X S )

Power factor:

PF = cos =

PSC VSC I SC

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Three Phase Transformer

Three phase transformer consists of 3 transformers. It is connected independently or in combination of 3 transformers. Primary and secondary windings can be connected as wye (Y) or delta () Thus, there are 4 types of connections:
Wye wye (Y-Y) Wye delta (Y-) Delta wye (-Y) Delta delta (-)

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3 phase Transformer

3 phase transformer connected independently

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Three Phase Transformer

Three phase transformer connected to a common core with three legs

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Connection Y-Y

Three Phase transformer Y-Y connection

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Transformer Connection Y-Y

3VP VLP = =a VLS 3VS

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Transformer Y- Connection

3VP VLP = VLS VS VLP = 3a VLS

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Transformer -Y Connection

VP VLP = VLS 3VS VLP 3 = VLS a

Transformer - Connection

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VLP VP = =a VLS VS

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