Vocabulary for exam: 1.

Public law- branch of law which is concerned with the constitution or government of the state (laws which govern processes in local and national government) and the relationship between state and citizens. 2. Private law- branch of law which is concerned with the relationships between legal persons, that is, indivuiduals and corporations (includes family law, contract law, property law) 3. Civil law- branch of law which is concerned with the rights and duties of individuals, organisations and associations & also with conduct which may give rise to a claim by a legal person for compensation or an injunction 4. Criminal law- branch of law which deals with certain forms of conduct for which the state reserves punishment 5. Conduct- a pattern of behavior, the way a person acts, especially from the standpoint of morality and ethics 6. Prosecute- To initiate civil or criminal court action against a person ( the offender). 7. Prosecutor-a government official who conducts criminal prosecutions on behalf of the state 8. Offender-one that breaks a public law 9. Claim ( give rise to a claim)- something that one party owes another. Someone may make a legal
claim for money, or property, or for Social Security benefits.; Legal demand 10. Compensation-A pecuniary remedy that is awarded to an individual who has sustained an injury in order to replace the loss caused by said injury 11. Injunction-A court order by which an individual is required to perform, or is restrained from performing, a particular act.(hotarare judecatoreasca)

12. Substantive law- creates, defines or regulates right, liabilities and duties in all areas of law ( is common law and statute law used by the court in making decisions) 13. Liability-legal responsibility for one's acts or omissions. (raspundere) 14. Procedural law- defines the procedure by which a law is to be enforced 15. Enforce- carry into effect, carry into execution 16. Chamber- assembly 17. Elected body 18. Upper house one of two branches of a legislature, generally smaller and less representative than the
lower branch.

19. Statute law An act of a legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a specific law,
expressed in writing. (codified written laws.)

20. Common law= a system of jurisprudence based on judicial precedents rather than statutory laws; 21. Jurisdiction legal authority over a certain area or certain persons 22. Legislature A representative assembly of persons that makes statutory laws for a municipality, state,
or nation

23. 24. 25. 26.

Hierarchy of courts Accession Coming into possession of a right or office; increase; augmentation; addition.; Legislative authority Signatory a person who has signed a document such as a treaty or contract or an organization,

state, etc, on whose behalf such a document has been signed 27. Legislation Lawmaking; the preparation and enactment of laws by a legislative body.

28. Litigation An action brought in court to enforce a particular right. The act or process of bringing a
lawsuit in and of itself; a judicial contest; any dispute.

29. Amend to alter or change by adding, subtracting, or substituting. One can amend a statute, a
contract or a written pleading filed in a law suit. The change is usually called an amendment.

30. 31. 32. 33.

Ensure- to make sure, to guarantee Consolidate (laws)- to bring together (separate parts) into a single, unified whole Codify- organize into a code or system, such as a body of law; (systemize) Case law -law established by following judicial decisions given in earlier cases.

34.

Enact To establish by law; to perform or effect; to decree.

Enact, sometimes used synonymously with adopt, is generally applied to legislative rather than executive action.

35. Repeal The Annulment or abrogation of a previously existing statute by the enactment of a later law
that revokes the former law.

36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

Obsolete no longer in use (applied to laws that lost their efficacy) Scrutinize- examine or observe with great care, inspect critically Scrutiny- A close, careful examination or study. Scrutinizing provisions Draft - A tentative, provisional, or preparatory writing out of any document (as a will, contract, lease,

and so on) for purposes of discussion and correction, which is afterward to be prepared in its final form. 41. Bill a legislative proposal for enactment of a law. It is called a bill until it is passed and signed at which time it is a law (statute) and is no longer referred to as a bill.

42. Immerse- to involve deeply,engross 43. Merge- join, combine, unite

45.Barrister In English Law, an attorney who has an exclusive right of argument in all the superior courts.
A barrister is a counselor who is learned in law and who has been admitted to plead at the bar. A barrister drafts the pleadings in all cases, with the exception of the simplest ones. Distinguished from an attorney, which is an English lawyer who conducts matters out of court, a barrister engages in the actual argument of cases or the conduct of the trial.

44. Solicitor A type of practicing lawyer in England who handles primarily office work. The solicitor
meets prospective clients, hears the client's problems, gives legal advice, drafts letters and documents, negotiates on the client's behalf, and prepares the client's case for trial. When a court appearance appears inevitable, the solicitor retains a barrister on the client's behalf. The solicitor instructs the barrister on how the client wishes to proceed in court. 45. Plead - To put forward a plea of a specific nature in court, make an allegation in an action or other legal proceeding, especially answer the previous pleading of the other party by denying facts therein stated or by alleging new facts

Plea- a. An allegation offered in pleading a case.

b. A defendant's answer to the declaration made by the plaintiff in a civil action.

c. The answer of the accused to a criminal charge or indictment: entered a plea of not guilty. d. A special answer depending on or demonstrating one or more reasons why a suit should be delayed, dismissed, or barred in equity law.

46. Bar 47. Trial A judicial examination and determination of facts and legal issues arising between parties to a
civil or criminal action

48. Right of audience 49. Proceeding legal filing, hearing, trial and/or judgment in the on-going conduct of a lawsuit or criminal
prosecution.

50. Strike off- remove from membership of a professional body 51. Judge court officer authorized to decide legal cases 52. Inns of Court- the professional associations for barristers in England and Wales. All such barristers must
belong to one such association. They have supervisory and disciplinary functions over their members.
[1]

53. Court- any official tribunal (court)(assembly) presided over by a judge or judges in which legal
issues and claims are heard and determined

54. Courtroom- A room in which the proceedings of a court are held. 55. Collate- to assemble in proper sequence (collate evidence) 56. Evidence- The documentary or oral statements and the material objects admissible as testimony in a
court of law; matter produced before a court of law in an attempt to prove or disprove a point in issue, such as the statements of witnesses, documents, material objects, etc

Magistrate- a public official authorized to decide questions brought before a court of justice; A civil officer
with power to administer and enforce law, as: a. A local member of the judiciary having limited jurisdiction, especially in criminal cases. b. A minor official, such as a justice of the peace, having administrative and limited judicial authority.

57. Crown Court 58. Bar Council 59. Client- A person who employs or retains an attorney to represent him or her in any legal business; to
assist, to counsel, and to defend the individual in legal proceedings; and to appear on his or her behalf in court.

60. Lord Chancellor 61. House of Lords 62. Breach The violation of an obligation, engagement or duty; as a breach of covenant is the nonperformance or violation of a covenant; the breach of a promise is non-performance of a promise; the breach of a duty, is the refusal or neglect to execute an office or public trust, according to law. 63. Conveyance The transfer of ownership or interest in real property from one person to another by a document, such as a deed, lease, or mortgage. 64. Tenancy A tenancy is the occupancy or possession of land or premises by lease. The occupant, known as the tenant, must acquire control and possession of the property for the duration of the lawful occupancy. A tenancy can be created by any words that indicate the owner's intent to convey a property interest on another individual. (inchiriere, arenda) 65. Advocacy The act of Pleading or arguing a case or a position; forceful persuasion.

66. Acquisition . The act by which the person procures the property of a thing. 67. Sole trader - someone who works for himself Pupil 1. A student under the direct supervision of a teacher or professor.

2. Law A minor under the supervision of a guardian

68. 69. 70. 71. 72.

Pupil master Pupillage - the period spent by a newly called barrister in the chambers of a member of the bar Lay client In-house counsel barristers working solely for a company ( for an employer) Appeal The act by which a party submits to the decision of a superior court, a cause which has

been tried in an inferior tribunal. 73. Case short for a cause of action, lawsuit, or the right to sue

74. 75. 76. 77.

Convict to find guilty of a crime after a trial. Defendant the person against whom the suit is brought Fine payment for misconduct Jury In trials, a group of people who are selected and sworn to inquire into matters of fact and to
reach a verdict on the basis of the evidence presented to them

78. Settlement The act of adjusting or determining the dealings or disputes between persons without
pursuing the matter through a trial. 79. Attorney A person admitted to practice law in at least one jurisdiction and authorized to perform criminal and civil legal functions on behalf of clients. These functions include providing legal counsel, drafting legal documents, and representing clients before courts, administrative agencies, and other tribunals. 80. Power of attorney A written document in which one person (the principal) appoints another person to act as an agent on his or her behalf, thus conferring authority on the agent to perform certain acts or functions on behalf of the principal. ; written authorization to represent or act on another's behalf in private affairs, business, or some other legal matter, sometimes against the wishes of the other's 81. Specialize To pursue a special activity, occupation, or field of study

82. Dispute A conflict or controversy; a conflict of claims or rights; an assertion of a right, claim, or
demand on one side, met by contrary claims or allegations on the other. The subject of litigation; the matter for which a suit is brought and upon which issue is joined, and in relation to which jurors are called and witnesses examined. 83. Allegation a statement of claimed fact contained in a complaint (a written pleading filed to begin a lawsuit), a criminal charge, or an affirmative defense (part of the written answer to a complaint). Until each statement is proved it is only an allegation. (prezumtie) 84. Grounds reasons sufficient in law to justify relief.

85. Relief generic term for all types of benefits which an order or judgment of court can give a party to a
lawsuit, including money award, injunction, return of property, property title, alimony, and dozens of other possibilities Tenant . A person who has the right to temporary use and possession of particular real property, which has been conveyed to that person by a landlord. Plaintiff The party who sues in a civil action; a complainant; the prosecution that is, a state or the United States representing the peoplein a criminal case. (accuser) Sue To initiate a lawsuit or continue a legal proceeding for the recovery of a right; to prosecute, assert a legal claim, or bring action against a particular party. Tort a civil wrong, or wrongful act, whether intentional or accidental, from which injury occurs to another. (delict) Contract an agreement with specific terms between two or more persons or entities in which there is a promise to do something in return for a valuable benefit known as consideration Lawyer A person, who through a regular program of study, is learned in legal matters and has been licensed to practice his or her profession.

86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91.

92. Law suit a common term for a legal action by one person or entity against another person or entity,
to be decided in a court of law, sometimes just called a "suit."

93. *** Life peer- appointed members of the peerage, whose titles cannot be inherited, in contrast
to hereditary peers.

94. Process the legal means by which a person is required to appear in court or a defendant is given
notice of a legal action against him/her/it.

95. To enshrine to incorporate 96. To make a law 97. Decision of a higher court 98. Binding precedent In common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a principle or rule
established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts. 99. Precedent rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases. 100. Regulatory law regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies

101. 102.

The crown council Placement contact established between applicants and prospective employees; "the agency

provided placement services" 103. Party one of the participants in a lawsuit or other legal proceeding who has an interest in the outcome. Parties include plaintiff (person filing suit), defendant (person sued or charged with a crime), petitioner (files a petition asking for a court ruling), respondent (usually in opposition to a petition or an appeal), cross-complainant (a defendant who sues someone else in the same lawsuit), or cross-defendant (a person sued by a cross-complainant). 104. Vacancy A position, office, or place of accommodation that is unfilled or unoccupied.

105. 106.

Investigation Order n. every direction or mandate of a judge or a court which is not a judgment or legal

opinion (although both may include an order) directing that something be done or that there is prohibition against some act 107. Judgment A decision by a court or other tribunal that resolves a controversy and determines the rights and obligations of the parties. A judgment is the final part of a court case

108. 109. 110. 111. 112.

To be called to the Bar To qualify as a barrister Mortgage an agreement under which a person borrows money to buy property, esp a Mitigation to make less rigorous Sentence the punishment given to a person convicted of a crime. A sentence is ordered by

house, and the lender may take possession of the property if the borrower fails to repay the money

the judge, based on the verdict of the jury (or the judge's verdict if there was no jury) within the possible punishments set by state law 113. Statement of case the formal written statements presented alternately by the plaintiff and defendent in a lawsuit setting out the respective matters relied upon. Former name: pleadings

114. 115.

With notice Without notice

116. 117. 118.

Legal person Contract law that branch of jurisprudence that studies the rights and obligations of parties Property law area of law that governs the various forms of ownership and tenancy in real

entering into contracts property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in personal property, within the common law legal system 119. Appoint (appointment) The prerogative power of an government official or executive to select persons to fill an honorary position or employment in the government

120. 121. 122. 123.

Incorporate into Hereditary peer Legislative authority Legislature An officially elected or otherwise selected body of people vested with the

responsibility and power to make laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation 124. Compliance (with) cooperation or obedience

125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136.

Bye-law delegated legislation made by Local Government or public bodies Statutory instrument delegated legislation created by government ministers Green Paper a command paper containing policy proposals to be discussed, esp by White Paper an official government report. Pressure group Government Bills Private members Bills Public Acts Private Acts To draw up a contract - To compose or write in a set form; write out: draw up a contract; Specialism a field of specialization within a science or area of knowledge, (be on) Secondment the detachment of a person from their regular organization for

Parliament

draw up a list.

temporary assignment elsewhere; assignment to a different duty 137. Clerk a legally qualified person who sits in court with lay justices to advise them on points of law; an official or employee who handles the business of a court or a system of courts, maintains files of each case, and issues routine documents (grefier?) 138. Ancillary A legal proceeding that is not the primary dispute but which aids the judgment rendered in or the outcome of the main action

139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144.

Provide representation Conversion course Deviling (pupillage in Scotland) Supply legal service Forensic accountancy Senior Barrister

145. Allege- to declare in or as if in a court of law; state without or before proof: he alleged malpractice.
2. to put forward (an argument or plea) for or against an accusation, claim